1, cultivation season

Mushroom Weibei dry belt area, the temperature difference is large, the air humidity is small, the season is changing quickly, can be sown in advance, the time is arranged in mid-August - early September. Guanzhong Plain area arranged in late August - mid-September, of course, there are kilns, fruit cellar mushroom farmers, can be in the wheatgrass harvest can be piled up and fermented, the end of July can be sown, late August can be harvested. After the harvest of corn stalks, when the stalks are dry, can carry out the second round of sowing, with truncated corn stalks + cow dung, December - New Year's sowing, overwintering, the spring in March began to produce mushrooms, the end of the end of May before the end of the end of the end. Tested yield and quality close to wheatgrass.

2, the preparation of raw materials

The main material for cultivating Agaricus bisporus: wheat grass, corn stalks, cow dung. Auxiliary materials; oil residue, phosphate fertilizer, lime, gypsum, urea. wheat harvest in June began to collect wheatgrass, wheatgrass should be piled up in the open space from the sowing shed. Pile up without crushing: corn stalks collection, to be dry in November corn stalks, no green can be crushed when used, or cut into two sections can be fermented with; cow dung to pull back in advance to cool half-dry mashed, and then piled up to a width of 2 meters, 1.5 meters high, unlimited length, natural fermentation, the temperature rises to 75 degrees Celsius. About 15 days to turn the pile once, inside and outside the position of the swap to let it ferment naturally. Cow dung can also be dried and mashed and stored up.

Also, chicken manure, pig manure can be added to the cultivation. The manure should not be mixed with soil.

Oil residue: the best vegetable oil residue, cotton oil residue can also be used.

Soybean stalks: adding a small amount of soybean stalks to the fermentation material has the best effect.

Phosphorus fertilizer, urea, gypsum, lime should be prepared.

(1) Pre-wetting Before building the pile, sprinkle a layer of lime powder on the wheatgrass pile, water the wheatgrass with a hose and let it soften for three days, or splash lime water directly on it.

(2) build heap When building the heap, pull all the weighed auxiliary materials to the heap before the first layer of lime sprinkled on the ground, a layer of dry grass on the surface, its thickness of about 30 cm, width of 2.3 meters, length of about 28 meters for 1 acre of ground material. Divided into 5-6 layers of heap material, a layer of 25-30 cm of wheat grass, above a layer of lime, lay a layer of cow dung, spread a layer of oil residue, phosphate fertilizer, gypsum (with 1/2 amount), urea in the top two layers were sprinkled into the auxiliary materials can be mixed, divided into 6 parts of each layer of one point, and then lay the material. So a layer of grass, a layer of auxiliary materials to build a pile, sprinkled after the beginning of watering, the material surface watering once, the material should be vertical around the neat, according to the same method for a pile of the total height of 1.5 meters, the top of the tortoise back shape. Covered with film fermentation.

(3) the first turn the heap 6 days to build the heap, the heap temperature reaches 70-7 ℃, stabilization can be carried out after turning the heap. The method of turning the heap is: from one side of the heap to start withdrawing materials, in the other side of the re-establishment of the heap, inserted sticks or bamboo poles, that is, the tumbling type of turning the heap. Turning the pile should be placed on the top of the pile on one side, after the clip in the middle, the outer layer of material on the inner layer, the inner layer of material on the outer layer, the lower layer of material piled on the upper layer, turning the side of the shaking loose cultured material, the cultured material will be mixed uniformly, to exclude the material in the exhaust gas, increase fresh air. The remaining lime, gypsum sprinkled in layers, the material is dry and yellow, white, said the moisture is not enough, to pile up the material while sprinkling, make up for the moisture. Every 50 centimeters erect a wooden stick, pile after stick shaking draw, that is, the material on many ventilation holes. Every other day the film will be uncovered exhaust exhaust, but also conducive to warming, about 3 days after the temperature can rise to more than 70 ℃, keep 2 days, and turn the second time.

(4) the second turn the heap after the first adjustment of moisture, add auxiliary materials, additional ventilation holes, the material temperature rises very quickly, about, 5-6 days to turn the heap, with the same method of turning, at this time can be used from one end of the turn the heap, rows of sticks to stay out of the ventilation holes, after the end of the cover film. With the same method after five days to turn the third heap, after turning around sprayed with dicofol.

(5) the fourth turn the heap after three times, the material has rotted, cooked standard for wheatgrass brown-red, hand a pull that breaks, the material to hold the hands do not stain. At this time for the fourth heap, is to turn the surface of the material while spraying deodorant or formaldehyde and acaricides. Check the pH, PH value 8-8.5 is appropriate. Turn over after two days of boredom can be prepared to cool material seeding.

(6) row material when the fourth turn pile has been able to sow, the key to identify the degree of material decomposition, culture material requires uniformity and consistency of decomposition, color brown-red, straw soft, elastic, hand-pulled that is broken, no ammonia, no smell, not sticky, not black, material loose as a standard. pH value of 7-8. there can not be interspersed with the material, otherwise in the cultivation of the ghost umbrella fungi, etc. occurring.

Specific practices: the pile of material spread, exhaust, can be cooled outside, or directly into the shed, according to the requirements of the open border of different greenhouses, different venues, rows, distances, thickness of the waste are all different.

3, ingredients and stacking

Culture material formula: the amount per acre

(1) 5000 kg of wheatgrass, 200 kg of boron fertilizer, 10 cubic meters of fresh cow dung, 40 kg of urea, 500 kg of cottonseed hulls, 200 kg of oil residue, 250 kg of lime, 200 kg of gypsum, PH value of 8 or so.

(2) 2,500 kg of corn stalks, 2,500 kg of wheatgrass, 6 cubic meters of fresh cow dung, 500 kg of cotton hulls, 200 kg of oil residue, 200 kg of phosphorus fertilizer 200 kg of gypsum 200 kg, 40 kg of urea, 250 kg of lime.

(3) heap system: according to their own geographical environment, whether greenhouse, large bow shed, field, kiln cultivation, heap fermentation are in the vicinity of the cultivation site, water, electricity to facilitate the feed place to build a heap.

Build heap fermentation steps for Pre-wet - build heap - the first turn the heap - the second turn the heap - the third turn the heap - the fourth turn the heap - remove the heap, **** count: 28 days or so. The above has been described.

4, greenhouses, open field selection and open bed

Cultivation of mushrooms, the existing greenhouse greenhouses, large bow shed, small and medium-sized shed can be cultivated. If you need to build a greenhouse, in the land where wheat has been harvested, the bow shed is oriented north-south, and the greenhouse is oriented east-west. The greenhouse with old film or black film, plus grass curtains can be. General shed length of 30-50 meters is appropriate.

(1) shed open border method is

① straight border: shed paving material generally three rows of material two walkways (4 meters of the shed), or four rows of material three walkways. Both sides of the bed line paving material 60 centimeters, the middle of the bed line paving material 1.2 meters, aisle 70 centimeters.

② cross-border: in the center of the shed to leave a 70 cm wide ditch on both sides of the road for the cross-border, each border put line paving material 80 cm - 1 meter, 40 cm between the border ditch, and so done, counting the length of the shed how many beds can be done. Regardless of the kind of open bed practice, the bed in advance of leveling, weed pulling, paving a day before irrigation of water, humidity is appropriate, so that the soil in the shed hand pinch into a piece, a tug that is scattered, can be paved for seeding, 25 kilograms of lime sprinkled per acre.

(2) open field open bed method is The bed straight open, bed width of 1 meter, straight road width of 70 centimeters (each side left 10 centimeters for soil), bed depth of 20 centimeters, is the underground bed, the bed is 20 centimeters above the ground is the ground bed. Put the soil moisture irrigation, after the line of laying material, cool material exhaust exhaust.

5, laying seed

Laying seed should be selected on sunny and cloudy days, not in the rain, because the material is drenched by rain, first, it will increase the water content, and secondly, it is easy to be infected with stray bacteria. Sunny days at noon under strong sunlight should not be sown, so as not to die in the sun.

(1) paving the heap of fermented culture material from the heap withdrawn from the fresh lime sprinkled on the bed, let it cool to below 30 ℃, and then shaking and mixing the culture material and paved in the tortoise-back bed, paving thickness of 20 cm or so, the material is uniformly thick and thin. Sowing seeds while spreading the material.

(2) Sowing Sowing methods are sowing, hole sowing and layer sowing. Wheat grain strains should be sown in layers, regardless of greenhouse and open field cultivation can be taken to sow.

1.5-2 bottles of seed per square meter, the strain requires mycelium thick white, thick, not spitting yellow water, no shrinkage, no fungus, no mites. First of all, the strain bottle in 0.2% potassium permanganate water solution wash again, surface disinfection before use, the strain bottle broken, seed pieces into a clean basin, broken by hand, take two thirds of the strain, to the material surface sprinkled once again, and then with a fork or hand grabbing the culture material, so that the fungus blocks fall into the material layer, leveling the surface of the material, and then the remaining one-third of the strain evenly sprinkled on the surface of the material, and finally with the bottom of the wooden board or pots slightly pressed to flatten the surface of the material, the last. Followed by covering the soil. Thickness of about 4 centimeters, special attention: the area should not be too large when spreading seeds, how much soil should be spread to cover how much, in addition to greenhouses can be used to cover the soil after 7 days of sowing.

6, mulching and management

(1) mulching time Mulching should be done immediately after sowing, which is conducive to the heat preservation and moisturizing of fungi, and can also produce mushrooms earlier, generally in about 25 days after sowing. If the material moisture is wet, can be sown 7 days before the mulching, on the one hand, let the water evaporation, on the other hand, can see the mycelium growth of the seed block. After sowing, the top can be covered with film or grass curtain.

(2) Mulching method Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus must be covered with soil, without mulching is not mushroom. In greenhouses and open-ground cultivation, the soil is taken directly from the aisle. First of all, the aisle out of the digging place broken, sprinkled with a little phosphate fertilizer, slag, lime powder, mix well, the largest soil particles can not be more than 2 centimeters, the soil humidity is pinched by hand into a flat and can be rolled into a ball, but not sticky hand is appropriate. Side of the seeds and cover the soil, open field seeding can be directly covered with a layer of mulch and grass curtains, beds should be with a tortoise shape, the material surface of the soil around the cover tightly, uniformly 4 cm thick or so; aisle by the way to form a ditch, the ditch can release water, humidification, ventilation, moisture.

(3) management after covering the soil greenhouse seeding, covering the soil surface can not cover the grass curtain, in order to prevent rapid loss of moisture on the soil surface, you can cover a layer of film, do not uncover the film for the first three days, and then uncovered once a day, each time the ventilation for 30 minutes, in order to increase the fresh air in the fungus bed. If the soil surface is dry and white, the surface can be sprayed with a sprayer to spray moisture, if the mycelium under the film has been on the soil for about 15 days, you can remove the film to increase humidity, so that the aerial mycelium inverted and thickened, was a line of lateral growth, so that the mycelium in the soil to the soil under the long, often due to the dry soil layer of the mycelium can not get to the surface of the soil, according to the situation of mycelium on the soil, flexible management, mycelium from the surface of the soil 1 cm, all the material within the long white, the time of about 20 days; it will be able to The time is about 20 days; then you can enter the mushrooming period management.

7, mushroom management

When the temperature drops to below 20 ℃, keep more than 13 ℃, the mycelium on the full material will soon mushroom, the key at this time is to maintain the moisture of the soil layer. Check whether the mycelium of the soil layer is about 1cm away from the surface, the mycelium side is low, the mushroom is slow, the mycelium is in the surface layer, the mushroom is dense and the individual is small, it is easy (open umbrella) to become a thin-skinned mushroom, and the yield is low.

(1) Mushroom catalyzing Mushroom catalyzing is to induce the mycelium to twist and form the original base. The method of mushroom promotion is mainly carried out with water, and this spraying water is called mushroom water. When the mycelium grows to 1 cm from the surface of the soil layer, spray a heavy water, 1.5-2.5 kg of water per square meter. Spraying water can be sprayed according to the degree of dryness and wetness of the soil, it is appropriate to spray water in the morning or afternoon when the temperature of the shed is 20 ℃ or less, after spraying water, it is necessary to increase the amount of ventilation, the two sides of the shed should be ventilated, and the two ends should be uncovered, 1-2 times a day, each time for 30 minutes. After spraying, if the temperature is suitable, in the soil, then form a large number of small white dots protozoa, at this time can not be sprayed, so as to avoid the death of protozoa, pay attention to heat preservation and moisturizing management.

(2) the management of the growth time of the child entity after spraying the formation of the original base, after 2-3 days, it will be differentiated to form mushroom buds, when it grows to a soybean grain size, spraying a heavy water to increase the humidity of the soil, to meet the growth of the child entity requires moisture, the water is called out of the mushroom water. This water is called mushroom water. Spraying water also depends on the weather, soil humidity, and the size and amount of mushroom buds. On sunny days, when the soil is dry and white, and there are many mushrooms and large mushroom buds, the amount of water sprayed should be large. Use a sprayer to spray water, or use a sprinkler to fill water to shower down. On rainy and cloudy days, when the soil is moist, the mushrooms are few and the buds are small, spray less water or no water. When the surface of the mushroom is smooth, white, and without scales, it indicates insufficient water distribution, and it is necessary to spray water in time to increase the humidity. The humidity of the mushroom soil is still suitable to be pinched and rolled into a round shape without sticking to your hands, and the mushroom cap can be harvested when it grows to about 5 centimeters.

8. Harvesting and management

(1) Harvesting When the mushroom buds grow to a cap diameter of 3-5, the mushroom membrane is not ruptured, and the gills are not exposed, then it should be harvested. Generally, it can be harvested in 5-7 days at the right temperature. When harvesting, pick big and leave small, rotate and pick, pay attention not to hurt the surrounding young mushrooms. For clumps of mushrooms, use a knife to cut the large mushrooms, leaving the small mushrooms to continue to grow, picking mushrooms and leaving the stalk 1 cm, the incision should be flat, not broken, cut the root of the umbrella mushrooms, deformed mushrooms were packed together, the standard mushrooms whole mushrooms were packed together, to be gently held and put into plastic baskets or buckets. At the same time of harvesting, clean out the dead and diseased mushrooms on the mushroom bed, and fill the mushroom foot pit with soil.

(2) Turning tide management After each batch of mushrooms is harvested, thoroughly clean out the residual roots and dead mushrooms on the bed, repair the soil layer, fill in the foot hole, spray insecticide, deltamethrin and acaricide, and then spray heavy water once, which is known as turning tide water. After 3-5 days, the next tide of mushrooms is formed again. Some mushroom beds produce mushrooms continuously, usually 4-5 tides of mushrooms, and the nutrition is basically exhausted. Before the Spring Festival freezing, if the seed is sown early, the seed is planted in early September, and 2-3 crops can be produced before December, and only one crop can be produced late, overwintering, and then three crops can be produced after March in spring. Guanzhong area has a dry climate and a large degree of human management, the number of mushroom tides is obvious, while in the humid areas of the south, mushrooms are produced continuously without obvious tides. The quality of fall mushrooms is better than spring mushrooms.

9, overwintering management

When the temperature is lower than 10 ℃, very few mushrooms will grow, stop spraying water at this time, and do a good job of overwintering management. The practice is: cover a layer of grass curtain or film on the bed material surface, heat preservation and moisturizing management, uncovered 1-2 times a week, ventilation for 1 hour, to be carried out at noon, if there are mushrooms on the bed, timely harvesting, check the bed soil can not be overly dry, to keep the soil in a slightly moist state.

10, spring mushroom management

After harvesting the corn stalks in winter every year, you can send material for seeding in November-December. Overwintering mushroom before winter, spring mushrooms, this batch of mushrooms is also called spring mushrooms, autumn mushroom sowing not finished mushroom spring temperature to 12 ℃ or more, that is, in mid-March, it will enter the spring mushroom management. At this time, remove the film, spray insecticide once, and then spray heavy water once, water the soil thoroughly, and fill the aisle with water. If the soil is dry, can be divided into 2 times on the big water, until the soil penetration, the spring temperature rises quickly, the mushroom grows fast, the weather in May, to pick 2 times a day, to avoid picking large mushrooms and open umbrella mushrooms, after the two crops of mushrooms come out, can be sprayed with nutrients, mushrooms, mostly and so on, in order to increase the yield and quality.

11, pest control

In the process of mushroom growth, due to the unsuitable environmental conditions, or no fermentation of the culture material, or not cleaned up in time after picking mushrooms and many other reasons, will lead to the occurrence of pests and diseases, require each management personnel, there must be a strict, hygienic, quantitatively sound completion of each operation process, the site of the shed often sprinkled with lime, the hair of the material must be ripe and mixed well, the mulch should be clean, the water should be sanitary. Mulch should be clean, water should be hygienic, use clean water, good ventilation, fresh air in the shed, will reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. Once the occurrence of fungus fly, nematode, with mushroom insect net, high-efficiency chlorpyrifos spray or irrigation of salt water, mushrooms on the surface of the spot, to more ventilation, less water, with spray Chongkangning or Chlorpyrifos Ketorol spray, in order to do early prevention and early treatment, so that the occurrence of diseases and pests is completely controllable