Five necessary processes of bean cultivation
1. Selection of improved varieties: Improved varieties are the key to improve the yield, quality and commodity value of kidney beans. In areas above 2000 meters above sea level, white kidney beans and large-flowered kidney beans are the main ones. Before sowing, seed selection should be carried out, and seeds with large, full, high uniformity, consistent luster, no pests and diseases and no damage should be selected. Before sowing, dry the seeds in the sun for a day or two to promote the orderly germination of seeds and prevent rotten seeds from sowing at low temperature in early spring.
2. Fine soil preparation: The fields planted with kidney beans should be ploughed and aired in advance to improve soil fertility. Firstly, the acidic or slightly acidic soil with deep soil layer, medium fertility, low groundwater level, good drainage, sunny ventilation and relatively high organic matter content is selected for planting. Apply a single fertilizer. Before soil preparation, apply farmyard manure 1500-2000㎏ per mu, and use compound fertilizer 25㎏ per mu as seed fertilizer before sowing, but avoid contact between phosphorus and potassium and seeds. Keep deep ploughing and broken ridges in farming. Ditching, pond digging and sowing should be planted on the same day to reduce water evaporation and loss.
3, timely sowing: white kidney beans should not be replanted, should be planted with corn or potatoes every other year. The best sowing date of kidney bean is from April 20th to May 5th, that is, from Grain Rain to Changchun. It is suitable to plant in wetland and sow in deep pond, so as to keep soil moisture and ensure a complete seedling at one time. The sowing depth is 10- 15㎝. Covering soil is about 6 cm.
4. Reasonable close planting: Ridge cultivation of kidney beans can improve the ground temperature, facilitate drainage and moisture removal, and maintain soil permeability. Clean kidney beans are ridged, the row spacing is 2.0-2.5 feet, the pond spacing is 2,000-2,500 ponds, and 5-6 kilograms of seeds are produced per mu, with 3-4 seeds per pond. First-class field per mu 1.500 pool, planting specification is 90㎝×50㎝, middle and low-grade field per mu 1.800 pool, planting specification is 90㎝×40㎝. The sowing amount per mu is generally 8-10, and the net seed is generally single-row pool sowing. Reasonable close planting should grasp the principle of sparse sowing in fertile land and close planting in thin land. Fertile land uses soil fertility to achieve high yield with plant advantage, while barren land uses population advantage to increase yield.
5. Tian Tuan management
(1) Fixed seedling and thinning seedling: When 2-3 true leaves appear in the seedlings, leave full-sized seedlings as required, and remove weak seedlings and deformed seedlings. Leave 2-3 seedlings in each pond.
② Management before vine pulling: timely weeding, ridging, and pole insertion are beneficial to ventilation and light transmission, full pod bearing and improved product quality.
(3) Set up the frame in time and adjust the plant: when the seedling height is 30㎝, insert the bracket and lead the vine to the pole. Insert a bamboo or wooden bracket with a length of about 2m or more in each pond to prevent wind disaster. Insert it after the rain.
4 topping and coring: kidney beans have many side branches, lush stems and leaves, which are crowded with each other, affecting ventilation and light transmission, often leading to falling flowers and fruits, and excessive side branches should be cut off appropriately. Kidney beans have more flowers and fewer pods. In order to concentrate nutrients on the lower flowers, some pedicels at the top of the pedicel should be knocked off as soon as possible to make the seeds full. The pods of most white kidney beans cannot mature after August. At this time, the top of the main side vines should be removed, so that the plants can form short bushes, reduce the height, increase the number of flowering pods, concentrate on the pods and mature early.
⑤ Disease control: The main diseases are * disease, anthracnose and mosaic disease, which are controlled with Bordeaux solution and Liu Shi solution.
⑥ Pest control: there are mainly cutworm, flea beetle, leaf roller, stem borer and so on. The cutworm can be killed artificially in agricultural operations such as farming and sowing, and other pests can be controlled by plant-derived pesticides such as pyrethrum.
Second, common diseases of kidney beans
1, rust
It occurs all year round in late April or early May, and the disease mainly harms leaves. At the early stage of the disease, reddish-brown small particle spots appeared on the back of the leaves, which burst after protruding and scattered reddish-brown powder. In severe cases, rust spots will also appear on the pods. Bacteria overwinter in the soil and the air flow diffuses. High temperature and high humidity are conducive to the onset, poor ventilation, too dense planting, and serious illness.
2. Bacterial diseases
Symptoms: Infected leaves begin to fade from the tip or edge of the leaves, or oil-soaked spots appear, and then irregular yellow halo appears, which is caused by bacteria.
3. Gray mold
Botrytis cinerea is very harmful to kidney beans. Harmful to leaves, flowers, fruits and vines, in greenhouse conditions, generally produce gray hair layer, and the optimum temperature for disease onset is 13-2 1℃, and the optimum temperature for sporulation is 13-2 1℃.
4. tea yellow mite
In recent years, the harm of tea yellow mite is becoming more and more serious, and the yield is reduced by 30-40% when it is serious. The site of occurrence is generally in the parietal lobe of kidney bean, centered on occurrence, and then gradually spread. The leaves are seriously shiny or soaked in oil, the leaves are curled downwards, and the young fruits are reddish brown.
I hope it helps you.