Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.
Alias
Wild perilla, wild perilla, white perilla
Morphological features
Annual herb. Stem erect, 50-120cm tall, white villous, branched above. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate, leaf blade broadly ovate or suborbicular, 7-13cm long, 4-10cm wide, apex mucronate or cuspidate, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin coarsely serrate, both surfaces usually green, purple, or purple only below, pilose. Verticillasters containing 2 flowers arranged in biased racemes; each flower with 1 bract; calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, outside villous and glandular punctate; corolla white to purplish-red, lip-shaped, upper lip retuse, lower lip 3-lobed. Nutlets subglobose. Weight of 1,000 grains 4 g (Fig. 127).
Figure 127 Perilla frutescens
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.
Geographical distribution
Cultivated in all parts of China; also abroad, in Bhutan, India, Myanmar, the central and southern peninsulas, Indonesia, Korea, and Japan.
Biological and ecological characteristics
The perilla prefers to be born in the foothill slopes with sufficient light, moist, fertile and well-drained soil, barren land near settlements, fields, roadsides, ditches, forest margins and open forest gaps. Generally scattered, but sometimes can also become a group of species to form a pure community. This piece of perilla community in Jiangsu, Anhui hilly areas everywhere in the distribution.
Perilla in the subtropical region, the end of February to the beginning of March to start seedlings, and later to the fall can be successive seedlings. Early green, mid-May to branching, late July spikes and flowering, late August to early September fruiting and maturity. Fertility period of about 195 days; where the seedlings in the summer, October-November can be flowering, fruiting, after frost above ground part of the dead. Reproduction is by seed, and the seed yield reaches more than 750-1500kg/ha. The current year's seeds need to go through winter dormancy to sprout, and the germination rate is above 90%. Perilla can only be utilized once a year.
The perilla is highly adaptable and widely distributed. From the seaside sand to the plateau area of 2000m above sea level can grow. In the warm climate, humid, water, fertilizer conditions in the subtropical region, the plant branching, plant height up to 1.2 m. Intolerance of shade, in the shade of the environment is difficult to grow. The soil requirements are not strict, from sandy soil to clay in all types of soil can grow. The soil pH is 5.5-8.5.
Feeding value
Prior to flowering, the amount of leaves is large, the stem and leaves are tender and juicy, but because it is rich in aromatic oils, the livestock and poultry do not feed. In the tender period, can be accompanied by other pasture by cattle, sheep feeding. After the frost, withered leaves cattle foraging.
The nutritional value of perilla is better, in the nutritive period, the crude protein content is very high, the crude fat and ash content is also high, in the mature period, the crude protein content has declined, but the nutritional value is still relatively high (Table 127-1).
Table 127-1 Chemical composition content of perilla stems and leaves (%)
*Hu Jian, "Analysis of nutrient composition of wild plant fodder in Jilin Province", 1979; **Anhui Province Test Center Analysis.
The dried stems and leaves of Perilla frutescens at the fruit ripening stage contain 18 amino acids (Table 127-2).
Table 127-2 Amino acid content of Perilla stems and leaves analyzed by Anhui Province Testing Center (Fertility period is fruit ripening stage). (%)
Perilla contains relatively high levels of the trace elements iron, copper and manganese, and lacks molybdenum and cobalt (Table 127-3).
Table 127-3 Trace element content of perilla
*Measured by Anhui Testing Center.
Both cultivated and wild communities of perilla are quite high in grass and seed production. Generally well-grown perilla colonies, a one-time mowing during the flowering period can produce grass 37,500-75,000kg/ha; harvested during the fruit ripening period, it can produce seeds 750-1,500kg/ha and fresh grass 30,000-45,000kg/ha.
According to the Sichuan
According to the mass test in Sichuan and Guizhou provinces, its oil cake can be used as concentrate feed, and all kinds of livestock and poultry like to eat it; the stem and leaves after extracting the aromatic oil can also be used as pig and poultry feed. Especially after processing, as the raw material of mixed feed, has important development and utilization value.
Perilla is a good oil crop, its oil is edible. Department of dry oil, but also can be formulated paint. Aromatic oil contained in the stems and leaves, can be used as a flavor with raw materials, but also for soy sauce, food and candy preservatives.
Perilla can be used as medicine, the stem and leaves have sweating, cough, stomach effects; seeds have a cough, expectorant, asthma, depression, vomiting effect.
Perilla leaves, high yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium content, can be used as green manure. It likes to be born in well-drained slopes, can be used as soil retaining slope.
Cultivation points
Select wet, fertile sandy loam plots, tilling, harrowing, making beds. Before turning the ground, you need to apply compost, human urine as a base fertilizer.
Sowing seeds from early March to early April. There are two kinds of direct seeding and seedling method: direct seeding method is according to the row spacing of 30cm open furrow, 2cm deep, the seeds sown, or according to the row, plant spacing of 30cm, digging holes point sowing, sowing covered with thin soil; such as the seedling method, in order to strip sowing is preferred, the row spacing of 10cm, mulching after sowing, and a layer of straw or straw, when the seedlings are 12-15cm high, can be transplanted, the plant, row spacing each 30cm each plant 1 plant, mulch light pressure, watering, that can survive. Before sealing the ridge, plowing and hoeing 2-3 times, and look at the seedling situation, timely application of ammonium sulfate and calcium superphosphate 1-2 times. Later, depending on the utilization to determine the harvest period.