Section 1 Marriage Customs
Before the liberation of Xiushan, it was generally monogamous, and a few families (mainly wealthy families) were polygamous. After the county was founded in Qianlong (1736), feudal marriage customs prevailed. Marriage is limited by the amount of family property, paying attention to "matching the right family" and obeying "parents' orders and matchmakers' words". The engagement must be based on a lot of money or livestock and food. Early marriage and child bride can be seen everywhere. Even in infancy, both parents can get married by pointing to their bellies. Adults need to go through "etiquette rules" such as speaking freely, inserting incense, seeking honor, giving gifts, and then hold a wedding on an auspicious day. In addition, there is the marriage custom of inviting husbands and husbands to their homes.
On the wedding day of Tujia nationality, the man organized a 12 wedding procession of 24 people, including no less than 4 young women and no less than 2 middle-aged women. The matchmaker and the matchmaker go together. 1 "Mr. Xu" is responsible for all the etiquette of the wedding team. At the girl's home, Mr. Li bowed three times and five times, and then the girl was carried on the sedan chair by the girl's brother. Before getting on the sedan chair, the girl should put on red culottes, red veil on her head, red embroidered shoes on her feet, gold (silver) rings on her ears and jade bracelets or gold (silver) bracelets on her hands. After returning to the man's house, the girl went down to the sedan chair hall, held a ceremony to worship her ancestors first, then worshipped her parents, and then the bride and groom worshipped each other and drank with each other. After the ceremony, the man rushed into the bridal chamber and sat on the bunk (the legend means "being in charge"), and then took off the handkerchief on the bride's head, which was the end. At night, brothers and sisters of the same age and cousins play jokes on the bridal chamber.
Miao people have the custom of choosing objects through social activities such as singing, catching autumn and catching depression. A Miao girl in Yanlong Township, a county, has a unique marriage style. They don't "cry for marriage", sit in sedan chairs, pay homage to the bride, hold wedding banquets, give dowry, talk about ostentation and extravagance, sleep in different places and have sex on the wedding day, but sing around the fire pit with friends who accompany the bride, which is often very popular. Women in Fujian range from dozens to hundreds. All young men and women who are friendly to the girl can accompany the girl to the man's house.
After liberation, the state promulgated the marriage law, abolished arranged marriages, advocated equality between men and women and marital autonomy, and young men and women of all ethnic groups enjoyed marital autonomy. As long as both parties voluntarily reach the legal age of marriage, they can register with the people's government, get a marriage certificate and hold a wedding ceremony. No sedan chair and no bride price when getting married. The leaders of government agencies and units held a simple ceremony, and cigarettes, tea and sugar entertained each other.
At the end of 1970s, the custom of bride price in rural areas began to appear again, and then it gradually influenced towns. Ostentation and extravagance, bride price and extravagance spread in some places in urban and rural areas.
Section 2 Funeral and Burial
Before the Tang Dynasty, there were customs of second burial and deboning burial. Before the Ming Dynasty, chiefs and a few wealthy families had the custom of cliff coffin burial. Today, there are many cliff coffin burial relics on both sides of Youshui River, Meijiang River and Huayuan River.
During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the funeral customs of Tujia, Miao and Han were basically the same, and burial was common. Tujia people have the custom of "mourning", that is, beating gongs and drums, singing and dancing around the coffin. Some three people hold drums, cymbals and gongs and sing around the coffin while playing, which is called "playing around the coffin". The contents of the songs are mostly the experiences and actions of the deceased, revealing the feelings of the living for the deceased and comforting the bereaved. At the time of burial, Mr. Tu was also invited to recite scriptures and offer sacrifices.
The funeral of Miao nationality is similar to Tujia nationality, and there is also the custom of singing "filial piety songs". One person plays the drums and everyone takes turns singing, or the drummer sings by himself, and expresses grief and crying with songs. At the funeral, the relatives of the deceased should prepare local wine to go up the mountain to entertain the mourners, and the main relatives should insert "yin and yang umbrellas" in front of the grave to show their nostalgia.
Tujia, Miao, Han, the funeral of the deceased should ask Taoist priests to choose good luck and believe in Feng Shui Yin and Yang. After the death of the old Han people, in addition to asking Taoist priests to do "gifts", they should also "show filial piety" to their main relatives. After the funeral, the children woke up.
After liberation, the old customs gradually disappeared, and basically disappeared in the 1960s and 1970s. Later, the old funeral customs rose in some rural areas. Cremation began in institutions and towns in the 1980s. Because people have not completely got rid of the shackles of traditional ideas and are far away from Tongren crematorium, the promotion effect is not great.
Festival in the third quarter
I. Celebration Day
Xiushan folk festivals have always been numerous. With the evolution of history, some of them no longer exist. Up to now, in addition to getting married, there are festivals such as giving birth to children, building houses and celebrating birthdays. These festivals still partly follow the old habits.
Giving birth to a child: the woman is pregnant after marriage and says "happy". When you have a baby, you should go to your grandmother's house to report the good news, tell your relatives and friends, and choose an auspicious day to celebrate the "porridge fan". On an auspicious day, grandma sent clothes, eggs, chicken and porridge wine to celebrate. The host gave a banquet for three days, and the poor family had to go through at least three dynasties. In the "month", let mother eat more nutrition. After 40 days of confinement, grandma took the mother and son (female) back to live for seven days, which is called "travel". The baby has been drinking "wine for the whole year" when he is over one year old. When you are over one year old, you will cook a few eggs to show your heart. After liberation, this legacy still exists in rural areas and remote villages.
Building a house: for great joy and celebration. Building a house on the girder, relatives and friends came to congratulate, and the head of the household warmly entertained. Before building a house, please ask Mr. "Yin Yang Shi" to choose the foundation and auspicious day for construction. When setting up the room, the master "Lu Ban" lit the beam, drew a red and black Tai Chi circle in the middle of the beam, wrote the words "Gan" and "Kun" at both ends of the Tai Chi circle, put tea, Redmi and lunar calendar books, wrapped them in red cloth and wrote "Bao Liang"; At dawn, when the "vertical room" is set up, the master carpenter will shout auspicious words to the beam and shout at the side; Then the bride's house, uncle's house or sister's house and brother-in-law's house hang red silk and write "winding beam"; Then we threw a beam and set off firecrackers, and held a banquet to celebrate for three days. In rural areas, this custom is still popular.
Birthday: Xiushan birthday custom has a long history. In a family, only the elders can celebrate their birthdays. If the elders are here, the younger generation can't celebrate their birthdays no matter how old they are. If there are no elders in the world, you can celebrate your birthday at the age of 50, and then once every ten years, your descendants (including your husband), relatives and friends will come to celebrate your birthday. When the husband and wife were alive, they sat in front of each other and received birthday presents and eulogies. Birthday gifts are mostly birthday peaches, long noodles, pork, clothes and cash. Rich people also sent furs, gold and silver jewelry and so on. The eulogy is generally "happiness as the East China Sea, longevity as the South Mountain" and so on. Shouqing entertained guests with long noodles (longevity noodles) and banquets. Birthdays in rural areas are generally not extravagant. After liberation, the theory of birthdays is still inherited, but the general birthday is no longer based on seniority. In the 1980s, the scope of birthday participants narrowed, limited to children and grandchildren (including husbands) and a few close relatives and friends. Diversification of birthday gifts, especially "birthday cake" has become a new fashion.
Second, traditional festivals.
Chinese New Year: including "New Year's Eve", "Spring Festival" and "Lantern Festival". The Spring Festival is from the 30th day of the twelfth lunar month to the 15th day of the first month of the following year. The content and form of celebration are very rich and lively, and it is the most grand traditional festival of Xiushan people. Tujia people also celebrate the New Year on the 28th or 29th of the twelfth lunar month. The Miao nationality is similar to the Han nationality in the New Year, and there is not much difference.
Before New Year's Eve, every household should clean the inside and outside of the house (commonly known as "dust removal"); Some people draw white lines with lime under the eaves in order to separate the insects and snakes; The front door and side door are pasted with portraits of the door gods; Stick Spring Festival couplets on the floor pillars of the house; The note "Six Livestock Flourish" is posted on the pigsty and cowshed. Wealthy families also hang palace lanterns, lanterns or other colorful lanterns in front of their doors. On New Year's Eve, the best wine and vegetables are prepared, and the whole family sits around the table, calling it "reunion dinner", drinking "annual wine" and enjoying "annual dinner". There is a custom of "thirty nights of fire and fifteen lights". On New Year's Eve, fire pits and braziers are blazing, symbolizing that life is as prosperous as fire. The family always talks about fire and presents "lucky money" to the children. Old people often stay up late, so they are called "Shounian". On the first day of the first month, men, women and children play all day and enjoy themselves. Teenagers kick shuttlecock, jump rope and ride bamboo horses. Middle-aged and elderly people play cards. From the second day, I visited relatives and friends or went to the grave to worship my ancestors. After the fifth day, I started playing with dragon lanterns and jumping lanterns, and didn't turn off the lights until the fifteenth day. On the Lantern Festival, every household lights candles to pray for light.
"March 3rd": It originated from Tujia people. Later, people of all ethnic groups like to eat "March 3rd" Baba, which is said to avoid being bitten by snakes. On this day, Miao people also have activities such as "rushing to the depression", "hiking" and "climbing Mount Hua", and young men and women sing and dance together.
"April 8": It is called "Ox King's Day" and is a festival shared by all ethnic groups. Among them, Miao young men and women sing and engage in social activities, commonly known as "jumping on the moon".
"June 6th": Clothing Festival for people of all ethnic groups. There is a legend of "drying the dragon robe on June 6th". Miao people call "June 6th" the Sun Festival, which is a day to worship heaven.
Qingming: one of the 24 solar terms of the lunar calendar, it is also a festival for folk ancestor worship and grave sweeping. It is necessary to hang "Qingming paper" (commonly known as hanging green) in front of the grave, burn "ghost money" to the ancestors, and pour wine for meat sacrifice; Some people have to cultivate soil for graves and plant trees in cemeteries. Organs and urban residents should "sweep the graves" for all martyrs who died for their country. After liberation, Tomb-Sweeping Day also became a "grave-sweeping" day to mourn the martyrs.
Dragon Boat Festival: commonly known as "Duanyang", is a traditional festival for people of all ethnic groups in Xiushan. Originated from Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet in memory of Chu State. On the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, people eat zongzi (also called Zongba) and eggs, drink realgar wine, hang calamus, mugwort leaves and kudzu vine, and bathe with calamus and mugwort leaves to enhance immunity. Since the Qing Dynasty, "Dragon Boat Race" has been held on the same day in Rong Er and Hong 'an, the tributary of Youshui, and in Shi Ye, Pingkai, Songnong and Shidi, the tributary of Meijiang.
Central Plains: commonly known as "July 30th", also known as "Ghost Festival", Han people generally believe in this festival. On this day (the 15th day of the seventh lunar month, July 12th in some places), families worship their ancestors and burn paper at night, which is called "giving money to ghosts" (commonly known as "burning envelopes"). Tujia and Miao people also worship their ancestors in order to cross over ghosts and gods. After liberation, this custom gradually disappeared, and there are still some individuals in remote mountainous areas, which were restored in the 1980s. However, most people who burn paper use this as a way to remember their ancestors and no longer believe in ghosts and gods.
Mid-Autumn Festival: Also known as "August 15th", it is one of the festivals of the Han nationality, and this custom is gradually becoming popular among Tujia and Miao people. On this day, every family eats powdered loquat for breakfast, and prepares wine and vegetables for dinner. When the moon rises, moon cakes and fruits are placed in the courtyard dam, and the whole family, old and young, sit around and admire the moon. Some even let the old people tell stories about the Mid-Autumn Festival. Some people take advantage of the moonlight to "steal melons" in other people's Gua Tian (stealing melons at night is not stealing in the old customs) and give them to couples who have been married for a long time and can't have children, which means giving melons to children. This custom is still popular in some places.
The fourth quarter taboo
During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Xiushan people had many taboos, some of which still exist today. These taboos are as follows: Tujia people are not allowed to intermarry with Yi people with the same surname; Auspicious days avoid ghosts, death, illness and other unlucky words; Don't talk about capsizing, sinking and water leakage when sailing; Big girls and pregnant women are forbidden to sit on the big threshold and cross the pole in the hall; Unmarried men and women are forbidden to eat pig's trotters (pig's trotters are forked, for fear that marriage will not be smooth); People who die outside, men, women and children, can't carry the body into the Longmen and the main hall; Guests can't sit with young women; Brother, don't joke with sister-in-law and don't go into her bedroom. There are also taboos such as not shaving your head every day, not breaking ground, not killing chickens, not killing pigs, and not eating dog meat and magpie meat. There is also a "tripod" in the fire pit, and guests can't step on it with their feet; You can't sweep the floor, break ground or blow fire on the first day of the first month; You can't talk about wild animals such as tigers, leopards, dragons and snakes in the morning; You can't have an injection when you are shocked; You can't soak rice on New Year's Eve, for fear of flooding in the coming year.
Miao people also avoid crying at home when they get married; Guests cannot sit on the "fairy stool" or step on the "tripod" in the fire pit; You can't eat all kinds of melons and vegetables until you taste the New Year Festival (commonly known as "reporting vegetables")
Section 5 Routine Sacrifice
Sacrifice to Confucius: held in Confucius Temple. In the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong (1763), a Confucian temple was built at the east gate of the county, and spring and autumn festivals were held on the fourth day of February and the fourth day of August in the lunar calendar every year. At the sacrificial ceremony, officials wore official uniforms and students sang with musical instruments. The scene is lively. On the first and fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the county magistrate will also lead all scholars and school officials to worship at the Confucian Temple, which is called the "Outer Space Temple". After the provincial examination, the good news spread to the county, and the magistrate of a county would personally meet him, and guide the "nouveau riche" to worship and feast in the Confucian Temple, and then return to worship their ancestors first. This kind of sacrifice prevailed in Qing dynasty, abandoned in the Republic of China and abolished after liberation.
Sacrifice to the country: held on the national altar outside the south gate of the county seat. Sacrifice is offered on the fifth day of February and the fifth day of August in the lunar calendar every year. Sacrificing to the country is a ceremony to pray for bumper harvests, national prosperity and people's safety. There are two sheep, two pigs, three cups of wine and two pieces of cloth. The priest kowtowed nine times in official clothes. There were few activities during the Republic of China, but this custom still existed among the people and was abolished after liberation.
Sacrifice to the god of agriculture: it is held in Xiannongtan on March 8 of the lunar calendar every year. Sacrifice pigs, sheep, wine, beans, cloth, etc. The priest wears official eyes when offering sacrifices. Send a big gift. After the sacrifice, a ploughing ceremony was held. The ploughing ceremony was presided over by Liv, a famous old man led a cow, and the children sang agricultural songs, nine pushes and planting history. Let's ask the military attache's deputy to watch the ploughing ceremony. This kind of sacrifice prevailed in the Qing Dynasty, followed in the Republic of China and abolished after liberation.
Altar: offering sacrifices to ghosts (the dead). Tujia people have a deep belief. The "Xiushan County Records" compiled by Guangxu contains: "The earth is heavy, attracting ghosts is auspicious." Everything in the county that takes "Gui" as a place name is a ghost at first. Only Shi Ye and Hong 'an have more than 20 places such as "Guitang", "Guicuo", "Guiban", "Guidao Stream", "Guiluo" and "Guiyang Stream". Every year, sacrifices are held in Tomb-Sweeping Day and on July 30th. There are two altars. The altar on the left is dedicated to the dead, and the altar on the right is dedicated to exiled officials. Worshipers wear ordinary official uniforms and make three knocks, and Tujia people make sacrifices spontaneously. It was abolished after liberation.
Sacrifice to officials: that is, sacrifice to officials with political achievements. Every year in April of the lunar calendar, official scholars are the main priests of Mingguan Temple. This custom prevailed in the Qing dynasty, but it was cold in the Republic of China and ceased to exist after liberation.
Sacrifice to rural sages: that is, sacrifice to local celebrities. Sacrifice with filial piety. Mainly to pray for rain in worship of Miqing in Taibu Temple. Abolished in the early Republic of China.
Sacrifice to Filial Piety: The main sacrifice is to the virtuous woman, and a famous son died in the county. In the Xiangxian Temple in the south of the Confucian Temple, sacrifice with Xiangxian. Sacrifice didn't stop until the Republic of China.
Sacrifice to Guandi: mainly to Guan Yunchang, but also to famous military commanders in past dynasties. It is held in Wuci (Guandi Temple) on February 13th, May 13th and August 13th of the lunar calendar every year. Pigs, cows and sheep are sacrificed, and the main worshippers wear official clothes to give gifts. In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), there were six dances, offering sacrifices to three generations of Guan Yunchang descendants. Sacrifice gradually declined in the Republic of China and was abolished after relaxation.
Sacrifice to Wenchang: Sacrifice to the god who dominated fame and died in the throne, which is believed by scholars. Every year on the third day of the second lunar month and the auspicious autumn day stipulated by the imperial court, pigs, cattle and sheep are sacrificed at Wenchang Temple outside the east gate of the county, in order to pray for a good fate. It was used in the Republic of China and abolished after liberation.
Dragon Sacrifice: Pray for rain on the Dragon Boat Festival. Whenever there is a drought, people gather in Shenlong Temple to sacrifice pigs and sheep. It is stipulated that the sacrificial days are the ninth day of February and the ninth day of August in the lunar calendar. Participants wear official clothes to sacrifice, while the people have the custom of holding dogs for rain. Followed during the Republic of China. After liberation, there are still a few people offering sacrifices in dry years.
Sacrifice to Vulcan: From the seventh year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1802), the ninth day of February and the tenth day of August in the lunar calendar are sacrificial days. The main sacrificial ceremony was held in the temple of fire, with pigs and sheep as sacrifices to pray for the earth not to have a fire accident. Festivals were rarely offered during the Republic of China, but disappeared after liberation.
Sacrifice to the God of the City God: When the prefects took office and on the fifth and fifteenth day of the fifth lunar month, they sacrificed incense at the Temple of the City God. People also go to the Chenghuang Temple for pilgrimage. Sacrifice didn't matter during the Republic of China, and it was abolished after liberation.
Other sacrificial activities include offering sacrifices to Ma Shen and Gong Li (referring to Li Xianhong in Xianfeng County).
Xiushan social customs-customs
Section 1 Clothing
Tujia nationality
Men's jackets are "pipa collar" and "piping collar", also known as "double lapels", and there are 5 to 7 buttons on Anbu. Most of them are made of blue and white cloth, and some of them are inlaid with lace. Most blouses have "railing" lace, no collar or short collar, and the collar is large and short, commonly known as "right lapel". Men and women are almost the same as Han Chinese. Most of them are pants made of blue cloth and belts made of white cloth. Girls like to wear long braids, red or pink embroidered shoes made by themselves, and jewelry like gold and silver jewelry. Both men and women, adults like to wrap two or three meters long blue silk handkerchiefs on their heads, which can't be separated all year round.
Miao ethnic group
Men's and women's jackets have 5 pairs of buttons on the collar and upper right side, and 3 pairs of buttons on the lower right side. Most blouses are inlaid with flower railings, with big trouser legs at the bottom and three parallel "railings" under the knees. Adult men and women are used to wrapping their heads in black handkerchiefs. Whenever encountering major festivals and visiting relatives and friends, Miao girls and young women like to dress up and wear gold and silver earrings, bracelets and collars. Boys and girls around the age of L should also wear a Lohan hat with 18 to 24 silver Lohan on the top to show good luck.
During the Republic of China, some wealthy Tujia, Miao and Han girls also learned to wear cheongsam.
After liberation, the variety of materials and colors increased, the self-woven coarse cloth gradually decreased, and the costumes of Tujia and Miao people also changed. In addition to their own national costumes, the elderly in hip festivals generally wear tunic suit and student clothes as their main costumes. At the end of 1970s, the clothing styles were the same as those of Han nationality, including suits, jeans, spring and autumn shirts, down jackets, dresses and cheongsam, but there was little difference in clothing.
Section 2 Diet
During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Tujia people in Xiushan mainly ate rice, corn, potatoes and sweet potatoes twice a day. Like dry food, food is cooked separately; I like the taste of hot and sour, and the best cooking is hot and sour. Fried meat with sour pepper has become the most delicious dish in the recipes of people of all ethnic groups. Almost every household has kimchi. On holidays, people are used to making glutinous rice balls, cooking glutinous rice wine and smoked bacon on the kang. Tujia people in mountainous areas like to chase wild boar. They often hunt alone with the help of many people. After they get their prey, they share a piece of it. This is called "catching war".
Miao people also live on rice and corn. The custom of drinking well with wine as a gift has been passed down from generation to generation. In case of weddings, funerals or visiting relatives and friends, they all treat each other with a big bowl of wine and often get drunk. Miao people are also good at processing and storing wild animals collected and hunted to entertain guests. Smoked bacon is generally used to treat guests, and it is called "hitting people with matches" (thin bacon is like a red-hot chestnut block).
After liberation, people's lives have gradually improved. Urban residents eat rice and flour, while rural areas eat both coarse grains and flour and rice. Since the 1980s, the problem of food and clothing has been basically solved, agricultural and sideline products have become increasingly abundant, the consumption of fish, meat, poultry and eggs has greatly increased, and the food composition has changed greatly. Cereals such as corn, sweet potato and potato have been mainly used as feed and raw materials for wine making.
Section 3 Residence
During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the Han people in the county mostly lived in plains and hilly areas, while Tujia and Miao people mostly lived in mid-levels and mountainous areas. Generally, they all live in the same clan, and their villages are named after surnames. With the development of Duhui history, except for a few single-family families who still live in the deep mountains and forests, most of them "cross-live" with other ethnic groups.
People of all ethnic groups in Xiushan are used to living in one house, and most of them build houses according to the mountain situation, mostly thatched houses or tile houses. Each building has three to five rooms, including three main rooms, and the depth layout is constructed by lowering columns. There are three kinds: three columns and four hooks, five columns and four hooks, and five columns and six hooks. There is a hall in the middle and a ancestral temple. The left and right sides are divided into two small rooms, one is a fire shop and a stove room, which are used for eating and heating, and the other is a bedroom. Families with a large population should have cornices at the back of the house or special cornices in the main house as a supplement. After "returning home", wealthy families like to build quadrangles, eight-character Longmen, and even carve beams and draw buildings, climbing mountains and mountains. People living on the mountain are used to digging a square fire pit in the corner of the kitchen or building a fire shop with wood, with a fire pit in the middle and three iron feet in it for heating and cooking. People who live in Pingba area usually put a cupboard-style "fire bucket" in their bedroom. There is a pottery bowl or iron basin for charcoal in the right lower part of the fire bucket, and there are wooden or iron bars for feet to step on in the middle lower part (commonly known as the fire bucket bridge). In winter, the family sat around the fire bucket and covered it with a fire mattress to keep warm.
The structure of Miao houses is similar to that of Tujia and Han houses, but the upper part is mostly made of bamboo, which is used for cooling and storing food upstairs.
After liberation, after more than 30 years of development, the living conditions of people of all ethnic groups have been greatly improved. Straw houses no longer exist, but are replaced by tile houses, brick houses and reinforced concrete buildings.
Section 4 Users
During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, he was a poor household in rural areas. Clothes are mostly wooden boxes or wardrobes, and bedding is mostly flat beds and frame beds. Rich people have cribs and Ningbo beds in their homes. There are double eaves or triple eaves on the top of the bed, carved with flowers, birds, insects, fish, figurines and Buddha statues. A woman has a dressing box with a wooden comb and accessories on her hair temples; Large tables and chairs are placed in the center of the hall, and stools or armchairs are placed on both sides. Generally, the kitchen utensils are mainly pottery, including pottery bowls, pots, pots, wooden retort, earthen water tank, shovel and so on. Generally, ceramic bowls and plates are used to hold rice and vegetables, and a few poor families use wooden bowls and bamboo bowls. Chopsticks use bamboo chopsticks.
Tujia and Miao people use iron pots to cook more rice. Knife board (chopping board), washbasin, wooden bucket and foot pad are all made of wood, and rice baskets and chopsticks baskets are all made of bamboo. Seats are generally wooden benches, small benches, chairs and bamboo loungers.
After liberation, thermos bottles and flashlights gradually entered the farm in the 1950s. In the 1960s, some farmers used bicycles, sewing machines, watches and radios. In the 1970s, light and beautiful new furniture gradually replaced heavy and rigid old furniture. Fashion dog wardrobes, wardrobes, combined cabinets, writing desks, bunk beds, desk lamps, electric fans, sofas, beds, etc. Some families also bought washing machines, tape recorders, color TVs, refrigerators, video recorders and motorcycles. These high-grade goods have also been used by some farmers who got rich first.
Section 5 Jewelry Hairstyle
Jewelry: Before liberation, women's jewelry included hairpins, earrings, rings, bracelets and necklaces. After liberation, wearing jewelry once disappeared. Since 1980s, it has become popular among women, and it has become fashionable for men to wear gold rings.
Hairstyle: It varies with the times and nationalities. In the Qing Dynasty, both men and women of Han nationality had long hair, which was braided at the back of their heads, but did not reach their hips. Married women tie a bun and attach it to the back of their heads with a hairpin or net, commonly known as "Babazhuan". Tujia people always tie their hair behind their heads. The difference is that men wrap their heads with green cloth and women wear earrings and headdresses. Miao people wrap it in handkerchiefs. During the Republic of China, the government ordered men to cut their braids. Urban men were bald at first, then flat-topped, and then passed the March 7th and the West. Adult women often have long braids, and girls cut "half moon" or raise braids at the back of their heads; Most rural men are bald, and most boys are "rice heads" or "tile heads"; When a woman gets married, she combs her hair into a bun (also called a fragrant head) and sticks it on her head. Perm began in the thirties.
After liberation, "Zhongshantou" became popular among Tujia, Miao and Han people. In the sixties, a few people had perms. Since 1980s, perm has become popular, and great changes have taken place in hair styles. Popular perms for women include "Wave", "Cloud", "Chrysanthemum" and "Shanghai Style". Men's hairstyles are generally swimming and western-style, and some young people have long hair bun.