Animal World--Baboons Baboons are the largest species in the monkey family. It has a long, exposed dog-like muzzle. Some species have bright blue or purple spots on the face, chest or rump. The volume of baboons is about 14 to 40 kilograms, and the volume of female baboons is about half that of males.
Baboons are highly organized social animals. Adult male baboons are the leaders of the group and are also responsible for stopping quarrels among members and defending the group from other predators. The main danger to baboons comes from cheetahs, but even cheetahs will avoid attacking strong adult male baboons for the simple reason that they are attacked in groups. Orangutans
Primatidae
Scientific name : Pongo pygmaeus
English name: Orang-utan
Distributed in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia.
The English name of orangutan (also known as yellow orangutan) actually means "wild man in the forest" in Malay. Adult males have "cheek calluses" on their cheeks, and their faces become disc-shaped in old age. Orangutans live in virgin forests and secondary forests at an altitude of 1,500 meters. Live alone or in pairs, arboreal, diurnal. He usually moves slowly and walks awkwardly on the ground. Feed on wild fruits, leaves, seeds, insects, bird eggs and other small animals.
The breeding period is not fixed, with a gestation period of 8-9 months, one litter per birth, sexual maturity at 5-7 years old, and a lifespan of 25-30 years. Beijing Zoo began raising and exhibiting them in 1959, and the breeding was successful in 1980.
Section 7 Monkeys
1. Biological characteristics and anatomical and physiological characteristics
1. Apes are primates, and their characteristics, as proposed by D.S. Georpe in 1873, have the following characteristics: (1) mammals with claws; (2) animals with placentas; (3) high orbits ; (4) There is a well-developed cecum; (5) There are two breasts in the chest; (6) There are three kinds of teeth and the permanent teeth that have fallen off and are updated; (7) The thumb is in the opposite position to the other fingers; (8) There is a calcium in the brain case qualitative cracks.
2. The degree of evolution is high, close to humans. Therefore, they have similar physiological and biochemical metabolism characteristics and the same drug metabolizing enzymes as humans. A large number of experiments have proven that primates are much closer to humans than non-primates in terms of drug metabolism. Among primates, the closer they are to humans on an evolutionary scale, the more similar their metabolism is to humans. See Table 2-3 and Table 2-4.
Table 2-3 Evolutionary spectrum of primates*
Anthropoid suborder 1. People
2. Orangutans (such as chimpanzees and gorillas)
3. Monidae or old range monkeys (such as macaques and baboons)
4. New domain monkeys (such as capuchin, squirrel monkey, marmoset)
Prosimian suborder 5. Lemuridae (such as lemurs, slow lorises and infant monkeys)
6. Eye monkeys
7. Dendothorax ＊＊
*A scale developed based on the increasing complexity of an animal's anatomy and behavior.
**Some people think that it does not belong to the order of primates, while most people think that it belongs to the prosimians.
Table 2-4 Quantitative comparison of serum albumin between primates and humans*
Species
Ratio of serum albumin to human
>5 species of great apes 1.1~1.3 (closest to humans)
Old range monkeys (Monidae) 2.2~2.7
Night monkeys 2.6
New domain monkey 4.2～5.0
Prosimian suborder 7.6～18
Non-primates: pigs and cattle 32～35 (far apart from humans)
*The cross-reactivity of complement fixation test and human serum protein is 1.0 in human.
3. Macaques are most susceptible to human Shigella dysentery and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Macaques are most commonly used in medical scientific research, so the characteristics of monkeys introduced below are mainly macaques).
Old World (Asia, Africa, South Pacific Islands) monkeys, such as Indian rhesus monkeys, are sensitive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, carry B virus, and have large cheek pouches. New World (South and Central America) monkeys, such as marmosets from South America, are resistant to tuberculosis, do not carry the B virus, have no cheek pouches, and have long tails.
4. Morphological characteristics of macaques: (1) Most of the fur on the body is grey-brown, and below the waist is orange-yellow and shiny; the chest, abdomen and legs are darker in gray. (2) The face and ears are mostly flesh-colored, and a few are red. (3) Brachial calluses are mostly red, and female monkeys are even redder. (4) The brow bone is high and the eye sockets are deep. (5) There are cheek pouches on both cheeks. (6) The body length of male monkeys is about 55-62cm, the tail length is about 22-24cm, and the weight is about 8-12kg; the body length of female monkeys is about 40-47cm, the tail length is about 18-22cm, and the weight is about 4-7kg. (7) The thumb is opposite to the other four fingers and has gripping power. The nails are flat, which is a characteristic of higher animals.
5. Macaques are tropical and subtropical animals that generally live in mountain forests and live in groups. Each group of monkeys has one strongest and most ferocious male monkey as the "monkey king".
6. Monkeys are omnivores and eat mainly vegetarian food. Most primates are vegetarian, except for tree shrews, baboons, and rex monkeys that eat small amounts of animals and insects. Monkeys and guinea pigs are the only animals that cannot lack vitamin C because they lack the enzyme to synthesize vitamin C in their bodies and cannot synthesize vitamin C in their bodies. The required vitamin C must come from feed. If there is a lack of vitamin C, enlargement, bleeding and dysfunction of the internal organs will occur.
7. Monkeys have a well-developed brain with a large number of gyri and sulci, so they are smart, agile, curious and imitative, and are interested in everything happening around them.
Monkeys' vision is more sensitive than humans. The monkey's retina has a macula and a central fovea. In addition to cone cells similar to humans, the macula of the retina also has rod cells. Monkeys have a sense of three-dimensionality, can distinguish the shape and spatial position of objects, have color vision, can distinguish various colors, and have binocular vision. The monkey's olfactory brain is not very developed and its sense of smell is not very sensitive, but its hearing is sensitive and it has developed sense of touch and taste.
8. Monkeys have a single-chamber stomach, with neutral gastric juice containing 0.01 to 0.043% free hydrochloric acid. The ratio of the length of the intestine to the body length is 5:1-8:1. The monkey's cecum is well developed, but there are no earthworms. Macaques all have a gallbladder, which is located in the right central lobe of the liver, and the liver is divided into 6 lobes.
Monkey lungs have unpaired lobes, with 3 to 4 lobes in the right lung and 2 to 3 lobes in the left lung. The blood circulation system of monkeys is the same as that of humans.
9. The blood types of macaques include A, B, O, Lewis type, MN type, Rh type, Hr type, etc. Macaque blood types are the same as human A, B, O and Rh types. Rhesus monkeys mainly have type B; cynomolgus monkeys mainly have types B, A, AB, and less type O; flat-top monkeys mainly have types O and B. The Rh system of macaques is all Rho (also called Rh1). Monkeys also have sweat glands. The chromosomes of various species of macaques are 2n=42.
10. Macaques have a single uterus and have menstruation. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days (the range is 21 to 35 days), and the menstrual period is usually 2 to 3 days (the range is 1 to 5 days). During the mating season of female animals, the area around the reproductive organs will swell. The skin on the vulva, tail root, back side of the hind limbs, forehead and face will swell. This swelling is called "sexual skin". Monkeys give birth to one litter per year, one calf per litter, and rarely two. The placenta is a double-layered double disc. The reproductive physiological data of several commonly used monkey species are shown in Table 2-5.
Table 2-5 Reproductive physiological data of some monkeys
Species
Menstrual period (days)
Pregnancy period (days)
Obvious manifestations
Rhesus monkeys 28 164 (156-180) ovulate 12 to 13 days after bleeding, and the reproductive season is from March to June (India)
Squirrel monkey 7~13 165~170 The days when ovulation is not in the middle of the sexual cycle, and the reproductive season is between 12 and 2 months.
African green monkey 30 180～213
Pig-tailed monkey 31-33 170 Sexual skin swelling during estrus
Marmoset 140～14 usually gives birth to 2 offspring
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Taiwanese rock monkey 31 (29~33) 170 (162~186) Lactated for 8 to 10 months
Cynomolgus monkey 29 (22~33) 167 (162-186) Lactated 14 ~18 months
Barbarian monkey 27~33 210
Japanese macaque 28 170~180
Shanghai macaque 28 (21~35) 165 (132~181 )
11. Macaque teeth are similar to humans not only in gross and microscopic anatomy, but also in the sequence and number of development. All monkeys of the genus Macaca have cheek pouches, which are demarcated from the oral cavity by the side walls of the upper and lower mucous membranes in the oral cavity. Cheek pouches are used to store food, a feature that evolved due to changes in feeding methods. The fixed teeth of the macaque are 2123/2123=32, and the deciduous teeth are 212/212=20.
12. The normal body temperature of macaques is 38-39℃ during the day and 36-37℃ at night. The heart rate is 168±32 beats/min, and the heart rate slows down with age. The systolic blood pressure is 120±26mmHg, and the diastolic blood pressure is 84±12mmHg. Older and heavier macaques have higher blood pressure, and males are 10-15mmHg higher than females. The respiratory frequency was 40 (31 to 52) times/min, and the tidal volume was 21.0 (9.8 to 29.0) ml. The ventilation rate is 860 (310~1410)ml/min. Feed requirements are 100~300g/bird/day, caloric value 253.5~780 calories/bird/hour, water consumption 450 (200~900)ml/bird/day, urine output 110~550ml/min, defecation volume 110~300g/day , red blood cell count 5.2 (3.6-1.8) million/mm3, hemoglobin 12.6 (10-16) g/100ml, white blood cell count 10100 (5500-12000)/mm3, platelet count 2172±17900/mm3, whole blood volume 54.1( 44.3～66.6)ml/kg body weight, plasma volume 36.4 (30～48.4)ml/kg body weight, and hematocrit 39.6 (35.6～42.8).