I, the choice of aquaculture waters

(a) the choice of site

1, ponds Breeding area according to local conditions, small ponds for 3 to 5 acres, large ponds from dozens of acres to tens of acres have, the water depth of 1.5 to 2 meters, the water quality is generally more fertilized, bait organisms are abundant. Ponds can be mixed grass carp, bream, bighead carp, crucian carp, stocking density of 100 to 200 tails / mu, should not be stocked or a very small amount of stocking competitive fish such as chain pickerel, do not stock carnivorous fish such as bluegill, snakeheads and so on.

2, rivers, non-polluted rivers, oxygen, fresh water, water is flowing, the exchange of substances is sufficient, suitable for the growth of sail mussels.

3, large water surface, such as lakes, reservoirs, etc., the water area is large, choose the shore or branching bends in the shallow water for pearl culture, the water body is more mobile, the water quality is thin, rich in dissolved oxygen. Environmental factors are complex, management operation is less convenient.

(2) Ecological environment

1, water quality conditions Water depth of 1.5 to 2.5 meters is more suitable. A certain speed of flowing water, the growth of pearl mussels and pearl cultivation is extremely important. Maintain the pH value of the pearl-breeding waters in the neutral slightly alkaline range, 7 to 8 is appropriate. pH value of low acidic water is not conducive to the growth of pearl-breeding mussels and the formation of pearls, can be adjusted by splashing lime water in the pearl-breeding water. pH value is high and inhibit the growth of pearl-breeding mussels can be controlled by applying the method of organic fertilizers.

2, nutrient salts Calcium salts are the most needed salts for mussels. The main component of mussel shell is calcium carbonate, the growth of pearl mussels and pearl synthesis depends on the absorption of calcium, to maintain the water body Ca2+ content of 15 mg / liter or more, can be supplemented by applying calcium fertilizer calcium source. Magnesium, silicon, manganese, iron, etc. are not only the elements required for the growth of pearl mussels, but also necessary for the growth of their bait organisms, through the application of organic fertilizers, inorganic fertilizers to supplement these nutrients. Rare earths can promote the secretion of perlage by brooding mussels and accelerate the formation of pearls. Among the rare earth nutrient sources, the nitrate-type rare earth has the best effect and the fastest pearl growth rate. In the breeding pearl mussel growth season once a month to apply rare earth nutrient source, so that the pool water is 0.1 mg / liter concentration.

3, bait organisms The most suitable bait organisms for the triangular sail mussels diatoms, golden algae, green algae, nudibranchs, followed by small zooplankton and bacteria and other organic debris. So cultivate rich bait organisms on pearl culture is crucial. The fatness of the water body, the abundance of bait organisms can be through the water color to respond to the color of the water body to yellow-green for good, the transparency of the 30 cm or so appropriate, and to maintain the pearl of the body of water, "fat, live, cool, tender," the state.

Second, the choice of pearl mussels

(a) investigation of the source of surgical mussels

If the surgical mussels of the breeding grounds or neighboring pearl farming has occurred disease, and then the cheap mussels can not be purchased in order to eliminate the spread of pathogens. Breeding seed mussels are best harvested from wild mussels in natural waters, female and male mussels are best selected from different waters to ensure the quality of the germplasm and improve the performance of the offspring of pearl breeding.

(2) transportation and transportation after the temporary work

1, dry transportation suitable for the temperature of 1 ~ 10 ℃ low-temperature transportation, the temperature is higher than 25 ℃, easy to cause oxidation of the mussel body lack of death, the temperature is lower than 0 ℃, easy to freeze to death. Transportation time is as short as possible, not more than 3 days. Operation should pay attention to the following points: ① Before transportation, let the surgical mussels absorb enough fresh water and then loaded into baskets, straw bales or bulk. ② The mussels are placed flat to keep the water stored in their bodies from being lost. ③When shipping, the height of the pile of surgical mussels is less than 20 centimeters. ④ Spray fresh water frequently on the way to keep the mussels moist. The safety of water must be guaranteed.

2, wet transportation Suitable for long-distance transportation. ①The use of live water ship transport, can be transported in large quantities of mussels, the transport process should be avoided sewage and lack of oxygen. ② Another is the use of closed box low-temperature transportation, the box filled with water and bags of crushed ice to maintain a lower water temperature, in order to reduce the metabolism of surgical mussels, while oxygenation to ensure that the survival rate of surgical mussels in the transportation process.

The long-distance transportation of surgical mussels, physical weakness, must be temporary treatment, rejuvenation before surgery. Injured mussels are individually lifted and treated, and then used for surgery after recovery. Winter transportation of mussels, temporary feeding time for about 1 week; spring and summer transportation of mussels, temporary feeding time for more than 1 month; fall transportation of mussels, temporary feeding time for about 20 to 30 days.

Three, pearl nursery surgery in the notes

Nurturing pearl surgery is the key to pearl production, must be carefully done in every link to improve the survival rate of surgical mussels, to avoid disease, and to increase the proportion of high-quality pearls.

(A) the season of pearl breeding surgery

Breeding pearl surgery in March to May and September to October is more appropriate, when the water temperature is 15 ~ 25 ℃, breeding mussel metabolism is vigorous, the survival rate of small pieces of cells is high, breeding mussel surgical wounds healing fast, the formation of pearl capsule quickly, pearl quality secretion fast, pearl quality is good. When the water temperature exceeds 30 ℃, although the surgical wound healing fast, pearl capsule formation quickly, but the survival time of the celllets is shorter, the survival rate is low, and the wound is easy to ulcerate and infected diseases, causing the death of the mussels. If the pearl breeding surgery in the high temperature season, must choose a cool ventilated shaded place to carry out, and the operator must have skillful technology, in a very short period of time to complete the entire surgical process. When the water temperature is lower than 5 ℃, the sail mussel into hibernation, this time to carry out surgery, although it reduces the chance of infection and disease, but the wound is not easy to heal, the small pieces of cells are easy to freeze to death.

(ii) Selection of surgical mussels

Select healthy, disease-free, undamaged delta sail mussels. The growth line is broad and obvious, the axe foot is fat and full, and the coat membrane is slightly yellow.

(C) Precautions during surgery

1. During surgery, all tools should be strictly sterilized and cleaned to avoid operation with bacteria. Soak or scrub all operating tools with 70% alcohol. Conditional can be in aseptic state of surgery. Operators can also not operate with bacteria, clean hands before operation.

2, the preparation operation should be carried out in a sun-shaded and windless environment, so as to avoid the wind caused by the dry death of the small pieces, to avoid the small pieces of cells due to direct irradiation of ultraviolet light and reduce the vitality.

3, the use of mixed nutrient solution treatment of cellular flake, can improve the viability and disease resistance of the flake, improve the yield and quality of pearls. Several mixed nutrient solution formula: ① polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nutrient solution formula: 1.5% PVP 0.5 ml in 1 liter of 0.4% brine. ② lecithin nutrient solution formula: add lecithin 0.5 grams, potassium chloride (KCL) 0.02 grams, sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 0.02 grams in 1 liter of saline at a concentration of 0.4%. ③ Cobalt chloride nutrient solution formula: add 1.5 grams of cobalt chloride (CoCL) to 1 liter of saline at a concentration of 0.4%. (iv) Chlortetracycline nutrient solution formula: add 1 gram of chlortetracycline to 1 liter of saline at a concentration of 0.4%.

4. The width of the open shell should never exceed 0.8 centimeter, so as not to strain or pull off the closed shell muscle, causing death after surgical mussel surgery.

5, the insertion of nuclear implants wound area can not exceed 5% of the total area of the coat membrane, so as not to cause the surgery of mussels tissue and organs of severe water retention and death.

6, try to avoid inserting nuclei in the visceral mass, so as not to damage the digestive tract leading to heart erosion and death of surgical mussels.

7, the operator's technology must be skilled, rapid action, the shorter the better, the better the entire surgical process, the best not more than 8 minutes, to ensure the viability of the cell vignette and the viability of the mussels.

( Source: China Xingnong net )

Pearl mussel culture technology

Published: (2006-10-12 15:12:00) Viewer: 150

A. How is the pearl formed?

Answer: Pearls are valuable decorations, but also valuable Chinese medicinal herbs, high economic value, pearl industry is often called "vault", so the development of pearl industry has great prospects. Pearl is the use of mussels cultivated. Mussels belong to the mollusc phylum, Valvularia, a wide range of species, rich in resources, pearl industry often choose to sail mussels, pleated crown mussels and pearl mussels and other varieties of culture.

Inside the mussel shell, there are 2 pieces of mussels wrapped around the soft body, known as the outer coat membrane, when stimulated, it will be rapidly split and proliferate, and gradually surrounded by the source of the stimulus, the formation of a complete pearl capsule, and the source of the stimulus as the center of a layer of secretion of perlage, and finally formed pearls. Natural pearls are formed by small grains of sand, insect eggs and other foreign objects accidentally invade the shell, the epidermal cells of the outer coat membrane split and proliferate to form a pearl capsule, surrounded by foreign objects, secretion of nacreous pearl and the formation of nucleated pearls.

Second, the cultivation of pearls into the operation to what season is good?

Answer: late spring or early fall is the best time for pearl culturing surgery. Because of the high temperature in summer, mussels from the water dehydration fast, the wound is easy to inflammation and ulceration, winter is almost dormant mussels, surgical wounds are not easy to heal, easy to spit piece, rotten piece.

Breeding beads of mussels are generally captured from the wild waters. Its out of the water after stacking time should not be too long, such as transportation or other reasons can not be operated immediately, should be put into the small waters of the temporary raising up. If possible, a temporary pool can be established to fatten the collected mussels before surgery in order to improve the success rate of surgery.

Three, how to choose surgical mussels?

A: surgical mussels are categorized into slicing mussels and inserted mussels. Used to make a small piece of mussels is the production of mussels, mussels used to cultivate pearls is the insertion of mussels. Before the operation, the production and insertion of mussels according to the ratio of 1:1 selected into the water basin, production mussels to the age of 3 is good, insertion of mussels to the age of 4 is good. Mussel age is small, the pearl quality secretion function is strong, the speed of pearl formation, pearl quality is good, mussel age is large, and vice versa.

Four, please describe the production method of inserts.

Answer: the production of slices of mussel dissecting, peeling the outer coat membrane, take off the outer skin and shaping slices of four steps. Mussel dissection knife inserted successively into the front and back of the mussel to cut off the front and back of the closed-shell muscle, and then cut off the two coat membrane and viscera connection, pay attention to not damage the coat membrane, this is dissected mussels; and then use tweezers to the edge of the membrane along the scar inward gently flipped inward, at its front or back edge of the edge of the tear a small mouth, a small forceps clamped to the inner epidermis, and another tweezers from the small mouth into the inside and outside of the skin between the front and rear separation of the outer epidermis, which is peeled from the outer coat membrane; Then use the blade or scissors along the outer coat trace will edge membrane outer epidermis cut off, paste the shell side that is the front face up, spread on the glass plate, this is to remove the outer epidermis; finally with a slicing knife to excise the colored edges, trimming the two sides, cut into the side of the length of 0.5 cm of the square piece. In the small piece of drop a little concentration of 0.1% of the aureomycin solution, this is to trim the slice. It is important to note that the trimmed slice should not be stored, so as not to affect the cell viability.

V. How to insert the insert?

Answer: the first gently inserted with an opener between the two shells of the mussels, so that the shells open, fixed with a plug, the opening is not more than 1.1 - 1.4 cm, and sponge dipped in water to wash the central membrane of the epidermis and viscera of the filth; and then from the base of the gill 1 cm from the gill line to the outer casing of the membrane between inserts between the 3 - 4 rows, line spacing 0.8 cm, spacing 1 - 1.5cm, inserts should be arranged evenly, can be prune-shaped, inserts can be arranged evenly, can be plum-shaped. May be plum blossom shape, the insertion of about 40 pieces of appropriate; and then will send a piece of needle tilt, the needle placed in the center of the front of the piece of small pieces, with a crochet hook will be a small piece of evenly wrapped in the head of the needle to send a piece of the needle, with a crochet hook to pierce the inner epidermis of the coat membrane, will be sent from the outside of the opening of the piece of one time between the inner and outer epidermis of the connective tissue, the depth of general 0.6cm or so; and then a crochet hook outside the outer coat membrane to press the piece of small pieces that have been sent into the outer coat membrane, and then pulled out the piece of the needle, leaving the small pieces inside; the Needle, will be left inside the small pieces; small pieces into the inner epidermis of the outer coat membrane, and then use the hook and needle to organize the small pieces into a drum-like protuberance, and then do the other side of the mussel surgery. After the surgery is completed, the date of the surgery is engraved on the shell of the mussel and it is sent to the waters for bead rearing.

Sixth, how to carry out breeding mussels?

Answer: single-hanging method of breeding is good. That is, in the mussel crown with a drill drilling a small hole, each clam wearing a nylon rope or plastic rope suspended fixed in bamboo frame or live support bamboo frame, row spacing of about 1m, spacing of about 3cm, about 1,000 per acre of hanging. Mussels in the waters of the environmental requirements of sunny and ventilated, no tall buildings and trees around the shade, water depth of more than 1m, no aquatic plants, a weak running water, water quality neutral, to prevent toxic sewage into the bead farm.

Clams have no prey organ, only by the gill cilia activity formed by the water flow to ingest food, so the clam should be raised in the most food-rich layer of water, spring and autumn seasons when the water temperature of 10 - 30 ℃, the clam hanging from the water surface in the 20 - 30cm, summer and winter hanging from the water surface of the 70cm or so is good. Breeding waters do not have to fertilize in winter, spring and autumn should be applied to inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers to fertilize the water quality, to promote the growth of plankton, to provide rich food for the mussels, the summer temperature is high, should be applied to the inorganic fertilizers, fertilizer should be a small number of times.

Seven, how to harvest pearls?

A: Cultivation of pearl-bearing mussels 2 - 3 years can be harvested. Pearl harvesting can be carried out when the water temperature is below 20 ℃, because this time the pearl is fine and glossy. When harvesting pearls, cut the front and back of the closed-shell muscle with a knife, with a finger to raise the pearl on the outer coat membrane, put in the water and gently washed, and then use the flannel to absorb the water, with a white silk cloth to play the light, you can be graded for sale, mussels can be eaten fresh, can also be made of dried shellfish meat in the sun. Mussel shells can be used as the outer middle layer of shellfish powder for livestock and poultry, the inner layer can be used as pearl powder, pearl powder is an important raw material for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food.