The first study theme is the invasion of the great powers and the struggle of the people of China.

Lesson 1 The Opium War

1, background:

<1> The evil opium trade: Britain smuggled opium to China to open the China market.

〈2〉 Opium brought serious harm to China →( 1) The outflow of silver caused the financial crisis in Qing Dynasty. (2) The ruling institutions are more corrupt. (3) Poisoning the physical and mental health of China people. (4) Seriously weakened the fighting capacity of China's army.

< 3 > Lin Zexu banned smoking: 1839, Lin publicly destroyed opium at Humen Beach1100000 kilograms.

2. The course of the war: patriotic official: Guan Tianpei, the first Qing general who died in China in modern times. See the portrait on page 4 of the textbook.

3. Results: China's first humiliating country, the Sino-British treaty of nanking, was signed.

Content →( 1) Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain. (2) The compensation is 21000000 yuan. (3) Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, Fuzhou and Shanghai as trading ports. (4) The tariffs paid by British businessmen on import and export goods shall be agreed between China and Britain (Sino-British tariff agreement).

4. Impact: (1) has seriously damaged the integrity of China's territory and sovereignty. (2) China gradually became the sales market and raw material supplier of the great powers, and China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. (3) The Opium War became the beginning of China's modern history.

★ attention; (Open) For the geographical locations of the five trading ports, see the Sketch Map of the Opium War Situation and Sketch Map of the Concession of Hong Kong Island on page 5 of the textbook.

Lesson 2 The Second Opium War

1, Second Opium War: (1) The root cause further opened the door to China and expanded the rights and interests of aggression.

(2) Time 1956 10 month-1960 10 month

(3) the main fierce English and French.

(4) Accomplice Russia and the United States

2. Crime of the great powers: (1) Britain and France-occupied Beijing and burned Yuanmingyuan. (1860 10 month)

(2) Tsarist Russia-plundered the northern territory of China1500,000 square kilometers.

3. China people's resistance: Hong Xiuquan launched jintian uprising to build the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing and changed it to Tianjing as the capital. Establish a regime that confronts the Qing Dynasty. Li Xiucheng, the general of Taiping Army, fought against the foreign guns, and killed the leader of the foreign guns in the battle of Cixi. (See the picture of Wall on page 9 of the textbook. )

Lesson 3 Zuo Zongtang's Recovery of Xinjiang and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

1. Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang

"The general has not yet raised the edge, and the children of Huxiang are full of Tianshan Mountains. The newly planted willows are three thousand miles long, which attracts the spring breeze. " This poem eulogizes the great achievements of1in the mid-1970s, when the imperial envoy Zuo Zongtang led Hunan soldiers to recover Xinjiang and govern the frontier.

1, Xinjiang has been the territory of China since ancient times, and it is the gateway to northwest China.

2. Xinjiang Crisis: (1) 1865, Agubo led his troops to invade Xinjiang, and he became self-reliant.

(2) Britain and Russia supported Agubo's puppet regime in an attempt to split Xinjiang.

3. The dispute between "coastal defense" and "fortress defense".

Li Hongzhang advocated abandoning the northwest defense and protecting the southeast coastal defense; Zuo Zongtang put forward that "the east can't be lifted up, but the west" and advocated that "coastal defense" and "blocking defense" should be paid equal attention. Strive to recover Xinjiang.

4. Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang.

(1) 1875, the Qing government appointed Zuo Zongtang as an imperial minister to supervise the military affairs in Xinjiang.

(2) 1878, Xinjiang except Yili was recovered. 1In the 1980s, through diplomatic efforts, China and Russia signed the Ili Treaty, and China recovered Ili.

5. Historical significance: The plot of Britain and Russia to dismember China was crushed, and the territory and sovereignty of the motherland were defended.

6. Evaluate Zuo Zongtang. (See the free reading card on page 15 of the textbook and the portrait on page 13 of the textbook. )

Zuo Zongtang was an important general of Xiang Army, and later became a government official in Qing Dynasty. He and Li Hongzhang were both important figures of Westernization School, but left and Li had very different attitudes towards foreign aggression. Zuo Zongtang advocated resisting foreign aggression and was a famous general of the resistance school. Zuo Zongtang believed that Xinjiang was a northwest barrier, and if Xinjiang was lost, it would be a disaster to the mainland. Therefore, he firmly advocated sending troops to Xinjiang, expelling foreign invasion, recovering lost territory and maintaining it.

Second, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

1.( 1) Reason: The war deliberately provoked by Japanese imperialism to annex Korea and invade China.

(2) Major Battle: <1> Naval Battle in the Yellow Sea: After this war, the Japanese fleet took control of the sea power in the Yellow Sea. < 2 > Battle of Lushun: Lushun fell, and Japan massacred the peaceful residents of Lushun. < 3 > Battle of ahava: ahava was defeated, and Li Hongzhang-beiyang fleet was completely annihilated. (4) Famous patriotic general: national hero Deng Shichang. See guide box on page 15 of the textbook.

2. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki between China and Japan:

(1) Signing time; 1895.

(2) Representatives of both parties: Li Hongzhang and Ito Bowen.

(3) Content: <1> The Qing government ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province and Penghu Islands to Japan. (2) Compensation for Japanese military spending of 200 million taels of silver; (3) Allow Japanese to set up factories in China. (4) Establish Suzhou, Hangzhou, Shashi and Chongqing as trading ports.

(4) Impact: (1) China lost more territory and sovereignty < 2 >, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China. < 3 > stimulated imperialism to carve up China. Historical facts show that after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the signing of treaty of shimonoseki greatly deepened the occupation of China by A and treaty of shimonoseki, which seriously undermined the integrity of China's territorial sovereignty. B, the compensation of 200 million taels of silver increased the economic burden of the people of the motherland and aggravated the poverty and backwardness of China. C, allowing Japanese to set up factories in China has seriously hindered the development of China's national industry. D, opening more trading ports to facilitate the economic plunder of China by imperialism.

Summary: After "treaty of shimonoseki", the Japanese easily gained so many benefits from China, which directly stimulated imperialism to carve up, and China's crazy dynasty and China's semi-colonization were greatly deepened.

Lesson 4 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

1, Boxer Movement

(1) reason; With the intensification of imperialist aggression against China, ethnic conflicts have intensified unprecedentedly.

(2) The object of struggle: imperialist aggression.

(3) Sports Center: Beijing-Tianjin area.

(4) Main campaign: Langfang campaign.

(5) It failed under the joint suppression of the Qing government and Eight-Nation Alliance.

(6) Nature and significance: It was an anti-imperialist patriotic peasant movement that shattered the imperialist plot to carve up China.

2. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China:

(1) Outbreak: 1900, Seymour led Britain, France, Russia, Germany, Italy, Japan and Austria to invade China.

(2) The main crime of aggression: A captured Tianjin, and Beijing (looted for the second time) B suppressed the Boxer Rebellion.

(3) Results: The main contents of the Xin Chou Treaty signed between Qing and 1 1; A compensation of 4.5 taels of silver. B it is forbidden for people to participate in anti-imperialist activities. C destroyed the dagu fort where troops were stationed. D delimit the embassy boundary.

(4) Impact: (1) greatly increased the burden on the people of China and damaged the sovereignty of the territory. (2) The Qing government became a tool for the great powers to rule China (the imperial court); (3) China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

★ Note: Important issues

1, The Treaty of Hatred and Ugliness is the heaviest yoke imposed on the people of China by imperialism. Please talk about what harm it has brought to the Chinese nation in combination with its main contents.

A: 1 The huge compensation is an unprecedented large-scale extortion of China by the great powers. In order to pay this huge compensation, the Qing government, on the one hand, plundered the people, making their lives poorer and their social economy more depressed; On the other hand, it borrowed a lot of foreign debts, which facilitated the foreign powers to control China's economic lifeline through loan control. The Qing government severely suppressed the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China, making the Qing government a tool for imperialism to rule China. Foreign invaders controlled the Beijing-Tianjin area, which made the Qing government completely under the control of foreign troops, so that imperialism could directly send troops to suppress the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China. Setting up an "embassy circle" in Beijing is actually a "country within a country" and is the base camp for imperialist planning to invade China. The ministers of various countries became the "emperor's father" of the Qing government.

2. A historical work in the west thinks that Lin Zexu and Destruction of Opium at Humen led to the outbreak of the Opium War. If there was no Destruction of Opium at Humen, the Opium War would not have broken out. Do you agree with this view? Please write a 50-150-word debate draft based on historical facts.

This view is wrong. Lin Zexu and Destruction of Opium at Humen were just acts of the people of China against foreign aggression. The British colonists used this as an excuse to launch the Opium War. The Opium War was by no means an accident, but a historical necessity, because after the Industrial Revolution, the British industrial development level was very high. In order to open up foreign markets, the bourgeoisie promoted industrial products, plundered cheap industrial raw materials and pointed the finger at China for aggression.

3. After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, it was pointed out that the Qing government had become a "foreigner's court". Is this statement reasonable and why?

A: This statement makes sense. Through the "Xin Chou Treaty", the great powers carried out another appalling economic plunder on China. And the Qing government was completely under the military supervision and military control of imperialism: according to the requirements of the treaty, the Qing government promised that people were strictly forbidden to participate in anti-imperialist activities, which made the Qing government officials become imperialist "land-guarding officials", and Cixi even obeyed foreigners. All these indicate that the Qing government has become a loyal running dog of the imperialist powers. It is no exaggeration to say that the government has become a "foreigner's court".

The Beginning of the Modernization of the Second Learning Theme

Lesson 5 Westernization Movement

1, Background: After two Opium Wars and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the rule of the Qing government was difficult at home and abroad.

2. Time:11960s-1990s.

3. Purpose: To learn from foreigners' skills and strive for self-improvement, and to make use of western advanced technology to enrich Qiang Bing and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

4. Representatives: Central Committee-Yixin, Local Committee-Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang and Zhang Zhidong.

5. Slogan: "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage.

6. Main activities of Westernization Movement:

(1) established the military industry with the slogan of "self-improvement" in the early stage. Objective: To arm the army.

A Zeng Guofan's Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, the first arsenal in China, was the beginning of Westernization School's imitation of western-style ship guns. B Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang founded Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration in Shanghai. It is the largest modern military industry run by the Westernization School (see page 28 of the book); C Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, founded by Zuo Zongtang in Mawei, Fuzhou, was the first transportation enterprise in China and the largest shipyard in the Far East at that time (see illustration on page 29 of the book).

(2) In the later period, civilian industry was founded with the slogan of "seeking wealth" (reason: assisting military industry)

A Li Hongzhang founded China Shipping Merchants in Shanghai, the first shipping company in China. B Zhang Zhidong founded Hubei Weaving Layout. See page 29 of the book for Hanyang Iron Works (the first iron and steel works near China).

(3) Planning for coastal defense, and preparing for the establishment of three navies: Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian.

(4) Establish new schools and cultivate talents, and cultivate a number of modern diplomatic, military and scientific talents. → 1862 Jingshi Tongwen Museum (founded by Yixin) is the first modern school in China. )

(5) Set up a translation hall and send overseas students abroad for further study.

7. The bankruptcy of Westernization Movement: It was marked by the total annihilation of beiyang fleet in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.

8. Evaluation of Westernization Movement: Westernization Movement was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers (nature). It did not make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced western science and technology, which objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism and opened the way for China's modernization.

9. Reasons for the failure of the Westernization Movement: The Westernization School did not realize that it was impossible to make China rich and strong simply by learning advanced western science and technology without touching the feudal system. With the failure of China in the Sino-Japanese War, the Westernization Movement also declared bankruptcy. Therefore, the Westernization Movement failed to save the ruling crisis of the Qing Dynasty, and it was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers.

Lesson 6 The Reform Movement of 1898

1, the spread of reform ideas:

(1) Background: The unprecedented crisis of the Chinese nation and the development of Chinese national capitalism.

(2) Main leaders: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. See the photo on page 32 of the textbook.

(3) Write on the bus (see illustration on page 33 of the textbook). <1> After the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao invited juren who took the imperial examination to write a letter to Emperor Guangxu, opposing peace talks with Japan and asking for reform. < 2 > significance:

. Opened the prelude to the reform movement.

(4) Reformist political group: Strong Society. The organ newspaper "World Bulletin" was renamed "Chinese and Foreign Records"

2. Hundred-day Reform:

(1) Time1June-September, 898

(2) Content: A Politics: Reforming government institutions, abolishing officials, cracking down on feudal bureaucrats and appointing reformers are conducive to the bourgeoisie's participation in political power. B Economy: Encouraging private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises is beneficial to the development of capitalism in China. C culture: setting up new schools and translating western books is conducive to the spread of western science and technology. Spreading the idea of reform, establishing newspapers and opening up speeches are conducive to the spread of bourgeois ideas.

(3) Nature: it is the first ideological emancipation movement in modern times, the patriotic movement to save the nation and the reform (revolution) movement to develop capitalism.