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Customs of Tujia and Miao Lantern Festival
Lantern Festival is another grand traditional festival of Tujia people. During the day, every Tujia family has to chop off half a pig's head, worship the "door god" and take the stomach to "burn the paper of the door god, and grandpa's baby gathers pig excrement", which means that from the 16th day of the first month, they will be busy with agricultural production activities such as accumulating fertilizer. In the evening, I began to play with lanterns, called burning lanterns to make Lantern Festival. At this time, Tujia young men and women meet and get together, which is very lively.

at night, the village village is filled with drums and music, stringed pipes are played in unison, stilts are walked, colorful lanterns are waved, and a cloud lantern, a fish and insect sand diced, a turtle cicada lantern and a flowerpot lantern are held to open the way, followed by a clam shell lantern, a lion lantern, a dragon lantern and a lantern, and they visit households in the alley, which is called "sending lanterns" on the day. Lights, to which one, which one is prosperous and auspicious. Wine is placed at the door of every family to compose fruits, and incense and wax are burned for sacrifice. The name of the day is "welcome the lights". After sending lights to every family, gather at Zhaikou or Zhaizhongpingba in the middle of the night to "burn lights". The so-called "burning lamps" means not burning these lamps with fire, but using flower tubes to set off fireworks at the dancing lions. Dragon lantern spouts and purges. People who dance lions and play dragons, shirtless, face the fireworks of the flower tube, wear them around, roll and jump, and shout while dancing: "Burn!" "The more it burns, the more prosperous it is!" The fireworks in the flower tube, shining the whole sky silver, and Mars flying all over the sky, is very spectacular. Lions and dragon lanterns will burn to pieces, leaving only a pair of bamboo and wood shelves, and then they will stop! According to the custom of Tujia nationality, when the lion dragon lantern was burned to a pulp, the year of that year stabbed the sand. Specially carved coins, dragon lanterns, lanterns, mussel shell lanterns, etc., played until the Lantern Festival, and the lanterns and gods all ascended to heaven and returned to their places to exercise their duties of blessing the harvest. Therefore, it can only be burnt, not preserved, and then re-ligated when playing with lights next year. Tea lights and clam shell lights can't be burned, only worship.

In short, we played the Lantern Festival all night. On the Lantern Festival, Tujia Diao Qiuzi and the girls, wherever they play, lead them to wake up, accompany them and sing, but never leave.

Tujia lanterns are performed by Dan Jiao and Clown. Dan Jiao is called "Sister", and most of them are dressed as women, wearing fake braids, wearing headscarves, short bibs and flowery skirts, holding a flower folding fan in their right hand and a colored towel in their left hand. The clown is called "Brother, wearing a fur coat or jacket, tying a belt, wearing a top hat and tying trousers, and holding a big cattail leaf fan in their right hand. They are on a generous table or in the courtyard dam of a hall, accompanied by musical instruments. Dan Dan's dance steps are dignified, dexterous and beautiful, while the clown's dance moves are simple, free and easy, and humorous. Musical instruments include flute and erhu, percussion instruments include drums, gongs, plucking (head plucking and second plucking) and Dongzi. Tujia lanterns are performed in the form of poetry and dance, which are very popular among Tujia, Miao and Han people.

Tujia lanterns are very rich in singing content, and the lyrics are vast, fresh and beautiful, mainly including "Twenty-ninth Lunar New Year", "Little lanterns are only played at the beginning", "Playing lanterns to welcome the New Year", "Happy New Year", "Lantern Tune", "Lantern Festival", "Bachelor", "Embroidered Pocket" and "Receiving Lang". Every time a lantern player arrives, the host will treat him with yancha and set off firecrackers to thank him. In the middle of the night, we went to that one, and that one held a "midnight snack" to entertain people who played with lanterns.

In this way, lanterns often play late into the night. The fifteenth day of the first month is the Lantern Festival, which is the day when the lanterns end. It is called "Lantern Festival in the first month" to play until dawn!

Tujia people play with lanterns in order to celebrate the Spring Festival, to celebrate the smooth end of the year, and to wish the New Year a bumper harvest of grain, prosperity of six livestock, peace of the country and the people, and health of all ages. Therefore, Tujia cottages and lanterns are popular, showing a lively scene of flowers and lanterns, singing and dancing, and beaming everywhere.

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The custom of Miao and Tujia people celebrating the Spring Festival

Killing pigs and beating Zanba indicates the coming of the Spring Festival. Miao people attach great importance to the Spring Festival. When time entered the twelfth lunar month, we began to spend all our money on new year's goods. Almost every household is fed with fat pigs (called "Year Pig"), which are slaughtered in late winter and December as meat preparation for the festival. In this season, every household rings "Bang! Hey! " The sound of Zanba indicates that the Spring Festival is approaching. Ciba is not only an essential new year's goods for Miao people, but also a major offering for ancestor worship (it is an essential offering from Spring Festival to ancestor worship in Tomb-Sweeping Day). Therefore, even families in difficult times have to pound a little, and some families pound more than ten troughs. When I was at home, the sad thing for us young people in the New Year was to fight Ciba, because too many continuous battles were really tiring. Celebrate the New Year with a fresh environment and respect for the elderly. On New Year's Eve, the whole family cleaned up the dust hanging on the roof and the indoor and outdoor areas, and then posted Spring Festival couplets and New Year pictures to welcome the arrival of the New Year with a fresh environment. During the Spring Festival, it is necessary to burn incense and light candles in front of the ancestral memorial above the hall (and then extend them day and night until the Lantern Festival), so that the ancestors can spend the festival with their families. On New Year's Eve, it is called "Old Year's Dinner", and rich dining tables are prepared for family gatherings. All food during the Spring Festival must be offered to ancestors before the whole family can enjoy it. Before the opening of the dinner, dishes and bowls and chopsticks are set, incense is lit and paper is burned in the main room, and all people go outside to avoid it. The elders first ask their ancestors to "eat" first, and the elders recite the sacrificial words and attract the names of their ancestors, while pouring wine, which means inviting their ancestors to come back for the New Year and enjoy it together. Older people need to remember the names of their ancestors clearly, and please ask them one by one as far as possible. If you can't remember them clearly or miss them, please ask other ancestors to tell you. Firecrackers are set off at the moment. After about 1 minutes, the whole family takes a seat. The first procedure for opening the seat is that the youngest generation will propose a toast to the oldest one, wishing him a long life, and then take turns to propose a toast from small to large. The respected people will express their good wishes to the toaster in the best traditional language. As the first year of the year, the Spring Festival is a sacred festival for the Miao people. Thirty nights "guarding the age" without sleeping. From the first day of junior high school, the brightest and most exciting activities began. There are sacrifices to ancestors to pray for wealth, exorcising evil spirits, praying for good years, giving thanks to animals, celebrating the New Year to connect feelings, and various activities to entertain people and gods. In addition, there are a series of taboo customs that restrict people from offending gods in order to pray for points. The first day of the first month is very lively. One is to see who will whip first after dawn. The second is to see who gets to the intersection first to burn incense for the road god. The third is to pay New Year greetings. At the beginning of the new year, Vientiane will be renewed. On the first day of the first month, the relatives and friends of the Miao people should pay New Year greetings to each other, and wish them good luck in the new year. In the early morning of the first day, parents will dress up their children neatly and send them to pay a New Year call to their elders early. The younger generation pays a New Year call to their elders first (after their own family members), and we will get lucky money for the New Year call. When we were young, we were so happy that we couldn't sleep. The children took a bottle or two of soju on their backs, stepped on firecrackers and scraps of paper everywhere, braved the wind and snow and went out to their uncles' home to pay a New Year call. The village is already bustling, coming and going, everyone is wearing new clothes and hats, and the spirits are flying. When the adults met on the road, they were all smiling and full of festive greetings such as "Happy New Year, congratulations on getting rich". The fourth is to kowtow and burn incense to ancestors in their own halls, and offer snacks and oil tea to ancestors. Fifth, the housewife will cut a big radish into pieces according to the actual number of people at home, and everyone will eat a piece to show unity. Sixth, invite neighbors to eat camellia oleifera and sweet wine. Seventh, after eating New Year's dinner in the morning, we should scoop up some New Year's dinner to feed the cows and dogs, in order to thank the cows for their hard work and the dogs for their contribution to the seeds. Cattle are the labor force of farmers' cultivated land. Legend has it that dogs first brought grain seeds, both of which are very important to farmers. On the second day of the first month, the married girl goes back to her family. It has become an unwritten rule that married daughters must go back to their parents' homes to pay their respects during the Spring Festival. For a newly married daughter or a daughter who gives a special gift letter, during the Spring Festival, gifts are always prepared according to the total number of relatives in her family (general gifts include a piece of pork, 4-6 Ciba and two bottles of shochu), and both of them come back one by one. The first meal after the daughter gets home will enjoy the annual meal reserved for them by her mother or sister-in-law on New Year's Eve (generally, traditional good dishes such as chicken legs, braised pork and fish pieces). On the third day of the first month, it is an important day for Miao people to resign their ancestors and pay homage to their graves. Every family brings wine, meat, rice and Ciba to the graves of their ancestors. First, clean the graves, burn three incense sticks in front of the graves, burn money paper, offer sacrifices to the graves, then kneel in front of the graves and knock three heads, and set off firecrackers. This activity, also known as "paying homage to the grave", is intended to "pay New Year greetings" to ancestors. At the same time, in order to seek the blessing of the gods, the family must send representatives to the temples where incense is flourishing, and some of them take the trouble to walk for dozens of kilometers a day. The atmosphere of the Miao people's Spring Festival will last until the 15th day of the first month. In the Miao people's concept of the Spring Festival, the Spring Festival and the Tenth Five-Year Plan are linked. Miao people call the first day of the first month "big year" and the fifteenth day "small year", and they still attach great importance to the fifteenth day. Generally, daughters go back to their parents' homes for the 15th birthday and reunite with their families. Due to the long-term contacts with other fraternal nationalities, living customs and cultures have influenced and absorbed each other, and now Chinese and Chinese are widely used. Living customs are similar to those of other ethnic groups, and few unique parts are preserved. Tujia people live on the mountain to build houses, which are generally diaojiao buildings, with people living upstairs and livestock closed downstairs. Building a house requires backing on the back and facing the mountain. Generally, there are four columns and three rooms, and the middle room should be set up with the ancestral shrine. There are people living in the right and left rooms, mostly two small rooms, and call "the second room". There is a fire shop in front of the second room, a fire kang in the middle of the fire shop, which is used for heating and cooking, and an iron tripod is placed on the fire kang. There is a kang rack hanging over the fire kang to dry kang articles. Especially before the Spring Festival, it is used to dry kang bacon and sausages. Marriage The marriage of Tujia nationality has the custom of opening a marriage with a cousin. Generally, a daughter of an aunt's family marries a son of an uncle's family, which is called "bone seed" and "the way to meet relatives", and it is regarded as a pro-family plus pro-family. Tujia wedding, to send three favors. Girls should practice "Weeping Wedding Song" before they get married. If you want to cry to your relatives and friends, you should not eat or drink 1-2 days in advance, which is called "no tea and rice". The girl gave birth to a child after marriage, and the man went to the girl's house to report the good news. The son-in-law carries a pot of wine and sends it to the woman's house and puts it on the incense burner in the hall, with the spout facing outwards, indicating that a boy is born; The spout faces inward, which means giving birth to a girl. Later, the relatives of the female family sent food, chicken, meat and eggs to the male family to eat "moon rice wine", and the male family also sent gifts. Most Tujia men and women like to wear big sleeves and trousers, and embroidered flowers and birds on the trousers. The trousers should be connected to the waist, and men and women like to wear white handkerchief on their heads and white cloth shoes on their feet, which is generous and beautiful. Women's heads are adorned with silver ornaments, and their chests are equipped with silver knives, bells and toothpicks. There are all kinds of headdresses on the hats of boys and girls, and there are silver bells behind the hats, which jingle. Funeral Tujia funeral, the death of the elderly, mostly to hold a grand funeral. Teacher Tu should be invited to preside over the selection of burial date and cemetery, as well as a mountain and a mountain. At the time of mourning, "guide paper money" should be thrown on the road, and iron objects are forbidden in the grave. Therefore, one's relatives should dig wells and wait for the dead to be buried before leaving. In the process of burial, please ask Teacher Tu to open the coffin, clear the coffin and "throw rice". When throwing rice, relatives knelt in front of the coffin and picked it up with clothes behind them. Some chewed the rice carefully and swallowed it on the spot, while others brought it back to cook, indicating that future generations should unite and live in harmony, and inherit the legacy of the elderly. Festival Tujia people had a traditional festival of "catching up with the New Year". Every year, Chinese New Year is celebrated on the 28th and 29th of the twelfth lunar month, and this custom has been kept in some villages where Tujia people live in compact communities. "April 8th" is a festival for Tujia people to send caterpillars, so we should read proverbs from ourselves and pray that crops will be protected from pests and the crops will be abundant. Believing that Tujia people worship their ancestors, they think that ancestors are the greatest gods and bless their descendants everywhere. It is generally believed in the "king of the earth", and it is said that the "king of the earth" is the ancestor of Tujia people. Every festival, money paper is burned and sacrificed to the ancestors and the "king of the earth". Tujia people also believe in the land god. During the Chinese New Year, when visiting relatives and friends and passing through the land temple, they must burn incense and paper. Many Tujia people also worship the "Three Kings Temple", in which there are three gods, Ran, Yang and Tian, and pray that the Three Kings God will bless the population and the six animals. Background: In some areas of the family on the border of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou, every year lasts for three years and the following year: the 29th (or 28th) of the twelfth lunar month "over the year"; June 25th of the lunar calendar passes the "June Year"; The first day of October passes the "October Year". The Chinese New Year (referred to as "Spring Festival" for short) falls on the 3th (or 29th) of the twelfth lunar month. Tujia people are rushing to celebrate the New Year one day in advance, so they call it "catching up with the New Year". Why do Tujia people celebrate the New Year? There are four different sayings popular in the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou: one is to resist foreign aggression. It is said that during Jiajing period, the Japanese invaded China, and Peng Yina, a chieftain of Yongshun, was ordered to go out. He led 3, soldiers to the front line one day ahead of schedule, defeated the Japanese, and made "the first meritorious military service in Southeast China". In order to commemorate the victory of this campaign, and at the same time, to express the deep memory of the broad masses of people against Japanese soldiers, Tujia people in Yongshun County have decided to celebrate the New Year on the 29th (or 28th) of the twelfth lunar month, which has been going on for hundreds of years. Another way of saying it is that in order to defeat alien harassment. Due to frequent ethnic wars, Tujia people often can't celebrate the New Year safely. As a result, the leaders of this nation made a surprise attack with clever tricks. The leader asked the people to celebrate the Chinese New Year one day in advance, and then led the soldiers to attack suddenly. The enemy ate wine and meat during the Chinese New Year and was unprepared. The Tujia people beat him out of the water and evacuated hastily. There is also a saying that Tujia ancestors were poor and worked as long-term workers for the rich. They were too poor to celebrate the New Year and have a family reunion, so they had to "celebrate the New Year" one day in advance. It is also said that taxi families in Xiyang and Xiushan in Sichuan celebrate the New Year on March 3 and April 17 of the lunar calendar, respectively, because Tujia people were ordered to go to war during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, and the dates of returning to the DPRK were different, so the time for the New Year was different. From the above four different stories (legends), we can find something in common, that is, whether it is foreign aggression, alien harassment or exploitation and plunder by landlords, Tujia people have always been brave and fearless, angry with their enemies, and resourceful, winning by surprise. This is a heroic nation and a generous nation. On the night of "Catch the New Year", a raging fire broke out in the village, and the flag of the New Year was flying high. Men and women danced around the fire, sang the New Year's Song and danced "Maogusi". This kind of "over-year" is refreshing, wild and prosperous.