Features of landscape architecture:
Yuanmingyuan combines the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, melts the essence of ancient gardening art in China, and melts poetry and painting into ever-changing scenes with the artistic technique of garden in the garden. In the south of Yuanmingyuan is the imperial court, where the emperor handles official business, the most famous of which is Zheng Da Guangming Hall, where he listens to politics. There are 40 scenic spots in other areas, of which more than 50 scenic spots directly imitate famous gardens in other places, such as the Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou and Lion Forest in Suzhou, which not only imitate architecture, but also copy names. There is also the Ancestor's Anyou Palace, the high-rise buildings with high water in the banquet mountains, and the Pengdao Yaotai, which simulates the castle of Xianshan, to reproduce the spring scenery of Wuling in the Peach Blossom Garden. More interestingly, Yuanmingyuan also has a western-style garden scenic spot. The most famous "Dashui Law" is the fountain, flowers and Haiyan Hall in the west, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of Venice in the lake, and the emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away from the mountain on the shore.
Artistic features:
Yuanmingyuan is not only a treasure house, but also a large royal museum with many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces. There are famous calligraphy and painting, secret house classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and other precious cultural relics, which condense the essence of ancient culture. Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic flowers and plants, with millions of rare flowers and trees. Westerners who have witnessed Yuanmingyuan completely call her "the king of ten thousand gardens". Indeed, if today is the same as 140 years ago, this extremely huge garden will be a well-deserved "king of world gardens".
[Edit this paragraph] Historical development
Yuanmingyuan is a famous royal garden in Qing Dynasty. Yuanming Three Gardens covers an area of more than 5,200 mu, with more than 50 scenic spots/kloc-0. Yuanmingyuan was originally a garden given by Emperor Kangxi to his fourth son, Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi). In the forty-sixth year of Kangxi, namely 1707, gardens had begun to take shape. In the same year 1 1 month, Emperor Kangxi visited the Yuanmingyuan. After Yong Zhengdi ascended the throne in 1723, the original garden was expanded, and Zheng Da Guangming Hall, Qin Zhengtang and the value rooms of the Cabinet, Sixth Department and Military Department were built in the south of the garden to "avoid noise and listen to politics". Emperor Qianlong reigned for 60 years, spending millions to build Yuanmingyuan, repairing porcelain every day, digging water and moving stones. In addition to the partial addition and reconstruction of Yuanmingyuan, he also built Changchun Garden in the immediate east and merged it into Qichun Garden in the southeast. By the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong, that is, 1770, the pattern of Yuanming three gardens had basically taken shape. Jiaqing Dynasty mainly renovated and expanded Qichun Garden, making it one of the main garden places. During the Daoguang period, state affairs declined and financial resources were insufficient. However, I would rather withdraw the furnishings of Wanshou, Xiangshan and Yuquan, stop the Rehe summer vacation and Mulan hunting, and still do not give up the reconstruction and decoration of Yuanming Three Gardens.
Kangxi period:
In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Emperor Kangxi (that is, Emperor Michelle Ye of the Qing Dynasty) gave a garden one mile north of Changchun Garden in the northwest suburb of Beijing to his fourth son, Yin Zhen, and personally wrote the garden as "Yuanmingyuan".
Yongzheng period:
In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yong Zhengdi (namely Emperor Sejong of the Qing Dynasty, Yin Zhen) built a palace office in the south of Yuanmingyuan, covering an area of more than 3,000 mu from the original 600 mu. From then on, Yuanmingyuan was not only a place for the Qing emperors to rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet foreign envoys and handle their daily affairs.
Qianlong period:
After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he adjusted the garden landscape in Yuanmingyuan, increased the number of architectural groups, and built Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (Tongzhi renamed Wanchun Garden) in the east and southeast of Yuanmingyuan. These three gardens are managed by the management minister of Yuanmingyuan, and are called Yuanming Three Gardens.
Xianfeng period:
In August of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. On October 6th, 65438/kloc-0, Yuanmingyuan was occupied. From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily. In order to force the Qing government to accept peace conditions as soon as possible, British Minister Erkin and British Commander Grant ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops to Yuanmingyuan in June+65,4381October+August, 5438, and set them on fire. The fire lasted for three days and nights.
After Tongzhi:
During the Tongzhi period (1862 ~ 1874), the Tongzhi emperor prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan for the Empress Dowager Cixi to live in. Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop work and rebuild other buildings. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Yuanmingyuan was destroyed again. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats stole the building materials of Yuanmingyuan, and the site of Yuanmingyuan was further destroyed.
People's Republic of China (PRC) period:
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the state attached great importance to the protection of Yuanmingyuan site. 1979, Yuanmingyuan site was listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Beijing. After that, the repair work of Yuanmingyuan site gradually began. Now it has become the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park.
[Edit this paragraph] Construction situation
Historical background:
Manchu people have lived in Heilongjiang Valley in northeast China for generations. /kloc-In the middle of the 7th century, it invaded North China on a large scale, completely overthrew the Ming Dynasty, entered Beijing from the northeast as the capital, seized the national political power, and established the last feudal ruling dynasty in history-the Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing rulers lived a nomadic life in the northeast before entering the customs, with snow-covered forests in winter and cool climate in summer. After entering the customs, they didn't adapt to the dry and hot climate in Beijing in midsummer. Although the Forbidden City is resplendent and magnificent, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty found it dull and dreary. Especially in the early years of Kangxi, after the fire broke out in the Forbidden City, a high palace wall was built to prevent fire and riots. The courtyards in the palace set each other off and became interesting. The water in the stream was so gentle that it almost became stagnant water. At that time, the imperial city was once known as the "red wall, green tile and black sewer". This made the emperors a little tired of the palace life surrounded by high walls, so they began to build gardens in the early years of Kangxi, which lasted for more than 200 years.
The influence of topographical features and buildings of past dynasties on the construction of Yuanmingyuan;
In the western suburbs of Beijing, the endless Xishan Xiufeng: Yuquan Mountain, Wanshou Mountain, Wanquanzhuang, Beihai and other landforms, artesian springs can be seen everywhere, and they converge into large and small lakes and ponds in low-lying places. Yuquan landscape flows into Kunming Lake from west to east, becoming the largest water surface in the western suburbs. Large areas of paddy fields have been cultivated here, forming a natural scenic spot. As early as Liao Dynasty, the feudal emperors chose this place to build Yuquan Mountain Palace. In the Ming dynasty, the natural scenery here attracted more tourists, so some dignitaries occupied the countryside to build villas, and large areas of land were occupied by pieces. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Hou Liwei, the closest relative of the Ming Dynasty, built a lot of buildings here, first of all, the Tsinghua campus, which is known as the "first garden in Beijing" (so it is located outside the western wall of Peking University). Later, Mi led the lake to garden outside the east wall of Tsinghua campus, and managed the elegant and beautiful "spoon garden", which means "Haidian spoon". In the open countryside, pavilions and lakes and mountains complement each other and become a famous garden gathering place in the suburbs of Beijing. In the Qing dynasty, the emperor also took a fancy to the western suburbs, an excellent gardening place. Start building gardens on a large scale.
The implementation of Yuanmingyuan construction;
Yuanmingyuan is located in the north of Guajiatun, about one mile away from Changchun Garden, that is, in the north of today's Peking University and west of Tsinghua University. The Yuanmingyuan in the Kangxi era has water surfaces such as Qianhu and Houhu, and gardens such as "Peony Pavilion" and "Natural Picture Scroll". When Yuanmingyuan was a feudal garden, its scale could not exceed that of the emperor's Changchun Garden, so there were not many scenic spots and its reputation was not great, which was far less than that of Changchun Garden. But later, with the master's accession to the throne, the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty came. After more than 60 years of continuous expansion, the most magnificent royal garden in China's history was finally built.
Lei Jinyu, the chief designer of Yuanmingyuan, was attracted by Kangxi when he built the Forbidden City. However, in actual construction, most of them are still the views of the emperor, and Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong all personally guided them.
[Edit this paragraph] Garden structure
The Yuanmingyuan in history consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (Wanchun Garden). Three gardens are adjacent to each other, commonly known as Yuanmingyuan. * * * covers an area of more than 5,200 mu (about 350 hectares), which is nearly 1000 mu larger than the whole Summer Palace. It was a large royal palace built and operated by the feudal emperors of the Qing Dynasty in 150 years. Emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, etc. all lived in Yuanmingyuan for many years, and held court meetings here to handle political affairs. Together with the Forbidden City, they were the political center of the country at that time and were called "imperial gardens" by the Qing emperor. There are more than 600 plaques hanging alone.
Yuanmingyuan:
It was mainly built in the last years of Kangxi and Yongzheng, and by the end of Yongzheng, the landscape group had spread all over the park for 3 thousand mu. During the Qianlong period, the park was built and renovated many times. The main landscape groups in the park include the famous "Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan" (i.e. aboveboard, diligent and virtuous, Jiuzhou Qingyan, hazy moonlight, natural picture scroll, Bitong Academy, Ciyunpu Lake, upper and lower skylight, apricot blossom spring pavilion, frank as Gu Hanjin, Changchun Xianting, Wanfang Anhe, Wuling Spring scenery, long mountains and waters, long moon and dark earth, and eternal kindness). Siyi Bookstore, Fanghu Scenic Area, Bathroom, Pinghu Qiuyue, Pengdao Yaotai, Xiushan Mansion, Juedong, Qin Jing Qin Ming, Han Xu Langjian, Boda Dagong, Zuoshichaoliu, Quyuan Fenglian, Shendong), as well as Zibishan Mansion, Algae Garden, Ruofan Pavilion, Wenyuan Pavilion and other major garden buildings at that time, there were about 600 plaques, which was the highest among royal gardens at home and abroad.
Wan Chunyuan:
Earlier, it was originally a mansion given by Prince Yun Xiang of QIA. It was built in the last years of Kangxi, and was later given to Fu Heng, a great scholar. In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), it was officially incorporated into the royal garden and named Qichun Garden. The scope at that time did not include its northwest. In the fourth and sixteenth years of Jiaqing, there were two gardens in the west. One was Xishuang Village, which became a prince, and the other was Zhuang Jing and Princess Han Hui Garden. After large-scale repair, reconstruction and addition, the garden began to have a scale of 1000 mu and became one of the main gardens of the Qing emperor. At this time, Yuanming Sanyuan is in its heyday. Jiaqing first wrote the poem "Thirty Scenes of Spring Garden", and then more than twenty scenes were created one after another. At that time, the famous landscape groups were Fuchuntang, Qingxiazhai, Hanqiuguan, Shengdongshi, Siyi Bookstore, Chunzezhai, Fenglinzhou, Weizaotang, Zhonghetang, Bixiang, Chikuling, Xiyushan Building, Yanyulou, Hanhui Building, Chengxintang and Weizaotang. There are more than 100 garden buildings with plaques. Qichunyuan Palace Gate was built in the 14th year of Jiaqing (1809). Because it was built more than half a century later than the Grand Palace Gate of Yuanmingyuan and the Second Palace Gate of Changchun Garden, it is also called the "New Palace Gate" and has been in use ever since. Since the early years of Daoguang, Fuchuntang area of Huayuan East Road has been rebuilt as a place to support the Empress Dowager. But the scenery of Yuanxi Road has always been the garden residence of Daoguang and Xianfeng emperors. After the destruction of 1860 Park, it was renamed Wanchun Garden when it tried to rebuild during the Tongzhi period.
Changchun Garden:
It was founded in Qianlong 10 (1745), and when 175 1 officially set up the general manager of Guanyuan, the main scenic spots of Guanyuan West Road were basically completed, such as Lianhuaitang, Hanjingtang, Yulinglongtang, Siyongzhai, Haiyue Jinkai, Dequan Pavilion and Liu Xiangzhu. Later, Ganyuan Garden and Xiaoyou Tianyuan Garden were built one after another. The eastern scenery of the park (Yingqingzhai, Ruyuan, Jianyuan and Lion Forest) was built on a large scale during the thirty-first to thirty-seventh years of Qianlong, including Xiyanglou Scenic Area, and Changchun Garden * * * covers an area of one mu. About 200 garden buildings are hung with plaques.
Western architecture:
In order to pursue all kinds of fun, the Qing emperor also introduced a European-style garden building in the northern boundary of Changchun Garden, commonly known as "West Building", which consists of more than ten buildings and gardens, including Heqi, Hangqiao, Flower Array, Bird Cage, Fang Mao, Haiyan Hall, Yuan Yingguan, Dashuifa, Waterscape, Hangshan and Hangqiang. The planning began in the 12th year of Qianlong (1747) and was basically completed in the 24th year (1759). It was designed by western missionaries Lang Shining, Michelle benoit and Wang Zhicheng and built by craftsmen in China. The architectural form is Baroque style in the late Renaissance of Europe, and the garden form is Rainotte style. However, many traditional technologies from China have also been absorbed into gardening and architectural decoration. Most of the building materials are white marble, the stone surface is finely carved, and the roof is covered with glazed tiles. The main body of the West Building is actually an artificial fountain called "Water Method". It is characterized by a large number, great momentum and strange ideas. It mainly forms three fountain groups: Heqiqu, Haiyan Hall and Dashuifa.
The whole scenic area of Xiyanglou is no more than one fiftieth of the total area of Yuanming Three Gardens, only a small part. But this is a successful attempt to imitate the fragments of European gardens. This plays an important role in the history of garden communication between the East and the West. Aroused strong repercussions in Europe. A Western European missionary who witnessed it spoke highly of the West Tower: it combines beauty and interest in one place, with all kinds of magnificent and peculiar fountains that people can imagine, the largest of which can keep pace with the fountains of Versailles and St. Croix's Church. The missionary concluded that Yuanmingyuan is also the Palace of Versailles in China.
[Edit this paragraph] The main scenery of Yuanmingyuan
There are 5 gates of the Grand Palace, facing south, with a large platform in front and 5 east and west gates. At the back of the house, there are 27 rooms with curved corners facing each other; In the east, there are duty rooms for Zongren House, Cabinet, Lib, Official Department, Ministry of War, Duchayuan, Lifanyuan, Hanlin Academy, Zhanshifu, imperial academy, Lu 'an Yiwei and Dongsi Banner. On the west is the duty room of inpatient department, Ministry of Punishment, Ministry of Industry, Qin Tianjian, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Guanglu Temple, General Political Department, Dali Temple, Rift Temple, Taichang Temple, Taibu Temple, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Shangyuan Hospital, Armed Forces Hospital and Xisi Banner.
Zheng Da Guangming Hall Zheng Da Guangming Hall is the main hall of Yuanmingyuan. Every year, the emperor holds birthdays, banquets for relatives and fans, small banquets for courtiers, banquets for the Yuan Dynasty in China, dragon dances, exams for the Korean War, admission to museums and re-examinations. There are seven halls, with a big platform in front and five halls for things.
Qinzheng Hall is located in the east of Guangming Hall in Zheng Da, which is the emperor's office in summer and has five halls.
Kyushu Qingyan Kyushu Qingyan is located on the shore of a thousand lakes, facing Zheng Da Guangming Hall across the lake. It consists of three halls, the first one is Yuanmingyuan Hall, the middle one is Fengsan Selfless Hall, and the northernmost one is Kyushu Qingyan Hall. To the east of the central axis, there is a "spring of heaven and earth", where Daoguang was born; There is "Le An He" in the west, which is the living room of Qianlong; There is Qinghui Pavilion in the west, and a huge panorama of Yuanmingyuan is hung on the north wall. The original painting is now in the Paris Museum. In the tenth year of Daoguang, temples such as "Shende Hall" were built near the "History of Love Letters", all of which were the emperor's bedrooms; In the 16th year of Daoguang, Yuanmingyuan Hall, Fengsan Selfless Hall and Kyushu Qingyan Hall. At the same time, it was burned; Yong Zhengdi and Daoguang Emperor both died in the Qing court banquet hall in Kyushu.
Changchun Fairy Hall Changchun Fairy Hall is located in the west of Qianhu Lake, where Qianlong lived before he ascended the throne. It has three doors and five halls.
Louyue Kaiyun, formerly known as Peony Pavilion, is located in the southeast corner of Houhu Lake. Building timber is mainly collected from wood, and the roof of the hall is covered with two-color glazed tiles. After Qianlong acceded to the throne, it was renamed "Carving the Moon and Opening Clouds". Thirty-one years after Qianlong, he inscribed the plaque "Jisitang"; Hundreds of peonies of various colors have been planted in the hospital.
The natural map is located in the north of the moon cloud, Fangting; To the east is Xiao Chun on the Su Causeway.
Bitong Academy Bitong Academy is located in the northeast corner of Houhu Lake, which is a study.
The upper and lower skylights are located in the northwest of Houhu Lake. It's a two-story building. You can enjoy the lake by climbing it.
Xinghua Chunting Xinghua Chunting is located in the west of the upper and lower skylight, facing the lake from east to west, Xinghua Village in the west courtyard and the vegetable garden in front of the pavilion.
Open and honest, open and honest, close to the west bank of Houhu Lake, it is a special fish culture area in Yuanmingyuan, surrounded by buildings and with a big pool dug in the middle.
Wanfang Temple and Wanfang Temple are located in the west of Xinghua Spring Pavilion, with 33 large halls built by water.
Shan Gao shui Lou is located in the open west, which is a two-story building with 9 floors above and below. There are streams in front and mountains in the back, and the terrain in the middle is flat. It is a place where banquets are held for foreign princes, and contests and archery are often held.
Children's Paradise Children's Paradise, located in the northeast of Houhu Lake, is the largest stage in the park. It has a three-story Yin Qing Pavilion with a width of 10 foot, and a stunt shaft is installed on the lower floor. There are five dressing rooms in the south and five theater buildings in the north; Every year, from the 13th day of the first month, Ganlong held a festival here, and held a banquet for several days, enjoying the imperial princes, foreign princes and operas. Every emperor's birthday, he also performed here to celebrate for several days.
Anyou Palace Anyou Palace is located in the northwest corner of Yuanmingyuan. Built in Qianlong for seven years, it completely imitates the Imperial Palace ancestral temple. Portraits of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong are displayed in the hall.
Shui Mu Minser Shui Mu Minser is located in the center of the small garden gathering area north of Houhu Lake, imitating Yangzhou Shuizhuju and equipped with hydraulic soil fans, which is the earliest water viewing method in the garden.
The Acropolis is located in the east of Mincer, Shui Mu. This is a small town especially open in the garden, imitating the layout of Shaluo, the capital of the ancient Indian Bridge. It is a place to worship various Buddha statues and collect Buddhist scriptures. The city wall is rectangular, long from north to south and wide from east to west. Surrounded by the city wall, there are four gates. The streets in the city are cross-shaped, with 326 temples and houses built inside, which are connected by verandas; There are also several splendid archways. In front of the city, there is a special commercial street running through the north and south, called Suzhou Street, which was opened by palace eunuchs posing as businessmen. French priest Wang Zhicheng has a detailed record of this commercial street.
Wen Yuan Pavilion Wen Yuan Pavilion is located in the north of Minsk, the capital of Shui Mu. It was originally called Sida Pavilion. Traveling to Zhejiang in the south, imitating the reconstruction of Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo Ming Dynasty Library, specializing in the collection of Sikuquanshu.
Dagong Kuanran, also known as Shuanghe Zhai, is located in the northeast of the Acropolis. This is a group of large buildings in the garden. The main building is near the big pool in the north, and the scenery in the garden is reflected in the water. There are also scenic spots such as Yinshitang and the depths of Linghe River.
Xifeng Xiuse Xifeng Xiuse is known as the small and medium-sized Lushan Mountain in the garden, which is modeled after Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi Province. The Flower Harbor in Hou Yuan is modeled after the scenery of the West Lake in Hangzhou. Every year on Tanabata, there will be a wonderful feast here.
Siyi Bookstore Siyi Bookstore is located in the northeast of Kulan Dagong, Hall 5. The main hall, named An Lan Garden, was rebuilt after Qianlong's southern tour, modeled after Haining Chenjiao Garden on the Hangzhou Bay.
Beiyuan Village Beiyuan Village is located to the east of the north gate, and there are rice fields everywhere. The names of all the houses are related to farming, showing a strong pastoral scenery.
Fanghu Scenic Area Fanghu Scenic Area is located in the northeast corner of Fuhai water surface, which is a huge gable building.
Pengdao Yaotai Pengdao Yaotai is located in the middle of Fuhai. There are three islands, the structure and layout of which are designed according to the painting "Fairy Mountain Pavilion" by the ancient painter Li Sixun. There are three palace gates and seven halls. In front of the hall, there are three islands in China in the east, the hall in the east is the companion room, and the hall in the west is the daily good news of peace. There is a bridge across the street in the southeast, which leads to the East Island, and there is also a small pavilion on the island. There is a curved bridge in the northwest, which can connect to the North Island. There are three temples on the island.
Xiushanfang is located in the southeast corner of Fuhai. The interior decoration is all made of rosewood lacquerware inlaid with gold, silver, precious stones and ivory. These rare treasures are carved with landscapes, pavilions, figures, flowers and trees, insects and birds. This kind of decoration, from design to carving technology, was created by a craftsman named Zhou in Hangzhou in the late Ming Dynasty, so it is called Zhou system, which occupies an important position in the history of sculpture in China.
Pinghu Qiuyue Pinghu Qiuyue is located in the northwest corner of Fuhai, which combines the essence of Hangzhou West Lake Pinghu Qiuyue and Shuangfeng.
Quyuanfeng and Quyuanfeng are located in the south of Tongheyuan on the west bank of Fuhai, with a row of five halls. It is modeled after Qu Yuan of West Lake in Hangzhou, and there is a 9-hole stone bridge in the pool.
Chunhua Xuan Chunhua Xuan is the main building in the middle of Changchun Garden. Its completion coincides with the completion of "Re-engraving Spring Pavilion Sticker". Therefore, the rigid plate is embedded in the wall of the left and right cloisters, hence the name Xuan. Block 144, volume *** 10, which brings together the original works of 99 famous artists in past dynasties; After carving, it expanded 400 departments and distributed them to royal relatives, ministers, palaces and places of interest in Zhili, Shandong and Zhejiang. Chunhua Xuan has thus become a famous forest of steles in Beijing.
Haiyuemen Pavilion Haiyuemen Pavilion is built in the pool, with a circular abutment, two floors and white marble railings around it. The stage has three floors, the lower floor is the front of the sea moon, and the south eaves are engraved with the words "Qingyao Island"; The middle layer is the golden pavilion, with the title "Tianxin water surface" 4 words; The top question is "take six dragons"; There is an arch on each side of the platform. Of all the pavilions in Yuanmingyuan, this group of buildings is the most luxurious.
Lion Forest Lion Forest is located in the northeast corner of Changchun Garden. After Emperor Qianlong visited Suzhou, he imitated Suzhou Lion Forest, and built 8 scenes first, then 8 scenes, *** 16 scenes, forming a number of unique small garden attractions.
Milk source Milk source is located in the southeast corner of Changchun Garden. In the thirty-second year of Qianlong's southern tour to Jiangning (now Nanjing), it was built in imitation of Zhan Garden of Xu Da, a general of the Ming Dynasty.
And curiosity were the first buildings built in autumn of Qianlong 16. The main building is on the third floor. There is a large seawall fountain in the south of the building, which is equipped with a fountain composed of copper goose, copper sheep and west-warped fish. On the left and right sides of the building, the octagonal hall extends from the curved corridor, where Chinese and western music is played.
Haiyan Hall is the largest palace in western architecture. The main entrance of the main building faces west, and there is a big pool in front of the steps. Twelve bronze statues of animal faces (rats, cows, tigers, rabbits, dragons, snakes, horses, sheep, monkeys, chickens, dogs and pigs) are arranged around the pool in a figure of eight, and water is sprayed for one hour (two hours) day and night in turn. At noon, the zodiac sprays water together, commonly known as. Originally, it was a European-style portrait of naked women, but Emperor Qianlong thought that naked women did not conform to the customs of China, so he changed it into a bronze statue of the zodiac, made of bronze.
Dashuifa is the most spectacular fountain in the West Building. The building is shaped like a stone niche, similar to a doorway. There is a big lion head spraying water below, forming a seven-layer water curtain. There is an oval chrysanthemum fountain in front and back, and a bronze sika deer in the center of the pool. The antlers spray water eight times. Two servants kept ten bronze dogs, and sprayed water from their mouths, shooting directly at the deer, splashing layers of waves. Commonly known as "hunting dogs for deer." On the left and right sides of Dashuifa, there is a huge spray tower, which is square and has thirteen floors, and the top spouts water columns. There are eighty-eight copper pipes around the tower, all of which spray water together. At that time, the emperor was sitting opposite watching the water method and looking at this group of fountains. Magal, the British envoy, and the Dutch envoy both "admired" the wonders of water law here. It is said that if this fountain is fully opened, it will be like a flash flood. It is said that people in the vicinity have to gesture when they speak, and its spectacular degree can be imagined.
The water viewing method is located at the southern end of the central axis of Yuan Yingguan. The main building has a pedestal of the emperor's throne, behind which there is a tall stone carving screen with Baciru doors on both sides. On both sides of the door, there is a giant water tower and a pool that receives water spray. All kinds of animals are arranged in a semicircle beside the pool according to the situation, indicating games such as animal wars and deer shooting in the forest; According to the traditional timing method in China, the names of 12 animals represent 12 hours a day, and every 1 hour, 1 animal sprays water into the pool.
Flower array, also called yellow flower array, is a garden modeled after the maze of Europe. Brick walls engraved with characters four feet high are divided into mazes, so they are called "Wanhua Array". Although the diameter distance from the entrance to the central pavilion is only more than 30 meters, it is easier to get in than to get out. Every Mid-Autumn Festival night, the Qing emperor sat in the circular pavilion in the center of the pavilion, and eunuchs and ladies-in-waiting held lotus lanterns made of yellow colored silk to find a way to fly. The first one could get the reward from the emperor. So it is also called yellow flower array or yellow light. It was a pleasure for the Qing emperor to sit on a high place and look at the lotus lanterns running around.
There is a square river between the line and the line wall, and there is a water tank under the line wall. In the water tank, there is a model of Venice, and the emperor sits on the line and watches.
[Edit this paragraph] Architectural features
Yuanmingyuan is a large-scale artificial garden with beautiful scenery. The flat land is stacked with mountains to control water, exquisite garden buildings and wide planting of flowers and trees. Rolling hills, winding water, pavilions, winding promenades, islands and bridges divide the vast space into 100 scenic spots with different tastes surrounded by mountains and rivers. The water surface in the park accounts for about four-tenths of the total area of the three parks. Large, medium and small water surfaces are artificially dug on the flat ground, and the rivers flowing around the circle are connected in series to form a complete river and lake system. There are 250 earth mountains in the park, large and small, which are combined with the water system. The water turns with the mountains and the mountains live because of the water, forming a well-defined garden space. Let the whole garden be as foggy as a water town in the south of the Yangtze River. Although it is made by people, it is impossible.
Characteristics of water theme in architecture;
The landscape of Yuanmingyuan is mostly based on water, which makes it interesting, and many of them directly absorb the interest of famous waterscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. Surrounded by nine small islands, the Houhu Scenic Area of Yuanmingyuan is a symbol of Gong Yu and Jiuzhou. The small gardens or scenic spots built on each island have their own characteristics and learn from each other. There is a good chance of climbing Yueyang Tower to see Dongting Lake. "The rainbow is near the lake, spanning hundreds of feet, trimming fences and cutting wings, and it is a wide pavilion. The reflection of the tattoo, between the lintels and overlooking the sky, is a blue sky. " The west coast looks like watching fish in Yuquan, Hangzhou. Commonly known as goldfish pond. "Chiseling pool is a country where fish are happy, and there are more than a thousand scales beside the pool." Wanfang in the west of Yuanmingyuan is peaceful. The house is built by the lake, shaped like a Chinese character, warm in winter and cool in summer, with exotic flowers and grasses embroidered on the other side in the distance. Yong Zhengdi likes living here. Shui Mu residents in the north of Yuanmingyuan used Taixi (Xize) water method to introduce water into the room, and turned the fan. "The forest is rustling, the water is flowing, the stream is rustling and the birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong likes to spend the summer here. Serene of the West Lake in Changchun Garden has a three-story temple on the circular platform in Bai Yushi, which looks like a mirage from a distance.
The Pengdao Yaotai in Fuhai is based on the mythical Penglai Fairy Island, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Qin Shihuang sent a man named Xu Fu to lead more than 1000 boys and girls across the ocean to find fairyland and fairy medicine for him, so that the enterprise could live forever. This can only be "a sailing tourist will talk about Japan, and the water and fog are hidden outside the method." Yong Zhengdi, on the other hand, asked craftsmen to build three islands in the East Lake of Yuanmingyuan with phosphorus boulders, symbolizing the legendary "Three Immortals Mountain" of Penglai, Yingzhou and the abbot. There are pavilions and pavilions on the island, and there are five views of the Golden Temple. Jade Building Twelve ",and named East Lake" Fuhai "according to the meaning of" Xu Fuhai strives for perfection ". There are also more than ten beautiful gardens on the four banks of Fuhai. Fuhai, five or six hundred meters wide from east to west, north to south, and the surrounding small waters, is about 35 hectares, which is equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. Here, the water is open and the scenery is beautiful. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, a large-scale dragon boat race is held here. On the night of July 15, the Qing emperor watched the river lantern here. After freezing in winter, the emperor took an ice bed to play in Fuhai. Fuhai is actually the water entertainment center of Yuanmingyuan.
Architectural features of the whole country:
Another notable feature of Yuanmingyuan is that it imitates many famous gardens all over the country, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. Li Hongceng, emperor of Qianlong, visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces six times in the south, visited Wutai stations in the west and visited Daiyue, Jehol, Shengjing (Shenyang) and Panshan Mountain in the east. Wherever he goes, he likes famous mountains, rivers and gardens. After returning to Beijing, he will let the accompanying painters draw and copy in the garden. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty places that directly copy the landscape of Yuanmingyuan. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou are all copied from the park, and the names will not be changed. As the saying goes: Who says that the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful, and the sky is shrinking in your arms?
Modeling features of architecture:
There are more than 100 gardens and scenic buildings in Yuanming Three Gardens, which are usually called Hundred Scenery. It integrates various garden buildings such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, halls and corridors, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.6 million square meters. More than the total construction area of the Forbidden City 10000 square meters. The buildings in the park not only absorbed the advantages of the palace-style buildings of past dynasties, but also broke through the shackles of official norms in many aspects such as plane configuration, appearance modeling and group combination, and recruited a wide variety. It has created many rare architectural forms in the north and south, such as Zixuan, Ma Yuexuan, Tian Zi Temple, fan-shaped, bow-shaped, round mirror-shaped, I-shaped, mountain-shaped, cross-shaped, square-shaped, book-shaped and so on. In addition, in the layout of the garden, the scenery changes with the situation; All kinds of scenery in the park are interlocking and distinct, forming a colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. Wang Zhicheng, a French missionary, once had an image description. He said: there are many changes in the form of the buildings in Yuanmingyuan, which are uneven and have no stereotypes. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to a strange model, which seems to be randomly arranged, and none of them is the same as the others. Everything is so interesting that people can't enjoy the scenery at a glance. They must study it carefully bit by bit.
Religious characteristics of architecture:
The temple gardens in Yuanmingyuan also reflect the ancient culture of China. Anyou Palace (Hongci Permanent) was built according to the old practice of Jingshan Shouhuang Hall. It is the royal ancestral temple in the park, dedicated to the "Emperor" of Kangxi and Yong Zhengdi. There are nine palaces with a ridge and double eaves and covered with yellow glazed tiles. This is the largest building in the garden. There are two pairs of China watches at the southern end of the central axis, which are surrounded by Qiao Songyan's cover, giving people a sense of solemnity. Fanghu Scenic Area is located in the northeast bay of Fuhai, built according to the imaginary fairy mountain Qiongge. According to historical records, there are more than 2,200 Buddha statues and more than 30 pagodas here. The front base of the building is made of white marble, which is in the shape of a mountain and extends into the water. The whole building is huge and magnificent. Whenever the mist first rises in the morning, the building appears and disappears in the smoke, just like Qiongge Yaotai. The style and momentum of this building are rare among the existing garden buildings in China. The Acropolis is a typical Buddhist building. It is said that it was built by imitating the layout of the capital of Sharo, and it is an ancient Indian bridge. There are 326 temples and houses in this city. Since Kangxi, whenever the emperor and the empress dowager celebrated their birthdays, the Buddha statues presented by princes and ministers were stored here. Among them, there are pure gold, silver-plated, jade carving and copper plastic, and there are hundreds of thousands of them year after year. Yuanmingyuan was ransacked and burned, and the losses caused by this place alone, whether it is economic value or cultural and artistic value, are hard to measure by numbers.