Chinese Guangzhou Xinyuan snake venom distribution department is approved by the state industrial and commercial departments specialized in the production / distribution of various kinds of snake venom lyophilized powder department. My department was established in 1995, is located in the former Guangzhou Xinyuan snake market, Guangzhou Xinyuan snake wholesale market for the whole of Asia's largest wholesale market for snakes, the average annual sales of venomous snakes for thousands of tons, in the pre-SARS Guangzhou Xinyuan snake farms are engaged in the snake industry more than 1,000 people, of which nearly 300 technicians, all kinds of venomous snakes snake venom resources are extremely rich. At present, China's research on snake venom and medicinal use for the benefit of mankind, in this best golden age so I department should be born. All the collection and processing of snake venom in our department adopt the domestic advanced equipment, high-tech purification, and the total annual production of all kinds of snake venom can be up to several kilograms, the quality of which is up to the national designated standard.
Zaocys dhnmnades is commonly known as the Wu Feng snake, Wu snake. Zaocys dhnmnades is commonly known as the Wu Feng Snake and Wu Snake. It is produced in various places, especially in Dongkou Burial Creek, and is an important traditional Chinese medicine.
The five-step snake Deinagkistrodon acutus is commonly known as "pay snake", "Zhaibuoshe", and "sharp-nosed pit viper". The mountainous areas of the counties are produced to Dongkou Naxi the most, the county herbal medicine company in the place of the annual acquisition of dry goods about 50 kilograms. Prey on rats, snakes, clear scorpions, birds, frogs, etc., often coiled curled up on leaf litter or rocky holes, the head is located in the middle of the so-called "Guanyin sitang", frightened, then violently attacked for the teeth of highly venomous snakes, venomous discharge for an average of 222.2 mg each time, the most up to 542.4 mg. Dried venom for the treatment of disease medicine, the price per gram of 9000 U.S. dollars. Dried snake can dispel wind, vitalize, relieve pain and attack poison.
As far as is known, there are 2500 species of snakes in the world***, of which there are about 650 species of venomous snakes, threatening a vast area of one billion people. It is estimated that the number of people bitten by venomous snakes each year is more than 300,000, with a mortality rate of about 10%. China's two regions of snake infestation is serious, the annual incidence of snakebite is about 25 per 10,000 people.
One, China's snake resources
According to the examination, China *** have about 150 species of snakes, to the south of the Yangtze River and the southwestern provinces (districts) snake species and the number of more. China is one of the most snake-producing countries in the world, with about 40 species of venomous snakes, of which there are more than a dozen kinds of highly venomous snakes that can kill people. Dalian near the Bohai Bay, there is an area of only 0.63 square kilometers of Snake Island, there are more than 10,000 pit vipers, currently more than 1,000 per year to the rate of proliferation, is the world's unique pit vipers dense island. Venomous snakes do bring harm to the general public, but snakes also have great economic value, dried snakes, snake bile and snake molts are important sources of medicine. The snake venom extracted from the venom has a good analgesic and hemostatic effect, and the analgesic effect is relatively long-lasting and non-addictive. Snake skin has a variety of colorful patterns, can be used to make belts, purses and shoes, beautiful and applicable. Snake meat is tasty and edible.
Two, venomous snakes and snake venom classification
Viper head slightly triangular, colorful patterns on the body, the upper jaw has pairs of fangs, can be distinguished from non-venomous snakes. The fangs are in the form of grooves or tubes that communicate with the venomous glands, and when the muscles encasing the glands contract, the venom is discharged through the ducts to the fangs and injected into bitten humans and animals. (Figure 1-52)
Figure 1-52 Difference between venomous snakes and non-venomous snakes
(I) Classification of venomous snakes: venomous snakes can be roughly divided into three main categories
1. Neurotoxic venom-based venomous snakes: there are gold ring snakes, silver ring snakes and sea snakes, etc. The venom mainly acts on the nervous system, causing muscle paralysis and The venom mainly acts on the nervous system, causing muscle paralysis and respiratory paralysis.
2. Blood venom-based vipers: bamboo leaf green, viper and tortoise shell flower snake, etc., the venom mainly affects the blood and circulatory system, causing hemolysis, hemorrhage, coagulation and heart failure.
3. Vipers with both neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity: pit vipers, giant cobras and cobras, etc., whose venom has both neurotoxicity and hematotoxicity properties.
(2) The active ingredients of snake venom:
1. Neurotoxicity: mainly acts on the nervous system.
2. Cardiac venom: mainly acts on the heart to cause heart failure.
3. Cytolytic toxicity: can make blood cells destruction, vascular endothelial cell necrosis.
4. Hemagglutinin: can cause thrombosis.
5. Various enzymes: can cause hemolysis and tissue destruction.
(C) the toxic intensity of snake venom: the toxic intensity of the venom of various vipers is different, some vipers have high mortality rate after wounding; some only cause symptoms, the following table lists the comparison between the amount of venom released at one time by several species of venomous snakes and the fatal amount of dried venom. (Table 1-21)
Table 1-21 Comparison of the amount of venom released and the lethal amount (mg)
Name of venomous snakes Amount of venom released at one time Amount of dry matter Lethal amount of dry matter
Silver-ringed snake 5.4 1.0
Sea snake 6.0 3.5
The bamboo leaf green 14.1 100.0
Bamboo leaf green 14.1 100.0
Snakes with different intensity of toxicity have high mortality after wounding; some of them only cause symptoms. 0
Golden ringed snake 43.0 10.0
Pit viper 45.0 25.0
Viper 72.0 42.0
Giant eyed goggles 100.0 12.0
Eye gazelles 211.0 15.0
Three, the clinical manifestations
By the venomous snake bites, the patient appeared symptoms of the speed and severity with the species of venomous snake, snake species, snake species, and the severity. There is a clear relationship between the severity of the symptoms and the type of snake, the dose and nature of the venom. Of course, the location of the bite, the depth of the wound and the patient's resistance also have a certain impact. When a venomous snake actively injures someone in a hungry state, the amount of venom discharged is large and the consequences are serious.
(I) the performance of neurotoxicity caused by injury: the wound local numbness, loss of consciousness, or only a slight itch. Wound redness and swelling is not obvious, bleeding is not much, about half an hour after the injury,, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. In severe cases, dysphagia, hoarseness, aphasia, ptosis and diplopia may occur. Finally, respiratory distress, blood pressure drop and shock may occur, resulting in hypoxia, cyanosis and general paralysis. If rescue is not timely, respiratory and circulatory failure may occur, and the patient may die rapidly. Neurotoxicity is absorbed quickly and dangerously, and is often overlooked because of the mild local symptoms. The first 1-2 days of wounding is the dangerous period, once through this period, the symptoms can be quickly improved, and the cure does not leave any sequelae.
(2) the performance of blood poisoning: the localization of the bite is rapidly swollen, and constantly to the proximal side of the development of the wound, the wound severe pain, bleeding. The skin around the wound is often accompanied by blisters or blood blisters, subcutaneous petechiae and tissue necrosis. In severe cases, there is widespread bleeding throughout the body, such as subconjunctival petechiae, epistaxis, vomiting blood, coughing blood and urine blood. Individuals may also develop thoracic and abdominal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage, which finally leads to hemorrhagic shock. Patients may also suffer from cephalalgia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, joint pain and high fever. Because the symptoms appear earlier, generally more timely treatment, so the mortality rate can be lower than the patients of neurotoxic injuries. However, due to the rapid onset, the course of the disease is more persistent, so the risk period is also longer, treatment is too late, the consequences are serious. After cure, there are often local and visceral sequelae.
(3) the performance of mixed poisonous injuries: both neurotoxicity and blood poisoning symptoms. From the local wound similar to blood poisoning injuries, such as local redness, ecchymosis, blood bubble, tissue necrosis and lymphadenitis. From the view of the whole body, it is similar to neurotoxic injuries. The cause of death of such casualties is still mainly neurotoxic.
Four, the diagnosis of snakebite
diagnosis of snakebite to consider and solve the following problems
(a) whether snakebite: Dao first must be clear except the possibility of snakebite, other animals can also cause injury, such as amusement centipede bites, wasp chelsea injuries, but the latter caused injury to the local area are not typical of snakebite teeth marks, and there are their own characteristics: such as the centipede bite, local area of two dots arranged horizontally, there are two dots in a horizontal line. For example, centipede bites have two punctate marks arranged horizontally, while wasp or scorpion chelating wounds have a single scattered mark. In general, centipedes and other injuries, the wound is small, and no obvious systemic symptoms.
(2) whether the venomous snake bite: mainly rely on the special tooth marks, localized wounds and systemic manifestations to distinguish. Venomous snake bite, wound localization often left a pair or 3 ~ 4 fang marks. And obvious swelling and pain or numbness around the wound, localized petechiae, blisters or blood blisters, systemic symptoms are also more obvious. After non-venomous snake bites, two rows of jagged teeth marks can be left locally. (Figure 1-53)
Non-venomous snake teeth marks
Figure 1-53 Typical teeth marks of venomous and non-venomous snakes
(3) Which kind of venomous snake bite: It is difficult to accurately determine which kind of venomous snake caused the injury, and from the characteristics of the local wounds, we can preliminarily differentiate between neurotoxic and blood venomous snake injuries. The wound can be initially distinguished from neurotoxic snakebites and blood venomous snakebites by the characteristics of the local wound. The type of snake bite can be further determined by the specific clinical manifestations and by reference to the distance and shape of the teeth marks. (Table 1-22) For example, the pupils of cobra bites are often dilated, hematuria may appear within half an hour after viper bites, and diplopia may occur after pit viper bites.
Table 1-22: Spacing of the teeth of several major vipers
Name of viper, viper teeth spacing
(cm)
Teeth marks
Teeth marks
Bamboo viper 0.5 ~ 1.2 (eight) in the shape of a figure of eight
Vipers 0.5 ~ 1.2 (eight) in the shape of a figure of eight
Vipers 0.5 ~ 1.2 (eight) in the shape of a figure of eight
Pit vipers 0.6 ~ 1.2 () teeth spacing is small
Golden ringed snake 0.8 ~ 1.6 () "Pin" shape. The skin around the wound often has a lychee skin-like appearance.
Silver ringed snakes 0.8-1.4 ( ) "zigzag" shape, the wound skin is often torn.
Viper viper 1.0～1.5 ( ) Dark-colored tissues
Cobra 1.1～1.9 ( ) Petechiae and swelling around the wound are obvious
King cobra 1.5～3.0 ( ) Obvious swelling around the wound
Five-paced snake 1.5～3.5 ( ) Large teeth spacing, bleeding, and blisters and blood bubbles are often present locally.
V. Prevention of venomous snake bites
Snake bites are a serious threat to the health of the majority of workers, should be in the most hazardous areas, to take active preventive measures to minimize the incidence of snake bites, reduce the mortality rate. First of all, to establish a complete snakebite prevention and control network, from the organization and manpower to be implemented, so that the task is clear, responsible for. Secondly, we should mobilize the public to improve the environmental hygiene around the house, thoroughly produce and remove weeds, clean up the rocks, block the holes, eliminate the venomous snake's hiding place, and often carry out the work of eliminating and catching snakes. At the same time to improve the basic knowledge of snakebite prevention. People engaged in labor production in the field, before entering the bushes, should first use a stick to drive away the poisonous snakes, in the deep jungles of the operation and duty, we should always pay attention to observe the surrounding situation, and timely eliminate hidden dangers, we should wear long-sleeved tops, pants and shoes and socks, and if necessary, wear a good straw hat. Don't panic when encountering poisonous snakes, you should use left and right turns to avoid the pursuing snakes, or stand still, face the snakes, pay attention to the incoming trend of left and right to avoid, and look for the opportunity to pick up the branches for self-defense. Limbs rubbed anti-snake liquid and mouth and eyes snakebite antidote tablets, can play a role in preventing snakebite.
Six, snake bite treatment
Site first aid after a snake bite is very important, should take a variety of measures to rapidly discharge the poison and prevent the absorption and spread of venom. After arriving at a qualified medical station, comprehensive measures should continue to be taken, such as thorough debridement, internal and external application of effective snake tablets, application of antivenom and systemic supportive therapy.
(I) Prevent absorption of venom: After being bitten, snake venom rapidly enters the body within 3-5 minutes, and effective measures should be taken as early as possible to prevent the absorption of venom.
1. Tying method: It is a simple and effective method, and also a self-rescue and mutual rescue method which is easy to do on the spot. That is, after being bitten by a poisonous snake, immediately with cloth, hand towel or bandage, etc., in the injured limb proximal 5-10 centimeters or in the root of the injured fingers (toes) to be tied, in order to reduce the venous and lymphatic reflux, so as to achieve the purpose of temporarily preventing the absorption of snake venom. During the evacuation, the ligature should be loosened every 20 minutes, 1-2 minutes each time, to prevent limb stasis and tissue necrosis. Only after the wound has been thoroughly cleaned and treated and snake tablets have been taken for 3-4 hours can the straps be removed.
2. Ice: When possible, use ice on the injured limb at the same time as tying to shrink the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and slow down the absorption of snake venom. The injured limb or finger can also be immersed in 4-70C cold water, 3-4 hours and then switch to ice packs cold packs, lasting 24-36 hours, but the local cooling at the same time to pay attention to the whole body warmth.
3. Injured limb braking: walk slowly after injury, can not run, in order to reduce the absorption of toxins, it is best to put the injured limb in a low position after temporary braking, sent to the medical station. If necessary, you can give the right amount of sedation to keep the patient quiet.
(2) Promote the discharge and destruction of snake venom: the snake venom stored in the wound localization, should take appropriate measures to promote its discharge or destruction. The simplest way is to suck with the mouth, after each sucking to make water rinse mouth, of course, the sucker cavity mucosa and lips should be ulcerated. Can also be used to suck the breast instrument cupping and other methods, suck out the snake venom in the wound, the effect is also more satisfactory.
Wounds deeper and contaminated, should be thoroughly cleaned. After disinfection should be centered on the tooth mark, the wound for the "+" or "+ +" shaped incision, so that the residual snake venom to facilitate the outflow, but the incision should not be too deep, so as not to injure the blood vessels. Bite times position in the hand or foot, can also be used three-pronged needle or knife tip in the eight evil points or eight wind points, to the proximal subcutaneous stabbing one centimeter, from near to far gently massage, to accelerate the discharge of snake venom. After the wound is enlarged, a variety of drugs can also be used for local wet compresses or rinsing, in order to achieve the purpose of destroying or neutralizing the snake venom. Commonly used compresses are 30% salt water or alum water, for wound flushing of the external drugs are 1:5000 potassium permanganate solution and 5% -10% salt water.
Trypsin local injection has a certain role, it can this decomposition and destruction of snake venom, thus reducing or inhibiting the patient's symptoms of poisoning, the use of saline 2-4 ml of dissolved trypsin, in the base layer of the wound and the surrounding injections, can be repeated after 12-24 hours. Injection of tachycardia, sodium diuretic acid or mannitol can accelerate the elimination of snake venom from the urinary tract.
(3) Inhibition of snake venom effect: mainly internal and external application of effective herbs and snake tablets to achieve detoxification, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, cardiac and diuretic effects, antivenom has been widely used in the clinic, and the effect is better on the same species of venomous snake bite.
1. A variety of snake tablets: currently used in clinical snake tablets have more than ten kinds, the use of first of all, we must find out the use of tablets for which venomous snakes are effective, followed by the use of medication to be early, the dosage should be large, the course of treatment to be long. Finally, must be targeted to use other Chinese and Western medicine auxiliary treatment. Clinically the most widely used is Nantong snake medicine tablets (also known as Ji Desheng snake medicine tablets), should be served immediately after the injury 20 tablets, and then every 6 hours to serve 10 tablets, continued until the poisoning symptoms are significantly reduced. At the same time, the tablets will be warm water into a paste, coated in the wound around the upper end of the swelling and limb 3-4 centimeters, Guangzhou snake tablets (He Xiaosheng snake tablets) is also better, immediately after the injury to serve 5 tablets, and then every 3 hours to serve 5 tablets, the amount of serious cases of doubling the amount of medicine. In addition, Shanghai snake tablets for pit viper bites, snake three full snake tablets for gold ring snake and silver ring snake bites.
2. Herbal single formula: available fresh half lotus (whole grass) 30-60 grams, mashed and take the juice of the internal service, there are detoxification and diuretic detoxification effect. Can also be used fresh sapium sebiferum young shoots 30 grams, mashed to take the juice of the internal service, dregs of the external application, can prevent snake venom attack.
3. Serum treatment: antivenom has a certain efficacy on snake bites, monovalent serum efficacy can be as high as 90%, but multivalent serum efficacy is only 50%. At present, the trial has been successful serum anti-viper venom serum, anti-cobra venom serum, anti-five-step snake venom serum and anti-silver-ringed snake venom serum, etc., and some have been refined into a powder, easy to save. Skin sensitization test should be done before using antivenom, and those who are negative can be injected.
(4) systemic supportive therapy: days after the snake bite, the condition is more serious, poisoning symptoms are obvious, often accompanied by varying degrees of water and electrolyte disorders and shock, the serious cases will appear respiratory failure, heart failure, acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia. Therefore, active systemic treatment and correction of the function of major organs are important. When blood pressure is low, blood transfusion and rehydration should be given promptly, anti-shock treatment, respiratory stimulant and oxygen inhalation should be given when respiration is weak, and assisted respiration should be carried out if necessary. The application of adrenocorticotropic hormone and antihistamine has a certain effect on neutralizing the toxin and reducing the symptoms of toxicity. Systemic anti-infective drugs, which are important in combating local tissue necrosis, are routinely injected with TAT to prevent tetanus.
Snake breeding
Snake is a precious biological resource. Snakes can be used for food, medicine, piano, etc., the whole body is a treasure, known as the "mountain treasures". Snake marketing, high prices, the domestic purchase price of 40 to 60 yuan per kilogram of live snake and snake meat; five-pace snake 250 to 400 yuan per kilogram; 1 gram of silver-ringed snake toxin price of 1,000 yuan; raw snake bile as high as 2,000 to 3,000 yuan per kilogram. The price of 5 grams of snake venom in the international market is as much as 1,000 U.S. dollars, 20 times more expensive than gold. Artificial snake breeding cycle is short, high efficiency, is a good way for farmers to get rid of poverty and become rich, but also to revitalize the rural economy of the "golden cause".
1 Snake habits
1.1 Snake's activity pattern Snake is a thermophile, body temperature with the environmental temperature changes, so the snake winter hibernation spring, summer and fall active. Snake activity temperature is 10 ℃ ~ 35 ℃, the snake's activity pattern is also different because of its species, such as cobras, king cobras like to be active during the day, known as diurnal snakes; such as gold ringed snakes, silver ringed snakes, chrome iron head like to be active at night, known as the nocturnal snakes; such as the five-step snake, the belly of the snake is happy to be in the light of the weaker situation (night and rainy daytime) activities, known as morning and evening snakes.
1.2 Habitat environment of snakes Different types of snakes have different habitats. The golden ringed snake often inhabits the humid environment and the water's edge, the mountainous areas of the ringed snake inhabits the plains and hilly areas of paddy fields, ponds, low-lying wetlands; cobra inhabits the mountain slopes, hills and plains of the wall base, the rocky glade, mounds, bushes; king cobra inhabits the plains and mountainous areas, the activities of mountain and streams, or creeping trees and rock crevices; the five-step snake inhabits the mountainous areas of the woodlands and the forests, used to coiled in the caves on the rocks, the shade of wet rock crevices, rocks and weeds next to streams, the five steps snake inhabits the forests and forests, used to coiled in caves on rocks, wet rock crevices , stream-side rocks and weeds; belly snake inhabits the plains and hilly areas of the decadent walls, waste dikes and vegetable fields before and after the village bay; viper inhabits the hilly areas in summer, moving to the plains in winter, and is mostly seen in paddy fields or dark and cool ventilated places in the fall.
1.3 Snake's diet Snake's diet is very wide, earthworms, slugs, spiders, insects and their larvae, fish, frogs, rats, lizards, birds, rabbits, etc. are good erbium snake material, but different types of snakes, the object of ingestion is also different. For example, golden ring snakes mainly feed on other snakes, as well as fish, frogs, lizards, rats or other small mammals; silver ring snakes feed on fish, frogs, lizards, rats or other small mammals; cobras feed on lizards and bird eggs in addition to the same as silver ring snakes; sharpnose snakes mainly feed on rats or other small mammals and frogs, but also feed on lizards and birds; belly snakes feed on fish, frogs, lizards, rats, and other Fish, frogs, lizards, mice and other mammals.
2 Snake feeding management
Snakes are fed according to different snake species and local conditions. Generally every two weeks feeding, each feeding food amount is 45% of body weight, but the food should be diversified and fresh. The feeding address should be fixed, generally should be chosen in the snake often frequented. If the snake's food is insufficient, available crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, phosphorus, calcium and a small amount of inorganic salts plus vitamin A, B2 amount of water into the sausage made of sausage, enticing the snake to eat. For the loss of appetite of the snake can also be instilled with vitamin B, in order to promote the snake's appetite, enhance the metabolism, if necessary, can be artificially filled.
The snake's drinking water should be clean and hygienic, and the water in the pool should flow frequently and never be contaminated. In the management of the snake, the key to grasp the six points: (1) snake field, snake room should be cleaned often, keep the ground clean and dry; (2) snake nests in the sand and hay to be regularly replaced; (3) on the rotting and spoiled food should be removed in a timely manner; (4) to frequently check the temperature and humidity inside the snake nest, pay attention to the warmth of the winter, the summer should be well cooled down, the hole should be placed in the humidity regulator, the general hole humidity should be maintained 20% or so. At the same time, but also often check the health of the snake, such as found abnormal activities, crawling difficulties or obvious symptoms of injury and disease of the snake, that is, move out of the isolation feeding, and give treatment for other treatment; (5) snake farms, snake room enclosure walls should be frequently checked, timely repair holes or cracks, to prevent the escape of venomous snakes, and to prevent venomous snakes from predators; (6) snake management personnel to enter the snake farms, snake rooms, should wear protective clothing, carrying tools to catch snakes, and to prevent the snake from natural enemies of the attack; (6) snake management personnel into the snake farms, snake rooms, should be protected (6) When entering the snake farm and snake room, the snake management personnel should wear protective clothing and carry snake catching tools, and there should be two people entering the field at the same time in order to take care of each other and prevent being bitten by poisonous snakes. Snake farms should also be equipped with first-aid medicines or instruments for snakebites all year round.
3 Disease control of venomous snakes
Diseases of venomous snakes mostly occur in late spring after hibernation. Diseased snakes are often lying outside the nest, gray and dull, rarely eat, slow reaction, half-open or closed mouth, do not spit out the tongue or rarely spit out the tongue, barely crawling, the trail is more zigzag and slow. General common disease control methods are as follows:
3.1 Mycoban disease Mostly in the rainy season, the snake often occurs on the abdominal scales of some black mold, mold further development can be ulcerated to death. Found mold spots, available 1% to 2% iodine with rubbing on the affected part of the snake, 1-2 times a day, 7 days or so can be cured. Prevention can be used in the snake's nest of raw ash, charcoal, moisture absorption, and seriously improve the snake field hygiene.
3.2 Stomatitis The snake's two jaws are swollen, there is purulent secretion in the mouth, swallowing is difficult, if not treated in time, the snake will die easily. The mouth can be rinsed with Reflono solution or boric acid solution, and then the affected area can be rubbed with gentian violet solution once a day until there is no purulent secretion.
3.3 Acute Pneumonia Diseased snakes have difficulty breathing with their mouths open and lesions in the lungs, often leading to death. Found that the diseased snake should be immediately isolated, strengthen the maintenance, avoid cold insulation, increase nutrition, with 100,000 units of streptomycin infusion, twice a day, with the drug 3 ~ 4 days, can be expected to be cured; or 100,000 units of penicillin to the diseased snake intramuscular injection, twice a day, the effect is better.
3.4 Parasitic diseases Vipers are easily infected with parasitic diseases when ingesting animal feed. The light is to weaken the snake's physique, so that the complication of other diseases, the heavy is very quickly die. Generally, as long as the instillation of trichlorfon or levamisole tablets. Can be deworming, to achieve the therapeutic effect. (Source: China Breeding Information Network)
Livestock price information of Global Exchange Market in Nanhai, Guangdong, China
(July 13)
Field fowls unity 12.90 yuan/catty Global Exchange Market 2000-7-10
Grouse unity 19.00 yuan/only Global Exchange Market 2000-7-10
Pearl chicken stock 19.00 Yuan/pc Global Market 2000-7-10
Bamboo chicken stock 8.00 Yuan/pc Global Market 2000-7-10
Partridge stock 8.00 Yuan/pc Global Market 2000-7-10
Silver-ringed Snake stock 25.00 Yuan/catty Global Market 2000-7-10
Silver-ringed Snake stock 25.00 Yuan/catty Global Market 2000-7-10
Silver-ringed Snake stock 25.00 Yuan/catty Global Market 2000-7-10
Water Chicken stock 19.00 Yuan/pc
Water Rhythm Snake: 30.00 RMB 45.00/catty Globe Market 2000-7-10
Usage Snake: 18.00 RMB/catty Globe Market 2000-7-10
Cobra: 35.00 RMB/catty Globe Market 2000-7-10
Cobra: 140.00 RMB/catty Globe Market 2000-7-10
Cobra: 140.00 RMB/catty Globe Market 2000-7-10
Transient Peak: 140.00 RMB/catty catties Global Market 2000-7-10
The Banyan Tree 20.00 Yuan/catty Global Market 2000-7-10
The Golden Ring Snake 30.00 Yuan/catty Global Market 2000-7-10
The Five-step Snake 100.00 Yuan/catty Global Market 2000-7-10
Deinagkkan Viper Deinagkistrodon acutus
Species Name: Deinagkistrodon acutus
Species Characteristics: [Identifying Characteristics] The head is large, triangular, with a short, upturned protuberance at the end of the muzzle formed by the muzzle scales and snout scales. The dorsum of the head is dark brown with symmetrical large scales with buccal fossae. Body dorsum dark brown and tan, with a line of 15-21 + 2-6 large square patches on the dorsal median. Ventral surface white with interlaced dark brown patches. Body stout and short, longest male 1335 + 206 mm, female 1238 + 165 mm. dorsal scales 21(23)-21(23)-17(19) rows, outermost 1-3 rows with only very fine weak ribs, the rest with strong ribs in nodules, body surface rough; ventral scales male 152-169, female 162-171. anal scales complete. Anal scales complete. Subcaudal scales 51-61 in males, 48-63 in females, mostly double rows. One scale at the tip of the tail is laterally compressed and long and pointed, commonly known as "Buddha's fingernail".
[Distribution] The distribution range in China is roughly east of 104°E longitude and between 25° and 31°N latitude. Known distribution areas are Anhui (south), Chongqing, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian (north), Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi (north), Guizhou, Guangdong (north) and Taiwan Province. It is found abroad only in northern Vietnam.
[BIOLOGY] It lives in mountainous or hilly areas at elevations of 100 to 1,400 m. It is mostly found in 300 to 800 m. It is also found in the south of China. It mostly inhabits the valleys and streams near 300-800 m, and occasionally enters mountain villages and houses, frequents kitchens and bedrooms, and is closely associated with forests. In hot weather, the sharp-nosed pit vipers go into the rocks, grasses, and the shade under the roots of trees in the valleys and streams to spend the summer, and in winter, they overwinter in the rock crevices and earth holes on the sunny mountain slopes. It prefers to feed on rodents, birds, frogs, toads and lizards, and especially preys on rodents with the highest frequency.
[Estimated quantity] The pit vipers are widely distributed in our country, among which the Wuyi mountainous area and the southern Anhui mountainous area have the largest amount of storage. According to the number of dried pit vipers purchased in the production areas of each province in the past years and the sampling survey of key production areas, there are still 10 million wild state pit vipers in China. Snake parks about 10,000 artificially bred.
[Hazardous factors and the current situation] Deforestation, destruction of vegetation, so that the habitat of the sharp-nosed pit vipers gradually deteriorate, coupled with a large number of killings, sharp-nosed pit vipers population has been greatly reduced. In recent years, snake merchants and traders have been active in the production area, raising the price of purchase and killing more and more people, and a large number of snake resources have been damaged. A county in Jiangsu Province is engaged in the snake business of more than 30,000 people. A snake farm in a county in Fujian, 1986 acquisition of live pit vipers more than 3,000, with wooden boxes stored indoors, after a number of venom collection, died one after another. Jiangxi Jingdezhen City to Hukou City, 100 km along the highway, in 1986, there are hundreds of snake collection points, only in April killed up to 10 tons of pit vipers, sharp-nosed vipers, cobras and other non-venomous snakes in larger quantities. The killing of pit vipers is gradually increasing, and this momentum is difficult to control for a while.
[Domestication and reproduction status] The sharp-nosed pit vipers population is decreasing, causing our biological workers and the attention of the people's government, Zhejiang Medical University, Qimen Institute of Snake Injury, Fujian Medical College and other units have been set up in the snake park for artificial breeding experiments. In recent years, nearly a hundred small farms have been set up all over the country to raise sharp-nosed pit vipers. But because of the investment is small, the technical force is insufficient, the feeding conditions are poor, the effect is not big. 1985 China herbal medicine company invested tens of thousands of yuan, and Anhui province Chinese herbal medicine company signed a contract, by the Qimen snakebite research institute, Qimen science and technology commission experimental station, huizhou area science and technology commission and huizhou Chinese herbal medicine company and other units of the organization of force, in qimen county construction of the mimic of the snake garden, for the artificial breeding of pit vipers research. After several years of work, has solved the sharp-nosed pit viper adult snake breeding in captivity, artificial incubation of snake eggs, young snake cultivation and sharp-nosed pit viper overwintering and other technical problems. For the first time, a batch of 1 to 4-year-old pit vipers were bred artificially.
[Existing protection measures] The People's Republic of China Forest Protection Law and the People's Republic of China Environmental Protection Law provide for the relevant provisions, and the corresponding orders and regulations of each province and city to protect snake resources. The People's Government of Anhui Province also listed the sharp-nosed pit viper as a key protected animal, and the provincial government pointed out in 1984 in the "Notice on the Protection of Snake Resources" that: no unit or individual is allowed to hunt, kill, or purchase snakes, including venomous and non-venomous snakes, at will. The administrative department of industry and commerce does not issue business licenses to those who deal with snake products. Some nature reserves have been established in the main production areas of the sharp-nosed pit viper, such as the Wuyi Mountain Nature Reserve in Fujian Province, the Huangshan Mountain Nature Reserve in Anhui Province, and the Guniujiang Nature Reserve. The establishment of these nature reserves, so that the forest is protected, will improve the habitat of the sharp pit vipers, is conducive to the prosperity of the sharp pit vipers.
[Further protection measures should be taken]
①The sharp-nosed pit viper is a precious snake species unique to our country, should be listed as soon as possible as a national second-class protected animals, and is strictly prohibited indiscriminate hunting and killing.
②The State Council should be modeled after the State Snake Island in Liaoning as a national key nature reserve, in the key production areas of the sharp pit vipers, the establishment of the sharp pit viper nature reserve.
③Commercial and foreign trade departments should control the export of dried snake vipers; publicity departments, especially newspapers and magazines, should stop publishing articles on getting rich by catching snakes, so as not to attract more people to engage in the activities of catching and killing snakes.
④Increase investment, the establishment of artificial breeding centers of sharp-nosed pit vipers, the organization of technical research, to solve the problem of turning the wild into domesticated.