Introduction to the plant

Classification

Family Brown Algae, Order Browniaceae ([1] this is the only one in this family), Order Kelp, Family Kelp, Genus Kelp.

Kelp

Morphology The alga is brown, long banded, leathery, generally 2-6 meters long and 20-30 centimeters wide. The body of the algae is clearly divided into a fixed apparatus, stalk and blade. The solidus is pseudoroot-like, the stalk is thick and short cylindrical, and the upper part of the stalk is a broad and long band-like blade. In the center of the blade there are two parallel shallow grooves, in the middle of the middle band, 2-5 mm thick, the middle band is thinner with undulating folds on both edges. It is also an alga, and the root-like part is just a rhizome that plays a role in fixation, and the leaf-like part is called the phloem.

Origin

China's Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and the northern coast of Guangdong Province are cultured, wild kelp in the low tide line below the depth of 2-3 meters on the rocks are.

Growth cycle

Because of the influence of the difference in temperature from north to south, light and other factors, so that the growth of kelp maturity early and late, in the same sea area or the same seedling rope on the kelp, the maturity of the period is also sequential, so the harvest period extends from the middle of May to the first half of July.

Kelp artificial cultivation

Artificial cultivation I, the choice of sea area, two, culture rafts, three, seedling, four, the sea cultivation I, the choice of sea area, culture sea area should be located in the sea without industrial "three wastes" and agricultural towns and cities, life, medical waste pollution. The bottom of the sea area to flat sandy bottom,

kelp

mud bottom is good, uneven rocky seabed, can be used to set up rafts under the stone weight breeding. Water depth of 8-30m is suitable, of which the depth of 15-25m sea area is the best, is a high production area. The current speed is 0.17-0.7m/s, and 0.41-0.7m/s is preferred. Transparency changes less than 3m is appropriate.　Second, culture raft (a) culture raft type: basically divided into single-type raft and double-type raft 2 kinds, single-type raft is our country's main culture raft type, because each unit is independently set up rafts, more resistant to wind and wave ability.　(ii) Setting up of culture rafts: It is required to have a reasonable layout, which can fully utilize the productivity of the sea area and make the kelp have a suitable living environment. First of all, it should guarantee the safety and facilitate the management operation. Generally 30-40 rafts divided into a zone, between the district and the district "field" arranged in a zigzag pattern, flat culture of the raft distance of 6-8m is appropriate to consider the raft to the wind and the flow of the two have a main, the current promotion of downstream aquaculture, rafts and parallel to the flow direction, if you use the "one dragon If "one-stream" culture is adopted, the raft must be perpendicular to the flow direction.　(C) single raft frame and structural materials: single raft with floating rope, peg cable, pegs, floats, slings, seedling ropes and other components. Floating rope is generally about 60m long, in the wind and waves of the sea area is shorter, 1.5-2.0cm in diameter, the materials used are generally polyethylene, polypropylene rope, these materials are economical and durable, corrosion resistance and tensile strength.　Peg cable and pegs: Peg cable is used to fix the raft, the length varies with the water depth, generally 2 times of the water depth, 2.5-3 times of the wind waves, currents and larger sea areas, the material used is the same as the floating rope material. Pegs are mainly wooden pegs, can not hit the pegs of the sea area with the lower is the weight of the method, the general weight of more than 1000kg, radius 50cm. Float: usually plastic float, its buoyancy, light weight, durable, the most ideal material.　Third, sub-seedling In aquaculture production, sub-seedling is about to grow in the attachment of seedlings on the seedling pick down, and then clamped to the seedling rope, after this process and then raised.　(A) the seedling before the preparatory work seedling rope: is the growth of kelp base, but also to bear the weight of the algae, seedling rope requires durable, but also requires a thin rope, elasticity should be moderate, so as not to clip the growth of its bad part. The length of the seedling rope is determined by different sea conditions and cultivation methods.　Lanyard: the same material as the seedling rope are polyethylene rope, the length of the lanyard depends on the depth of the water and the transparency of the sea area, the north of the flat culture, generally about 2m.　Falling stone: wind and waves in the sea area, the lanyard needs to be tied to the falling stone, in order to prevent the seedling rope by the wind, waves, water impact floating on the sea surface, resulting in strong light stimulation and entanglement. The general weight of the stone is 0.25kg, and the big one is 0.5-1.0kg.　Tools: The tools used for seedling splitting are seedling clamps, seedling transportation baskets, seedling hanging baskets and so on. All tools must be washed with seawater before use.　(B) Splitting operation technology Splitting time: the northern part of the general in the first half of November to start splitting.　Splitting specifications: general seedlings Zhang to 10cm can be split, 12-15cm is the most appropriate, the size of the seedling should be based on the early and late changes, the early split can be slightly smaller, 10-12cm in the middle of 15cm, late 20cm or more. The standard of seedling splitting is: "early seedling splitting, good seedling splitting, big seedling splitting."　Splitting operation: including picking, transportation, clamping, hanging seedlings. ① picking seedlings should be careful, generally should be diligent picking, less picking, to improve the quality of picking seedlings, but also to improve the utilization rate of seedlings. ② transport tools to be soaked in seawater or wet, so as not to abrasion seedlings and sunburn; seedlings can not be squeezed each other too much, so we should take the approach of less loaded and transported as quickly as possible to shorten the transport time, do not backlog. ③ Clip the seedlings to try to achieve uniform size of each seedling rope, can not clip too deep and too shallow, found that the drop seedlings should be timely replenishment of seedlings. ④ Hanging seedlings, to minimize the backlog of time on land, generally use the flat hanging method of hanging seedlings at the beginning of the water depth is set to 1m, after a period of time and then raise the water level.　Fourth, the sea to raise from the seedling to the kelp thick into the period can be harvested belongs to the raising period. In the northern region experienced 6-7 months.　(A) the way of cultivation: China's current way of cultivation is mainly flat and vertical cultivation, but also vertical and flat rotation cultivation, "a dragon" cultivation method, shellfish and algae cultivation and other ways.　(ii) Density: different sea areas have different suitable breeding density, breeding density is directly related to the breeding yield. Too dense or too sparse, can not achieve the best results.　Table 1 Density of aquaculture in various types of sea areas under the basic conditions Sea area conditions A type of sea area A type of sea area A type of sea area A type of sea area A type of sea area

Flow velocity (m/min) 30-50 10-20 <10

Transparency (m) 1-3 1-5 0-5

Nitrogen content (mg/m) >20 5-10 <5

In the local yield Highest Medium Low yield

Seedling per rope clip (plants) 20-30 30-40 >40

Seedling release per hectare (10,000 plants) 15-18 18-24 >24

(3) layer regulation: the early stage of cultivation, a class of sea area can be deep hanging seedling, the northern sea area of the first hanging with 80-120cm; two or three types of sea area can be first close hanging temporary cultivation and then cultivation, also can be deep hanging seedling. Can also be deep hanging seedling. Nurture in the middle, pay attention to the following work: one is to adjust the water layer, the northern sea area water layer adjustment in 50-80cm; two is to evacuate the seedling rope, when the kelp grows to 100-120cm, it should be evacuated, move the seedling rope, move rafts, stacked hanging to hang single hanging, hanging to raise the flat raising. Third, inverted, in order to make the kelp rotating light, should be in the appropriate time that is the upper and lower kelp length of the seedling rope close to and from the lower kelp just appeared to have a normal brown, white-brown-yellow color changes, began to invert, inverted number of times, depending on the situation.　(d) Cutting the tip: Cutting off the tip of kelp leaves more than 1/4 can improve the quality and yield of kelp, but also can prevent the occurrence of kelp disease rot, reduce the load of the shelf, improve the safety factor. Generally early and mid-seedling kelp cut off 40% of the full length of the blade, late seedlings cut off 30% is appropriate. The north is generally at the end of March, early April.　(E) fertilization and daily management: fertilization: main nitrogen fertilizer. First, hanging bags of fertilizer, the second is splashing fertilizer, the third is dipping fertilizer. In order to improve the effectiveness of fertilizer, should also pay attention to: rationalize the amount of fertilizer, in the northern sea area, the total amount of fertilizer in the summer seedling temporary stage accounted for 15%, after the seedling to the end of December accounted for 35%, 35% in March and April, the later for 15%. Other daily management work such as organizing the raft, adding buoyancy to replace the halyard should be carried out in a hurry to ensure the safety factor at sea.

Nutritional value

Kelp is a high nutritional value of vegetables, per 100 grams of dried kelp contains: 8.2 grams of crude protein, 0.1 grams of fat, 57 grams of sugar, 9.8 grams of crude fiber, 12.9 grams of inorganic salts, 2.25 grams of calcium, 0.15 grams of iron, as well as 0.57 milligrams of carotene, thiamine (Vitamin B1) 0.69 mg, riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 0.36 mg. B2) 0.36 milligrams, 16 milligrams of niacin, can issue 262 kilocalories. Compared with spinach, rape, in addition to vitamin C, its crude protein, sugar, calcium, iron content are several times higher, dozens of times.　Kelp is a kind of seaweed with high iodine content, generally containing iodine 3 to 5 ‰, as much as 7 to 10 ‰. The iodine and fucoidan extracted from it are widely used in medicine, food and chemical industry. Iodine is one of the necessary elements of the human body, iodine deficiency will suffer from goiter, eat more kelp can prevent and control this disease, but also to prevent atherosclerosis, reduce cholesterol and lipid accumulation. Eating too much kelp can induce iodine hyperthyroidism. Although iodine can inhibit the release of thyroxine, but can not inhibit the synthesis of thyroxine, so the long-term use of iodine, in the hyperthyroidism is not favorable.　

Kelp

Sodium fucoidan in kelp has the effect of preventing leukemia and bone pain; arterial hemorrhage also has a hemostatic effect, oral can reduce the absorption of radioactive elements strontium-90 in the intestinal tract. Sodium fucoidan has antihypertensive effect. Kelp starch has the effect of lowering blood lipids. In recent years, it has also been found that an extract of kelp has anticancer effects. Kelp mannitol is effective in the treatment of acute renal failure, cerebral edema, B encephalitis, acute glaucoma. It is consumed sparingly by people with cold spleen and stomach.

Application

In addition to food, kelp can also make kelp soy sauce, kelp sauce, flavor powder, kelp can also be processed into crisps, kelp crisps become the new marine class of leisure food. Currently in China's top 100 counties in Shandong Rongcheng City, a large seafood processing and aquaculture enterprises, has developed and produced such new products, which will undoubtedly enrich the product chain of kelp products, while increasing the development of China's kelp industry, the deep fine processing.　Japanese people use kelp ground into powder, as red sausage and other food additives, kelp tea as a noble food to express joy.　Industrial use of kelp to extract potassium salts, brown alginate gum, mannitol, used to replace the flour pulp yarn, pulp cloth, used as a clarifying agent in the production of wine, but also as medical supplies.　Kelp for export varieties, its English name seaweed, to countries and regions: Japan. Edit this section of therapeutic and medicinal

English name Kelp Source for the kelp family plant kelp leaf-like body. It is distributed or artificially cultivated along the coasts of Shandong, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong. Harvested in summer and fall, usually dried in the sun.　Sexual flavor and attributive properties: salty, cold.　① "Wu Pu Ben Cao": "Sour and salty, cold, non-toxic."　② "Materia Medica Again": "Bitter flavor, cold, non-toxic."　

Shredded kelp

The attributed meridian: into the liver, stomach, kidney meridian; ① "to medicinal ingredients": "into the stomach meridian."　② "Materia Medica Again": "into the spleen meridian."　Application 1. Used for gall tumors and scrofula. Use this product alone, or combine it with kombu and wakame to enhance the effects of eliminating phlegm and softening and dispersing knots.　2. Used for choking and diaphragm, and dietary incontinence. Can be used sand nuts *** research powder, milk delivery, *** play the phlegm dispersal of knots, beneficial effects of the stomach.　3. For hernia, testicular cysts. Can be combined with seaweed, cumin.　4. Used for edema, foot odor. It can be combined with other diuretic drugs.　In addition, it is also used in modern times for hypertension, coronary heart disease, tumors and so on. Use this product alone, or with suitable drugs.　Usage: Decocted in soup, boiled, cooled, dipped in sugar, or made into pills or powder. Functions: Eliminating phlegm and softening hardness, draining heat and inducing diuresis, relieving cough and asthma, dispelling lipids and lowering blood pressure, dispersing knots and anti-cancer. Used for gall tumor, scrofula, hernia, cough, edema, hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity.　Modern research 1. Chemical composition: This product contains alginic acid, kombuchin, galactosaccharides and other polysaccharides, kelp ammonia, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline and other amino acids, vitamins B1, B2, C, P and carotene, iodine, potassium, calcium and other inorganic salts.　　2. Pharmacological effects:Containing iodine and iodide, it has the effect of preventing and treating iodine-deficiency goiter; kelp ammoniacal acid and potassium salt have the effect of antihypertensive; alginic acid and kelp ammoniacal acid have the effect of lowering serum cholesterol; hot-water extracts have obvious cytotoxicity for human KB cancer cells in vitro, and have obvious inhibitory effect on S180 tumors, and can improve the humoral immunity of the organism, and promote the body's cellular immunity, and Kombucha polysaccharides can Prevent high blood sugar.　Selected kelp therapeutic prescriptions

Kelp

1, treatment of gall tumors, scrofula: 50 grams of kelp, 50 grams of lean pork fried. 2 times a day. Or kelp 50 grams, 30 grams of kombu, water fried, 2 times a day.　2, the treatment of skin wet poison itching: 50 grams of kelp, 50 grams of mung beans, 50 grams of brown sugar boiled food, once a day.　3, summer fever, hypertension, hyperlipidemia: 30 grams of kelp, 100 grams of winter melon, 30 grams of coix seed with boiled soup. Add the right amount of sugar to eat, once a day.　4, the treatment of testicular swelling and pain: 15 grams of kelp, 15 grams of seaweed, 6 grams of cumin, decoction, once a day.　5, the treatment of hypertension, arteriosclerosis and chronic bronchitis coughing: 15 grams of kelp, 100 grams of round-grained rice, 50 grams of lean pork, with porridge, with the right amount of salt or sugar seasoning to eat.　6, the treatment of liver fire headache, conjunctivitis: 20 grams of kelp, 30 grams of cassia, decoction, eat kelp and drink soup. 2 times a day.　7, the treatment of iodine deficiency and pubertal goiter: 25 grams of kelp, 10 grams of hairy vegetables, 100 grams of oyster sauce, with boiled soup, often eat.　8, the treatment of chronic pharyngitis: 500 grams of kelp, washed and cut into small pieces, boiled and fished out, add 200 grams of sugar and mix, marinate 1 day after consumption. 2 times a day, 50 grams per serving.　9, the treatment of obesity: kelp powder 2 grams, 1 plum, soaked in boiling water to take, 2 times a day.　10, the treatment of skin heat rash, cervical lymphadenitis, simple goiter: 60 grams of kelp, 70 grams of mung beans, 100 grams of round-grained rice, 1 slice of pericarp, with porridge, with the right amount of sugar to taste.　11, candied kelp: 500 grams of kelp, washed and cut into small pieces, boiled and fished out, add 250 grams of sugar, mix well, marinate for a day after you can eat. Twice a day, 50 grams per serving. There is a soft solid dispersal effect, can cure chronic pharyngitis.　

Kelp

12, kelp porridge: kelp 10-15 grams, 100 grams of round-grained rice, pork lean pork, with porridge, with the right amount of salt (or sugar) seasoning. There are soft, antihypertensive, diuretic effect, suitable for hypertension, arteriosclerosis and chronic bronchitis cough and asthma. Sclerosis and chronic bronchitis cough and asthma.　13, kelp winter melon and coix seed rice soup: kelp (or seaweed) 30 grams, 100 grams of winter melon, coix seed rice 10 grams, with boiled soup, with the right amount of sugar seasoning to eat. There are lower blood pressure, lower blood fat, clearing heat, diuretic spleen, anti-cancer effect.　14, oyster and kelp soup: 100 grams of oyster and kelp, 25 grams of kelp, 10 grams of hairy vegetables, the same soup, often eat, can cure iodine deficiency and adolescent goiter.　15, kelp mung bean sugar water: 60 grams of kelp, shredded, 150 grams of mung beans, with boiled soup, add the right amount of brown sugar seasoning to eat. There are tonic heart, diuretic, soft, eliminate phlegm, scattering gall tumor effect. Apply to hypertension, foot edema, cervical lymphatic tuberculosis, simple goiter, children's summer heat rash boils, phlegm heat cough. Kelp dietary formula 16, kelp in moderation, often boiled soup consumption, can cure hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and anti-cancer effects.　Usage and dosage decoction soup, boiled, cold. Each time 15-50 grams.　Cautions and contraindications Avoid eating if the spleen and stomach are weak and cold, and should not be eaten by those who are emaciated.　Ingredients and medicinal uses This product contains a variety of organic substances and iodine, potassium, calcium, iron and other elements, but also contains proteins, fatty acids, sugars, a variety of vitamins and niacin. It can prevent and control endemic goiter and significantly reduce cholesterol. Eating kelp can increase the intake of iodine, a large increase in the absorption of calcium, which is considered to be one of the factors with anti-cancer effect. For hypertension, arteriosclerosis and excess fat have certain preventive and auxiliary therapeutic effects.

Soybean marinated kelp

Raw materials: soybeans, kelp, soy sauce, water, sesame seeds, anise, tea seed oil, sugar, ginger.　1, kelp washed and soaked for 30 minutes, soybean soak 3 hours.　2., kelp, soybean and seasoning under the pot brine for 20 minutes, until the soup is dry.　3, kelp cut into 4-centimeter-long segments in the right direction, soybeans on the kelp can be arranged.　Efficacy The iodide of kelp is absorbed by the body, can accelerate the excretion of lesions and inflammatory exudates, has the effect of lowering blood pressure, preventing arteriosclerosis, and promoting the excretion of harmful substances. At the same time, kelp also contains a substance called polysaccharide sulfate, which can absorb cholesterol in the blood vessels and expel them out of the body, so that the cholesterol in the blood to maintain a normal level. In addition, there is a layer of slightly sweet white powder on the surface of kelp, which is mannitol of great medical value, with good diuretic effect, and can treat drug poisoning, swelling and other diseases. Therefore, kelp is the ideal detoxification food.

Cold Mixed Kelp Shreds

Raw materials: kelp, garlic paste, minced green onion, salt, sugar, soy sauce, vinegar, sesame oil, monosodium glutamate, sesame seeds.　Practice: 1, dry kelp steamed in the pressure cooker for 4 minutes; 2, washed and dried, diligently change the water; 3, take the soaked soft kelp shredded, blanched in boiling water, drain the water; 4, add garlic paste, minced green onion, salt, sugar, soy sauce, soy sauce, vinegar, sesame, sesame seeds mixed well; 5, another oil pan, into the cut red pepper, oil is hot, quickly remove from the fire, the hot oil and pepper poured into the mix of the seaweed on the. Editorial nutrition with

Tofu with kelp

Kelp roll

Tofu is nutritious, containing saponin ingredients, can inhibit fat absorption, promote lipolysis, prevent atherosclerosis of peroxides produced. However, saponin will cause a lack of iodine in the body, and kelp is rich in essential iodine (24 grams of iodine per 100 grams of kelp). As kelp contains more iodine, can also induce goiter, the two eat together, so that the saponin in the tofu is excreted a little more, can make the body iodine elements in a balanced state.　However, it should be noted that kelp is cold, and those with cold spleen and stomach should avoid eating. Patients suffering from hyperthyroidism should not eat kelp. Pregnant women, lactating mothers should not eat too much kelp, because the iodine in the kelp can enter the fetus (baby) with the blood circulation, causing fetal (baby) thyroid dysfunction.

Sesame with kelp

According to modern nutritional analysis, sesame contains a variety of nutrients needed by the human body, its protein content is more than meat, which is very rich in amino acids

Rich, calcium content of milk 2 times. Sesame is richer in fat, up to 54%, there are more lecithin, can prevent premature whitening or loss of hair. It contains vitamin E and other nutrients beneficial to the skin, can improve blood circulation, promote metabolism, receive the effect of beauty.　Kelp is rich in calcium and iodine, which helps synthesize thyroxine. These two foods together, not only can beauty, but also slow down the role of aging.　Cold sesame kelp is a very nutritious and refreshing cold dish. First 100 grams of sesame seeds to impurities, scrub clean, into the pot, with a small fire slowly fried, when fried to sesame incense, out of the pot to cool. 350 grams of wet kelp washed and cut into shreds. Steam the kelp for 15 minutes on high heat, then remove from the pot to cool, add monosodium glutamate, vinegar, sugar, olive oil and mix well to plate, sprinkle with sesame seeds and mix well to become. Edit the efficacy of kelp

1, the prevention and treatment of goiter.

2, lower blood pressure.　

3, lowering fat.　

4, inhibit tumor.

5, improve immunity.　

6, lowering sugar.　

; 7, diuretic, swelling.　

8, prevent cardiovascular disease.　　　9, eliminate breast hyperplasia.　　　10, hair care.　　　11, Calcium supplement.　12, beauty.　.　13, weight loss 14, delay aging