catalogue
1. Morphological characteristics
2. Distribution range
3. Planting techniques
4. shopping tips
5. Nutritional value
morphological character
Bergamot is a perennial herb vine with thick roots and climbing or artificial stems and ditches. Petiole slender, hairless, 5- 15 cm long; Leaf blade is membranous, suborbicular, with larger middle lobe, smaller side lobes, tapering apex, small teeth on the edge, heart-shaped base, deeply curved, suborbicular, deep1-3cm, and wide1-2cm; Dark green above, slightly rough, light green on the back, pubescent, dense veins. Tendrils stout, furrowed, hairless, 3-5 furcated. Monoecious. The male flower 10-30 is born on the upper part of the total pedicel and is 8-30 cm long to form a raceme. The inflorescence axis is slightly stout and hairless, and the pedicel is 1-6 mm long. Calyx tube is short, lobes spreading, subglabrous, 5-7mm long and1-1.5mm wide; Corolla radial, 12- 17 mm wide, divided to the base, lobes ovate-lanceolate, 5-veined; Stamens 3, filaments connate, anthers separate, anthers inflexed. The female flower is solitary, and the pedicel length is1-1.5 cm; Corolla and calyx are male flowers; Ovary obovate, 5-sided, sparsely hairy, 1 locule, 1 ovule pendulous, style 2-3mm long, stigma 2mm wide. The fruit is light green, obovate, with sparse bristles, 8- 12 cm long and 6-8 cm in diameter, with 5 longitudinal grooves in the upper part and seeds 1 grain. The seeds are large, long 10 cm, wide 7 cm, oval and oblate. The flowering period is July-September, and the fruiting period is 8-65438+1October.
distribution range
Native to Mexico, Central America and the West Indies, 19 15 was introduced to China and planted in southern China, with Yunnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Taiwan Province provinces as the most.
Planting technique
Selection and storage of planted melons
To grow melons, it is necessary to choose plump melons with smooth and thin skin, rich wax, yellowish hair, inconspicuous fuzz, slightly prominent bud eyes, no scar damage, and full maturity. Cucumber seeds165438+1stored indoors at 5℃ ~ 7℃ in late October. The specific method is to store them in the laundry basket with sand, that is, put a layer of sand in the laundry basket, put a layer of melons without gaps, and cover the top of the laundry basket with 10 cm ~ 15 cm sand. If a large amount can be stored indoors in sand pools, special attention should be paid to the following points during the whole storage period: ① Don't water it from beginning to end, even if the skin is wrinkled. ② It must be used for sand storage and soil covering, and not for farmyard manure and pastoral soil. (3) If there is no dry sand, it can be covered with dry coal ash storage.
grow seedlings
Bergamot can only be cultivated as an annual in temperate regions, and the whole melon must be sown and raised. In the south, bergamot is stored in the cellar, and naturally emerges around Qingming in the next year, and then the planted seeds are planted directly. In the north, in order to cultivate strong seedlings and improve stress resistance, it is necessary to accelerate germination indoors as soon as possible. Germination time: at the end of June, 5438+the following year 10, take out the seed melons, wrap them in plastic bags one by one, and move them to a greenhouse or a hot kang to germinate. The temperature is 15 ~ 20℃. Germination temperature should not be too high. If the temperature is too high, the bud will be faster, but it will be thin and weak. If the temperature of accelerating germination is properly lowered, the buds will be thick, short and strong. About half a month, the top of the seed melon cracked and gave birth to young roots. When the seed melon grows tender buds, it will be raised. A small amount is cultivated in large cultivation bags or flowerpots in warm rooms, and a large amount is cultivated in simple protected areas. Nutrient soil is a mixture of sandy soil with good air permeability and vegetable garden soil. The germination end of the seed melon is upward, the handle is downward, the soil is covered by 4 ~ 6 cm, the soil moisture is held by hands, and it is scattered when landing. Don't kill water. It is advisable to leave 2 ~ 3 melon vine buds when raising seedlings, and remove many weak buds in time. Leave 4 ~ 5 leaves to pick the core of the overgrown melon vines, control overgrowth and promote lateral buds. During seedling raising, the temperature should be kept at 20 ~ 25℃, and good ventilation and lighting conditions should be maintained.
Sowing the whole bergamot requires a lot of melons, and the cost is high. In order to reduce the number of seed melons and expand the propagation coefficient, the Vegetable Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences successfully adopted stem cutting to raise seedlings. The specific method is to raise the seed melon in advance, cultivate strong seedlings and vines, and carry out cutting and cutting. Where there is a greenhouse, the seedlings can be raised from 1 1 to 12. By prolonging the seedling raising period, the seedlings can grow more branches and stronger branches. Cutting seedlings and vines in early and middle March, each cutting section contains 2 ~ 3 knots. Soak the cuttings in 500ppm solution of naphthylacetic acid for 5-65438+/-00 minutes, take them out and insert them into nursery nutrient soil or light matrix such as vermiculite, perlite and sieve residue, and keep warm and moist to promote rooting. Experiments show that the survival rate of cutting by this method can reach above 80%.
Field planting
Papaya can be planted after first frost. Greenhouse cultivation can be planted in early and middle March, and it is suitable to plant in the open field in mid-April. When planting, the hole should be large and deep, about 1m square and 1m deep. Fill the excavated soil into the pits of13, apply 200 ~ 250kg of decomposed high-quality ring fertilizer to each pit, and fully mix with the pit soil, then cover it with 20cm of soil and tamp it with feet. When planting, take down the seedling flowerpot or plastic bag, take the soil into the hole, and the land is level with the ground, then bury it. Water after planting to promote its slow seedling. Planting density: If the seedlings are raised by planting melons and large seedlings are planted, 20 ~ 30 plants can be planted per 667 square meters. When cutting seedlings, the density can be appropriately increased, the row spacing is 3 ~ 4 m, the plant spacing is 2m, and 80 ~ 120 plants per 667 square meters. The fingered citron with vertical vine pruning has strong reproductive ability and climbing ability, rapid growth, dense vines and mutual shading, and is most likely to wither and drop flowers and fruits. Therefore, when the vine grows to about 40cm, it is necessary to adjust measures to local conditions, hook the tendrils of bergamot with bamboo poles and ropes, and lead its leaves to climb frames, trees and walls. The lateral branches of bergamot have strong meristematic ability, and each leaf axil can germinate a lateral bud. From planting to the vigorous growth period of the plant, the aboveground stem elongates slowly, and the lateral branches at the base of the stem divide quickly, which is easy to form clumps, which affects the stretching and unfolding of the stem. Therefore, the lateral buds at the base of the stem should be erased in time in the early stage, leaving only 2 ~ 3 new shoots per plant. Lateral branches are not allowed to grow after being put on shelves, but attention should be paid to adjusting the extension direction of stems and vines to make them evenly distributed and ventilated.
Water and fertilizer management
(1) after planting 1 month, the seedlings should be covered and heated to promote growth and development. In the meantime, there is no need for topdressing, only a small amount of water is needed.
② During the period of rapid root system development, more intertillage should be done to loosen the soil, promote root system development, and lay the foundation for the vigorous growth of plants after autumn. Water regularly in summer to keep the soil moist and increase the air humidity, so that papaya can spend the summer safely.
(3) In autumn, the growth of aboveground parts of plants was obviously accelerated, and they entered a vigorous growth period. The aboveground parts of plants grew rapidly and had more lateral branches, which laid a material foundation for more flowers and fruits.
(4) During the flowering and fruiting period, the daily transpiration is large, and sufficient water and fertilizer are needed to keep the soil moist. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers can be sprayed on the leaves for 2-3 times, or decomposed human and animal fertilizers can be applied.
shopping tips
When purchasing, if there are a few thorns on the melon skin and seeds protruding from the surface of bergamot, it means that it is ripe. These bergamot should try not to choose. High-quality bergamot has strong skin tension and strong meat quality, and it has a sense of weight when it is reached.
nutritive value
The bergamot is very tender. Every100g of bergamot contains 90-92g of water, 0.9-1.2g of protein, 2.6-7.7g of carbohydrate, 0/2-22mg of vitamin C/kloc-and 20g of carotene. The content of potassium is high, which can reach 190 mg, riboflavin 0. 1 mg, calcium 500 mg, phosphorus 320 mg, iron 40 mg, sodium 10 mg, copper 0.03 mg, magnesium 7 mg, zinc 8.35 μ g, selenium 2.3 μ g, and folic acid. Fingered citron seedlings are also nutritious vegetables. Every 100 grams of fresh seedlings contain protein1.8g, fat 0.5g, carbohydrate 4.3g, calcium 20mg, phosphorus10mg, iron14mg, especially selenium 30.58-53.000g.. 100000000 1