Ingredients: It contains a variety of alkaloids, mainly ephedrine, accounting for 80% ~ 85% of the total alkaloids, followed by pseudoephedrine and a small amount of methylephedrine, methyl pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, volatile benzylmethylamine, catechin and a small amount of volatile oil, and the oil contains α-terpineol.

Tropism of nature and taste: pungent, slightly bitter and warm. Enter lung meridian and bladder meridian.

Functions: sweating, relieving asthma and diuresis. Ephedrine has relaxing effect on bronchial smooth muscle.

It has obvious spasmolytic effect on spastic bronchus. These effects are related to its ability to promote the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings and directly act on adrenergic receptors.

Methylephedrine and pseudoephedrine have similar spasmolytic effects on smooth muscle as ephedrine, but have little effect on blood pressure. Ephedrine can excite myocardium and constrict blood vessels, and has similar effects to adrenaline on heart and blood vessels, which can accelerate and strengthen heartbeat, constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. However, the effect is weak and lasting, and the vasodilation effect is very small. Therefore, when used for nasal drops, there is no secondary vasodilation. Large therapeutic dose of ephedrine can excite the cerebral cortex and subcortical center, causing mental excitement, insomnia, anxiety and tremor. It can also excite the respiratory center and the vascular movement center. Ephedrine has a sobering effect when the medulla oblongata is inhibited. Repeated use of ephedrine in a short time can quickly weaken the effect, and finally it can be completely ineffective, and it can be recovered after stopping using it for several hours. Ephedra volatile oil has a strong inhibitory effect on influenza virus in vitro, and has been proved to have a certain curative effect on mice infected with influenza A virus PRg strain.

Adverse reactions: Ephedra is often used for sweating and relieving asthma. When taking too much, it often causes central excitement symptoms such as irritability and insomnia, as well as side effects such as elevated blood pressure. Hypertension, coronary insufficiency, arteriosclerosis, hyperthyroidism, diabetes and insomnia should be used with caution or contraindication.

(2) camphor tree leaf oil

Ingredient: It mainly contains eucalyptol, linalool and camphor, followed by β -pinene and terpineol. Among them, cineole, linalool and terpineol all have antiasthmatic effects.

Tropism of nature and taste: warm, pungent, fragrant and nontoxic. Return to lung meridian.

Functions: expelling wind and cold, relieving asthma, regulating qi and promoting blood circulation, relieving pain and itching. Civil use of camphor tree roots and camphor trees to treat colds and headaches, rheumatic bone pain, traumatic injuries and Keshan disease; Treatment of chronic bronchitis with camphor tree seeds. It is found that the volatile oil of Cinnamomum camphora has a strong antiasthmatic effect, and the clinical antiasthmatic effect is remarkable, but the source of Cinnamomum camphora is not as rich as that of Cinnamomum camphora leaves, and the processing is more complicated. Pharmacological research shows that camphor leaf oil has basically the same pharmacological effect as camphor tree seed oil, which can relax bronchial smooth muscle, produce obvious antiasthmatic effect, and have certain antitussive and expectorant effects. Clinical antiasthmatic effect is good, expectorant and antitussive effect is poor, and the effect is low for patients with emphysema and serious illness. Is suitable for treating asthmatic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. Generally, it takes effect at 10 minute after taking the medicine, and the drug effect lasts for 3 ~ 10 hour.

Adverse reactions: A few patients have nausea, vomiting, palpitation and dizziness, but they are not serious and can disappear by themselves.

(3) Litsea cubeba oil

Ingredients: The main component of volatile oil is citral, followed by limonene, geraniol, vanillin, camphene, methyl heptenone, etc.

Tropism of nature and taste: pungent and warm. Spleen, stomach, kidney, bladder and lung meridians.

Function: Warming spleen and kidney, invigorating stomach and promoting digestion. In recent years, studies have shown that it has strong antiasthmatic and antiallergic effects.

The experiment of isolated tracheal smooth muscle in guinea pigs showed that Litsea cubeba oil could relax the contraction of normal tracheal smooth muscle and smooth muscle caused by acetylcholine or histamine, and the contraction of acetylcholine or histamine could be blocked by adding Litsea cubeba oil in advance, but this effect was not blocked by propranolol. It has protective effect on experimental asthma in guinea pigs by gavage, intraperitoneal injection or atomized inhalation. Clinical observation of more than a thousand cases shows that oral litsea cubeba oil has good curative effect on chronic bronchitis, and can obviously improve pulmonary ventilation function and vital capacity. Nasal inhalation therapy has obvious immediate antiasthmatic effect on asthmatic chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma. It usually takes 1 ~ 2 minutes to take effect, lasting 30 minutes.

Litsea cubeba oil has expectorant effect by gavage, intraperitoneal injection or spray inhalation. In vitro experiments showed that Litsea cubeba oil had strong antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae.

Adverse reactions: some cases have symptoms such as dry mouth and throat, dry stool, stomach discomfort, belching and dizziness. Inhalation can cause irritating symptoms, such as sneezing.

(4) Bitter licorice

Ingredients: Contains many alkaloids, including sophoridine.

Tropism of nature and taste: sweet, bitter and flat. Heart, lung, spleen and stomach meridians.

Function: clearing away heat and toxic materials, moistening lung, relieving cough and asthma. Experiments have proved that bitter licorice and glycyrrhizin have antiasthmatic and mild antitussive effects, but they have no expectorant and anti-inflammatory effects. Clinical antiasthmatic effect is remarkable, and it is suitable for treating bronchial asthma and asthmatic chronic bronchitis. Bitter licorice hydrobromide takes effect after intramuscular injection for half an hour and lasts for 2 ~ 6 hours.

Adverse reactions: no adverse reactions were found in small doses, and liver cells were affected in large doses, so patients with liver diseases should use it with caution.

(5) Sophora flavescens

Ingredients: Matrine, Sophora flavescens flavone, Spartinan, etc.

Sex and taste return to the meridian: cold and bitter. Heart, liver, stomach, large intestine and bladder meridian.

Functions: clearing away heat and promoting diuresis, expelling wind and killing insects, and relieving asthma. It has been proved that Radix Sophorae Flavescentis decoction and total alkaloids of Radix Sophorae Flavescentis have antiasthmatic effects, among which oxymatrine and sophoridine have obvious antiasthmatic effects. It is effective in treating bronchial asthma clinically.

Adverse reactions: A few patients have slight drowsiness. Inhalation of drugs can stimulate the local area, often causing itchy throat or cough.

(6) Zanthoxylum

Main ingredients: contains volatile oil, including isosorbide, _ _ _ _ _, etc.

Sexual taste: bitter, cold. Spleen meridian and bladder meridian.

Function: promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, relieving asthma and relieving pain. Zanthoxylum bungeanum has obvious antiasthmatic effect, but its antitussive and expectorant effect is not obvious, so it is suitable for clinical treatment of bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis. Oral action is rapid, taking effect in 5 ~ 10 minutes and lasting about 6 hours.

Adverse reactions: A few people have dizziness, nausea and fever.

(7) Elaeagnus Elaeagnus

Ingredients: Contains alkaloids, flavonoid glycosides, coumarin, triterpenes, phenols, tannins, etc.

Tropism of nature and taste: flat, sour and bitter. Return to lung meridian.

Function: relieving cough and asthma. Pharmacological experiments show that Elaeagnus Elaeagnus has a certain curative effect on experimental chronic bronchitis, and flavonoids have a good antiasthmatic effect. Can be used for treating bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis. Acupoint injection or spray inhalation of Dingchuanling takes effect quickly and has a good antiasthmatic effect on acute attack of asthmatic chronic bronchitis. Spray inhalation can take immediate effect; Acupoint injection/kloc-takes effect after 0/5 minutes, and can last for more than 6 hours, up to 25 days.

Adverse reactions: allergic reactions, chills and chills occurred in some cases during acupoint injection.

(8) aesculus

Ingredients: The twigs of Liriodendron contain volatile oil.

Tropism of nature and taste: warm, bitter and sweet. Return to lung meridian.

Function: relax tendons and activate collaterals, reduce swelling and relieve pain. Experiments show that this product can relieve bronchospasm caused by histamine and acetylcholine. Clinically, it has good curative effect on bronchial asthma with different severity, especially asthma caused by inhalation allergy. Its advantages are rapid onset of action and no side effects of commonly used antiasthmatic drugs such as epinephrine, isoproterenol and aminophylline on cardiovascular and gastrointestinal tract; The curative effect of intramuscular injection is comparable to that of intravenous injection of aminophylline, and it is often effective for some patients with persistent course of disease, frequent asthma attacks and ineffective common antiasthmatic drugs. Intramuscular injection 10 ~ 15 minutes takes effect, 25 ~ 30 minutes takes effect, and the drug effect can last for 3 ~ 6 hours.

Adverse reactions: intramuscular injection has only a slight feeling of acid swelling, and some people have a sense of drowsiness, which is related to their sedative effect.

(9) Young red

Ingredients: Triterpenoid saponin is an effective component for relieving asthma, mainly saponin II.

Nature and taste: warm, pungent and slightly bitter. Return to lung meridian.

Function: relieving asthma and cough, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain. Pharmacological experiments show that young red saponin has a good antiasthmatic effect and a certain protective effect on mast cells. Clinical treatment of bronchial asthma has a good effect, and its antiasthmatic speed and intensity are better than aminophylline, and there are few adverse reactions.

Oral administration usually takes 15 ~ 60 minutes to take effect. Acetylated saponins have little irritation to gastrointestinal tract, and although the dosage is large, the antiasthmatic effect is better than that of young red saponins.

Adverse reactions: Some patients have symptoms such as dizziness, dry mouth and nausea. Baoyouhongsaponin has a certain stimulating effect on gastric mucosa, so it should be taken after meals. Use with caution in patients with active gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer.

(10) Artemisia argyi oil

Ingredients: Artemisia argyi oil is a multi-component mixture. After separation and identification, seven species have been identified, namely terpineol -4, β-caryophyllene, Artemisia scoparia, linalool, camphor, borneol and cineole.

Nature and taste: bitter, pungent and warm. Meridian of liver, spleen and kidney.

Function: Warming channels to stop bleeding, dispelling cold and relieving pain. In recent years, it has been found that Artemisia argyi oil has antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic effects. The action intensity of 0.5μg/ml oil of Folium Artemisiae Argyi is equivalent to 0. 1.25 μ g/ml isoproterenol. No matter oral administration or spray administration, it can resist asthma attack caused by acetylcholine or histamine with lasting effect. Experiments in guinea pigs show that the oil of Artemisia argyi can inhibit the cough caused by chemicals. The antitussive mechanism is mainly to inhibit the cough center of medulla oblongata, which can be offset by nikethamide.

Phenol red method showed that oral or intraperitoneal injection of Folium Artemisiae Argyi oil had expectorant effect in mice. Folium Artemisiae Argyi oil has obvious protective effect on allergic shock in guinea pigs, but it is ineffective by spraying. Its mechanism may be to inhibit the release of allergic mediators or directly cause allergic mediators (histamine and slow-response allergic substances). Folium Artemisiae Argyi oil can obviously inhibit the contraction of toad heart in vitro, but it has little effect on heart rate, but it can cause atrioventricular block, and the increase of concentration can stop the heartbeat. It has a sedative effect on the central nervous system and can reduce the activity of rabbits. Gastric perfusion can obviously prolong the sleep time of pentobarbital sodium in mice. In vitro experiments showed that Artemisia argyi oil had inhibitory effect on cocci and most gram-negative bacilli.

Adverse reactions: generally, there are no side effects in commonly used doses. Only a few patients have dry throat, nausea, stomach discomfort, dizziness and other reactions after oral administration, but they can disappear without treatment. Inhalation of aerosol can cause local irritation and cough.

(1 1) Brassica napus

Ingredients: fresh leaves and aerial parts contain 0.7% ~ 1% of volatile oil, and the oil contains 40% ~ 50% of piperidone.

Tropism of nature and taste: pungent, slightly bitter and warm. Return to lung meridian.

Functions: relieving cough and asthma, diminishing inflammation and relieving pain, expelling wind and promoting diuresis. Clinical observation and pharmacological experiments show that Medicago ruthenica preparation has many functions, such as relieving asthma, relieving cough, relieving pain, antidiuretic, stopping bleeding, dredging menstruation, diminishing inflammation and stopping vomiting. , but antiasthmatic is the strongest, followed by antidiuretic and analgesic, followed by other effects, but all have certain effects. Ruva or piperidone can relax isolated rabbit intestinal smooth muscle. Piperidone can antagonize the contraction of intestinal smooth muscle induced by barium chloride; It also antagonizes the excitatory effect of pilocarpine on intestinal smooth muscle; Sesame oil and piperidone have obvious spasmolytic effects on histamine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. Clinical application is used to relieve asthma symptoms and fight bronchospasm. The stimulation experiment of superior laryngeal nerve in guinea pigs shows that this product has certain antitussive effect with piperidone. Piperidone, the main effective component in sesame oil and oil, has inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumococcus, Azimuth and other bacteria to varying degrees.

Adverse reactions: Frankincense tablets have no side effects and are relatively safe. Oral administration of sesame oil and piperidone can cause gastrointestinal reactions such as nausea, vomiting and abdominal discomfort, and a few cases have swollen gums and nosebleeds. Although sodium piperidone sulfite has no gastrointestinal reaction, it may cause headache, dizziness, palpitation and fatigue. Aerosol has local irritation to bronchus, and a few patients have choking cough.

(12) earthworm

Ingredients: sodium succinate, fatty acid, cholesterol, choline, amino acid, dillenin, lumbricus antipyretic, etc.

Nature and taste: salty and cold. Liver, spleen and bladder meridian.

Functions: clearing away heat, calming wind, relieving asthma, dredging collaterals and inducing diuresis. The effective components of earthworm containing nitrogen have significant bronchodilatory effect on isolated lung perfusion in mice and rabbits. It has relaxing effect on perfused lung bronchus treated with histamine or pilocarpine in advance. It has protective effect on guinea pig asthma caused by histamine spray. It can resist bronchospasm caused by histamine and produce good antiasthmatic effect. Clinically, it is suitable for treating bronchial asthma and allergic asthma, especially for patients with heat asthma.

Sodium succinate is one of the effective components of Pheretima, which has the functions of broadening chest, resolving phlegm and relieving asthma.

Its effect of relaxing bronchial smooth muscle is slow and lasting, and it is suitable for bronchial asthma in clinic. ChuanShu Ning Tablet is composed of sodium succinate and promethazine, which has good curative effect on allergic asthma, bronchial asthma and patients with adverse reactions or ineffectiveness after taking ephedrine and aminophylline for a long time. It can stimulate appetite and promote sleep after taking it. For asthma caused by inflammation or other diseases, the effect is slightly poor, and it is best to use it with anti-inflammatory drugs.

Adverse reactions: when injected, it can cause allergic reactions such as local urticaria. Use with caution in patients with low blood pressure or allergies. It is not suitable for patients with severe heart disease and pregnant women.