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The Original Text of Sima Qian's Chen She Family
The text of "Chen She Family" is excerpted from the first part of "Historical Records Chen She Family", which mainly describes the process of Chen She's uprising and the rapid development of the uprising in the early days. The following is the original text of Sima Qian's "Chen She Family", come and have a look!

original text

Chen She shijia

Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, is involved in words. Wu Guangzhe, a native of Yangxia, is uncle. When Chen She was young, he tried to plow with people's servants, dropped out of farming on the ridge, and felt sorry for a long time. He said, "If you are rich, you will never forget." The servant smiled and replied, "If you work as a servant, how can you be rich?" Chen She said with a sigh of relief, "Well, the sparrow knows the ambition of a swan!"

In July of the first year of the second year, 900 people were stationed in osawa Township. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang both became captains of the chariot. It will rain heavily, the road will be blocked, and the temperature has been lost. If the time is lost, the law will be cut. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang said, "If you die today, you will die if you make big plans. If you wait for death, how can you die?" Chen Sheng said, "Ku Jin is suffering all over the world. I heard that II had a younger son, but it was not done properly, and it was done by Fu Su, the son. Fu Su remonstrated the reason with several words, and made foreign generals. If you are not guilty today, you will be killed by II. Many people hear about their sages, but they don't know their deaths. Xiang Yan, a general of Chu, made many contributions, loved foot soldiers, and the Chu people pitied him. Or think of death, or think of death. Today, I sincerely call myself Fu Su and Xiang Yan, and sing for the world. I should be more responsive. " Wu Guang thought so. Naixingbu Knowing what it meant, the diviner said, "Everything is accomplished with the first step, and you have made meritorious deeds. But the ghost of the first step? " Chen Sheng and Wu Guangxi, thinking of ghosts, said, "This will teach me to show my ears first." It was written in Dan Shu that said, "King Chen Sheng" was placed in the belly of a fish. It is strange that a pawn buys fish for cooking and gets a book in the belly of the fish. In the temple next to Wu Guangzhi, there was a bonfire at night, and the fox called, "Great Chu Xing, Chen Shengwang!" All the soldiers were frightened at night. On the day of death, stroke often speaks, all referring to Chen Sheng.

Wu Guangsu loves his wife, and his foot soldiers are mostly users. Drunk the captain, so he said that he wanted to die, angered the captain, and humiliated him to anger his public. Weiguo is wide. WeiJianTing, widely, seize and kill the commandant. Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commandants. The summoner said, "When it rains, all of them are overdue, so they should be beheaded. Don't cut by the first order, but guard the dead. And if a strong man dies, he will be famous, and princes will have seed! " All the disciples said, "I respect your orders." Fu Su and Xiang Yan, the sons, are pretending to be obedient to the people. Being partial to the right is called Da Chu. Alliance for the altar, sacrifice to the captain. Chen Sheng became a general and Wu Guang was a captain. Attack osawa Township, and then attack it. Under the circumstance, Ge Ying, the commander, turned his soldiers to the east. Attack, hairpin, bitter, zhe, qiaocheng, all down. Line retreat, than to Chen, six or seven hundred by car, riding a thousand, tens of thousands of people died. When attacking Chen, Chen Shouling was not alone in guarding Cheng and the war. Fu Sheng and Shou Cheng died, but he entered Chen. A few days later, the order called the three elders, heroes and all to come to the accounting office. The three elders and the heroes all said, "The general has been determined and determined, and he has no way to attack, and he has destroyed Qin and rebuilt the state of Chu, so he should be king." Chen Sheng was made king, nicknamed Zhang Chu. At this time, all the counties and counties who suffered from Qin officials were punished by their long officials, and they were killed in response to Chen She.

translation

Chen Sheng is a native of Yangcheng. Wu Guang is a native of Yangxia. When Chen She was young, he was once employed to cultivate land with others. (One day) Chen Sheng stopped farming and went to the highland beside the field (rest). He sighed and hated for a long time because of disappointment and said, "If (one day) we are rich, don't forget each other." The employees smiled and replied, "You are a person who is employed to cultivate land, where did you get rich?" Chen Sheng said with a sigh, "Alas, how can a sparrow know the ambition of a swan!"

In July of the first year of Qin Ershi, (the imperial court) recruited poor people to station in Yuyang, and 900 people stopped in osawa Township. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were both incorporated into the garrison and served as the chief (small leader). It happened to be raining heavily and the road was blocked. It is estimated that the deadline has been missed. Anyone who misses the deadline should be beheaded according to Qin law. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang then discussed and said, "Running away (being caught back) is also death, and launching an uprising (failing) is also death. Is it okay to die for the country?" Chen Sheng said: "The people of the whole country have suffered from Qin's rule for a long time. I heard that Qin Ershi is the youngest son (of Qin Shihuang) and should not succeed as emperor. It is Fu Su, the (eldest) son of the emperor who should succeed as emperor. Because of Fu Su's repeated exhortations, the emperor sent (him) to lead troops outside. Now some people have heard that Fu Su is innocent, but Qin Ershi killed him. Most people heard that he was wise, but they didn't know that he was dead. Xiang Yan is a general of the State of Chu. He has (once) made meritorious military service for many times and (again) cared for soldiers. The people of Chu love him very much. Some people think he is dead, others think he ran away. Now, if we pretend to be childe Fu Su and Xiang Yan and advocate (anti-Qin) to the world, there should be many people who respond. "Wu Guang thinks he's right. So they went to divination (to predict good or bad luck). The soothsayers knew their intentions and said, "Everything can be successful in your, and they can build achievements. But ask the ghosts and gods about it. " Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were very happy. They considered the intention of divining ghosts and said, "This is just to teach us (to use ghosts and gods) to subdue everyone first." So I asked someone to write "King Chen Sheng" (meaning "Chen Sheng wants to be king") on the silk with cinnabar and put it in the belly of a fish caught by others with a net. The soldier bought the fish and cooked it. When he found the silk book in the belly of the fish, he was already surprised by it. Chen Sheng also secretly instructed Wu Guang to go to the temple in the jungle next to the army station, carrying a bamboo cage at night and howling like a fox: "Great Chu will be revived, and Chen Sheng will be king." Soldiers panic at night. The next day, the soldiers talked about it everywhere, pointing at each other and gesturing to Chen Sheng with their eyes.

Wu Guang usually cares about the people around him, and most of the soldiers are willing to contribute to him. (That day) (two) officers were drunk, and Wu Guang deliberately repeatedly proposed to escape, which made a captain angry and made him blame and humiliate him, so as to anger the soldiers. The officer did hit Wu Guang with a bamboo board. (The soldiers were indignant.) The officer drew his sword to intimidate (the soldiers). Wu Guang jumped up, grabbed the sword and killed him. Chen Sheng assisted Wu Guang and killed two officers together. Chen Sheng called the guards together and said, "When you were caught in heavy rain, you all exceeded the stipulated time limit for reaching Yuyang. If it expires, it will be decapitated. Even if you can only avoid being beheaded, 67% of the people who guard the frontier fortress will die. Besides, if a gentleman doesn't die, he will do something big! Do princes and princes have natural noble species? " Everyone under his command said, "I am willing to obey orders!" " (They) pretend to be the team of childe Fu Su and Xiang Yan, obeying the wishes of the people. Everyone showed their right arms (as a sign of the uprising) and played the banner of Chu. A platform was built, a swearing-in ceremony was held, and the heads of the two officers were sacrificed to heaven. Chen Sheng established himself as a general and Wu Guang as a captain. The insurgents (first) attacked osawa Township, occupied the township and then attacked Qi County. After conquering Qi County, Ge Ying, a messenger, led troops to capture the east of Qi County. We attacked all of them, including Luo, Pin, Ku, Zhe and Qiao. By the time we got to Chen County, we had six or seven hundred chariots, more than one thousand war horses and tens of thousands of foot soldiers. When attacking Chen county, the county magistrate and county magistrate were not in the city, and only the officials guarding the city fought in the cave of the city gate. The insurgents could not be defeated (for a while), and Shoucheng was killed (soon) before the army entered Chen County. A few days later, Chen Sheng called local township officials and prestigious people to discuss important matters. These people said with one voice: "General, you personally went into battle in armor, holding weapons, crusaded against the cruel and heartless Qin Ershi, wiped out the tyrannical Qin Dynasty, and re-established the State of Chu. You should be king in terms of merits." Chen Sheng became king on his own, and named his country "Zhang Chu". At this time, people who were oppressed by the officials of the Qin Dynasty in various counties and counties all revolted, punished local officials and killed them in response to Chen Sheng's call.

annotate

1, excerpted from Historical Records Chen She Family (Zhonghua Book Company 1982 edition). In 209 BC, 900 garrisons headed by Chen Sheng Wuguang held the first large-scale peasant uprising in China's history in osawa Township (now southeast of Suzhou, Anhui Province). This part of the excerpt describes the reason, process and the huge momentum of the uprising. Sima Qian (about before145-? ) Zi Chang, a native of Xiayang (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi) in the Western Han Dynasty. Historians and litterateurs devoted his whole life to casting the first biographical general history and 130 books in China. Later generations called this book Historical Records. Family, a kind of biographies in Historical Records, mainly records the affairs of princes. Chen Sheng's first act was against Qin, and he made great contributions, so he entered the "family".

2. Yangcheng: Now southeast of Dengfeng, Henan.

3. Yangxia: Now Taikang, Henan.

4. Try to farm with people: I have been employed to farm with others.

5. On the ridge of ploughing: stop farming and walk to the highland beside the field. Go, go.

6, regret for a long time: I sighed and hated for a long time because of disappointment. Disappointed, disappointed.

7. If.

8. If: You.

9, sigh: sigh.

10, hehu: interjection, equivalent to "alas".

1 1, Swallows know the ambition of a swan: How can swallows know the ambition of a swan? Swallow, bird, metaphor for short-sighted people. A swan, a swan, is a metaphor for a person with great ambitions.

12, the first year of II: 209 BC. After the death of Qin Shihuang, his youngest son, Hu Hai, succeeded him as emperor and was called II.

13, send a left to defend Yuyang: send poor people to station in Yuyang. In ancient times, there were 25 families, the poor lived in the left, and the rich lived in the left. Lv Zuo is used to refer to the poor people. Yi: Pass "Yi". Garrison, force to guard the border. Yuyang: Now it's southwest of Miyun, Beijing.

14, Tun: Stop.

15, all times: all are included in the garrison team. Times, times. When the line, when in the list of levy.

16, Tunchang: the small leader meeting of the garrison team: coincidentally, happened to meet.

17, will: coincidentally, happen to meet.

18, overdue: overdue.

19, death: escape.

20. Make a big plan: launch a big event. Of an uprising.

2 1, etc.: the same.

22. Dead country: Die for state affairs.

23. Bitter Qin: Suffering from the rule of Qin.

24. Li: refers to Li as the monarch.

Fu Su: the eldest son of Qin Shihuang.

26, to count the reasons: because of repeated exhortations. Count, repeatedly.

27, the ambassador will be a soldier: the emperor sent him to lead the troops outside.

28. Xiang Yan: When Qin, the general of Chu, destroyed Chu, he was besieged by Qin Jun and committed suicide.

29, pity: love.

30. Be sincere to all of us: If we put our people.

3 1, singing: through "advocating", starting.

32. Appropriate multi-responders: There should be many people who respond.

33. Naixingbu: Go to divination.

34. Meaning: intention.

35, the first step: refers to the other party. A courtesy title used by the ancients for others.

36, knowing ghosts: ask things like ghosts and gods! The ghost of divination is: "divination is to the ghost", and the word "Yu" is omitted.

37, thinking about ghosts: consider the ghost. Read, consider, think.

38. Wei Zhong: Wei Fu everyone.

39. Nai Dan wrote "Chen Shengwang" on the silk: just write the words "Chen Shengwang" on the silk with cinnabar. Cinnabar, cinnabar. Book, write. King, be king.

40. Put it in the belly of fish caught by others: put it in the belly of fish caught by others. Fishing net, used as a verb here, is to catch with a net.

4 1, solid to blame: naturally blame this matter. With, pass "already".

42. secret order: secret order. Occasionally, privately, hiding.

43. In the temple next to the station: in the temple in the jungle next to the station. Second, travel or March stops on the way. Second place, here refers to the place where the army is stationed. A place where bushes, trees, ghosts and gods are sent. Congci, shrine.

44. bonfire: cover it with fire. It means pretending to be a "ghost fire" with a bonfire. Gou, cage.

45, fox: make the piercing sound of the fox howling.

46. Dan Day: The next day.

47, often language: talk about it everywhere.

48. Pointing: Pointing and gesturing to each other.

49, mostly for users: mostly for him. What this means here is that the garrison soldiers are more willing to listen to Wu Guang's orders.

50. General: An officer who escorts (guards).

5 1, angry captain: the captain is angry. I am angry.

52. Make it humiliating: make the captain responsible for humiliating him. , refers to Wu Guang.

53. Beat with a whip, a stick, or a bamboo board.

54. Jian Ting: The sword is drawn out of its sheath.

55. and: together.

56. Summoning followers: Call and order the people they belong to.

57. Gentlemen: All of you. Male, honorific for each other.

58. Don't be beheaded by your brother's order: even if you can only avoid being beheaded. Borrow, brother and order all mean "even if".

59. Sixteen or seven: six or seven out of ten.

60. Princes and princes will have seeds: Do Princes and princes have natural and expensive seeds? Ning, don't.

6 1, ordered: obey orders.

62. Follow the wishes of the people: follow the wishes of the people.

63. Take the right side: obey (your) orders.

64. Alliance for the altar: Build a platform and take an oath. Pledge, pledge.

65. Sacrifice to the head: Sacrifice to heaven with the head of the head.

66. Du Wei: An officer next to a general.

67. Collect troops from osawa Township and attack Jixian County. Thistle, in the south of Suzhou, Anhui Province.

68. Down: Take down and conquer.

69. Fu Li: Now Suzhou, Anhui.

70. Yan: Capture. Refers to leading an army to patrol and subdue people.

7 1, Luo, Luo, Ku, Zhe, Qiao: Qin place names, Luo. Qiaocheng is now in Anhui. Zan, Ku and Zhe are now in Henan.

72. Retreat troops: Collect troops along the road during the March.

73. ratio: wait until.

74. Chen: The name of Qinshi County is now Huaiyang, Henan Province.

75, Shouling is absent: the county magistrate and county magistrate are absent. During the Qin Dynasty, Chen County belonged to Dangxian County and was the seat of the county government, so there was a first order.

76. Shoucheng: An official guarding the city.

77. Qiaomen: the hole in the city gate.

78. Sanlao: a township official in charge of education in feudal society.

Hero: This refers to local people with aspirations.

80. Accounting with Gelai: Let's gather and discuss together.

8 1, the body is determined: wearing armor and holding weapons, which means fighting in person. Be, pass "wearing". Strong, refers to the real armor. Hold, hold tightly. Sharp, refers to weapons.

82. Country: country.

83. The nickname is Zhang Chu: It is declared that it wants to expand the Chu State, that is, to revive the Chu State. Number, claim. On the one hand, the country was named "Zhang Chu".

84. Punish its long-term officials: punish the local county chiefs. Punishment, punishment