Hakka is an important part of local residents in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan Province and other provinces in China. As one of the Han immigrants in the ancient history of China, Hakka is one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching Han people in the world.
The word "Hakka" originated in Siyi area of Guangdong Province, which is the name of Siyi ethnic group to the ethnic group who moved from eastern Guangdong at that time (Qing Dynasty) (also known as resurgence Lai Min).
In the old days, the elders in the southern Hakka areas all claimed to be Fu Guang people, Lingdong people or Zhou Xun people, Jiaying people, Tingzhou people, Shaozhou people and Ganzhou people, or they were directly named after local counties.
The word "Hakka" is widely known because of Luo Xianglin's Hakka theory, and has gradually become the name of ethnic groups. Many people begin to accept that they call themselves Hakkas, [10- 1 1], but there are still many areas that are still unclear about this title.
The earliest person who studied and recorded the Hakka problem was Xu, a peacemaker from Huizhou in Qing Dynasty. His Notes on Hu Feng was written in the twentieth year of Jiaqing and the twentieth year of Yihai in Qing Dynasty (18 15), and he was the first person to systematically discuss Hakka issues. It is particularly noteworthy that Xu defined and discussed Hakka in Hu Feng's Notes.
Xu Xu once advocated that Hakkas moved southward from the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The relationship between Li Chen and the Han nationality in the Central Plains gives a fundamental description of Hakka loyalty, diligence, poetry, calligraphy, cultivation and martial arts. It is not complicated, but it is programmatic.
Hakka ethnic group is an important ethnic group that has lived in the south of China for more than 2,000 years since the Qin Dynasty, and it is the main local ethnic group in Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces.
Take Guangdong as an example. Compared with other Han people in Guangdong, the Hakka ethnic group was formed later (the term Hakka ethnic group was formed later here). In fact, Hakkas are a local people with thousands of years' history.
At the same time, Hakkas came to Guangdong no later than other Han people. The earliest residents of Meizhou, Heyuan and Huizhou in Guangdong Province were Hakka ancestors who assimilated some of the local aborigines.
Several major ethnic groups in Lingnan have already merged with Lingnan aborigines, but a large-scale integration began in Lingnan, Qin Zheng, and after three migrations (starting from the Central Plains, including northern Lingbei areas such as Chu, wuyue and Fujian), a relatively stable Han nationality was finally formed.
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Traditionally, the roots of Hakkas are in Heluo.
There are three bases for "taking root in Heluo": ① According to genealogy records, many Hakka genealogies record that ancestors lived in Heluo.
(2) the legend of mount tai Shi Gandang.
③ Hakka classical Chinese; It's a kind of Mandarin, much like Henan dialect in Zhongzhou.
Rooting in Heluo means that the lowest level of Hakka dialect comes from Heluo, not necessarily most Hakka people come from Heluo; In fact, there are many Hakka surnames, and each surname has its own specific source.
The migration of Hakkas includes the southward migration of Hakkas ancestors and the domestic migration and international migration of Hakkas in China.
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According to historical records, the first time Hakkas moved south was in the Qin Shihuang era.
After Qin Shihuang unified China in 22 1 BC, out of political and military needs, he sent 600,000 troops to "explore the south".
South of Qin Jun, it enters Ling Jie (namely Jieyang Mountain, now north of Jieyang County 150) from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and reaches the border of Xingning and Haifeng counties.
In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang sent another 500,000 troops to "defend South Wuling" (now Guangdong and Guangxi).
These soldiers have long been "guarding the five ridges and living in miscellaneous places."
After Qin's death, two groups of Qin soldiers who went south stayed in the local area and became the earliest Hakkas.
The second large-scale southward migration was during the "Yongjia Rebellion" at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and the "Five Rebellions" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The third large-scale southward migration was during the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty.
First, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, forcing a large number of people in the Central Plains to move southward.
The fourth large-scale southward migration was the southward crossing at the end of Song Dynasty.
The fifth southward migration was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
The sixth southward migration was during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the middle of19th century.
Hakka Migration Caused by Guangdong West Road Incident and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
After the Guangdong West Road incident, with the help of the government, most of the local Hakkas moved southward to Gao, Lei, Qin and Lian, especially Xinyi in Gaozhou and Xuwen in Leizhou, and even crossed the sea to Yaxian and Ding 'an in Hainan Island.
At that time, in order to escape the war, some Hakkas migrated to South Asia, and some were lured into indentured labor and taken to Malaysia, the United States, Panama, Brazil and other places.
[14] Facing customers
After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was dominated by family members, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty wanted to slaughter all the Hong people and other men, women and children who took part in the uprising, so many Hakkas changed their names or fled to other places.
A large number of Hakkas fled to Hong Kong, Macau, Shantou, Xiamen and Haikou, and were forced to work as coolies in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and North and South America, just like contracted Chinese laborers.
During this period, it mainly moved from central and eastern Guangdong to the west, south and Hainan and Southeast Asia.
In addition to the above six large-scale migrations to the south, there are also people who fled in the Central Plains due to droughts and floods, and other people who were officials, relegated, engaged in business and studied in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, but not all of them were Hakkas.
Hakka is a bloody ethnic group in the Han nationality.
[24] Since the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Hakkas have stepped onto the historical stage (such as Cai), from the Wang Group at the end of the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty's * *, and then to the anti-Japanese and anti-French resistance at the end of the Qing Dynasty, all of them are loyal and unswerving.
Hakka rose six times in modern times, and a large number of outstanding people promoted the historical process of China.
These "six incidents" refer to: the first Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was regarded as the "Hakka Revolution"; The second time, it was the "Reform Movement of 1898" with Hakka as one of the backbones. The third time, it was the "Xinhai Revolution" with Hakka as the main body; The fourth time, it was the land revolution in Hakka territory; The fifth time, as the world anti-fascist war-War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's eastern battlefield, China; The sixth time, People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, and there were a large number of Hakka leaders and war generals in Rongyuan.
As a clan of Han nationality, Hakkas played an important role in the modern historical process of China. [25] It gradually emerged in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911, the Agrarian Revolution and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Even the Reform Movement of 1898, which is generally considered to have little to do with Hakka people, was led by Hakka people. Among the six gentlemen of wyndell dichinson in Caishikou, Liu Guangdi, who is not only walking in Beijing, is a Hakka.
Huang Zunxian and Liang Qichao, the coach of the Reform Movement of 1898, have different general relations.
Chen Baozhen was sentenced to death and Huang Zunxian was almost killed.
Before the Reform Movement of 1898, the pioneer of Westernization Movement was Ding Richang, the representative of Hakka Westernization School.
In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the six commanders of the * * * ten war zones are all Hakkas (Zhang Fakui, Xue Yue, etc. ), and * * * two armies (the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army) are Hakkas, with Zhu De as the commander-in-chief of the Eighth Route Army, Lai Chuanzhu as the chief of staff, Liao Chengzhi as the director of the Hong Kong office, Ye Ting as the commander of the New Fourth Army, and the post-reconstruction chief of staff.
Crop planting
Agriculture is mainly based on planting grain and oil crops, followed by cash crops, and rice production is mainly based on rice, with both upland rice.
We also actively introduced excellent crops such as sweet potato, corn and wheat.
Gannan tea industry began in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Mining and metallurgical industry
Western Fujian is the origin of mining and metallurgy owners in Hakka area, which began to be mined in Song Dynasty and gradually flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Makeng Iron Mine is the largest iron mine in East China. Zijinshan copper mine is the second largest copper mine in China; Donggongxia kaolin mine is one of the four high-quality kaolin mines in China.
Ganzhou, Jiangxi is known as the "World Tungsten Capital" and "Rare Earth Kingdom".
manufacture
Tingzhou in western Fujian has become a famous paper-making area in China since the middle of Ming Dynasty. Jade buckle paper produced in Bao Si is the most famous printing paper for painting and calligraphy in China. Bao Si, together with Beijing, Hankou and Wan Hu, is known as the four ancient book engraving bases in China.
business
Ganzhou and Tingzhou became the largest commercial ports in Hakka areas in Ming Dynasty and xingning city in eastern Guangdong in early Qing Dynasty.
Hakkas have made a living from China, spread all over Hongkong, Taiwan Province and Southeast Asia, and produced a large number of successful Hakka businessmen.
Zhang Bishi of Changyu Group and Hu Wenhu, King of Tiger Balm, are representatives of early businessmen. The king of chemicals, the king of ties, the king of steel in Southeast Asia, the king of sweaters, Wu Huiquan, and the king of domestic products are all the best businessmen in the contemporary era.
As a clan from the Central Plains, Hakkas have moved south, and their costumes are generally not much different from those in the Central Plains.
Hakka costumes are simple and practical, spacious and simple.
The patterns on the costumes are simple, exquisite and profound, which is also the result of the exchange and integration between the Hakkas who moved south and the original ethnic minorities.
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Among Hakka ornaments, Hakka cool hats have to be mentioned. In Hakka areas, Hakka girls (Hakka women) wear a unique cool hat, which is made of thin pieces of contempt and straw.
[66] Hakka blue shirt is different from Hakka women's dress and is a kind of men's wear.
Hakka catering
Hakka cuisine is represented by Dongjiang cuisine.
The diet of Hakkas is similar to that of people in other parts of the Han nationality. Because of its unique geographical conditions and historical background. Its food culture is also unique, and its taste tends to be "fat, salty and cooked". Traditional Hakka dishes are: baked chicken with salt, stuffed tofu, braised pork with plum, and streaky chicken.
[67] Hakka Niangjiu, Hakka smashing tea, Hakka smashing tea culture, Hakka snacks, Hakka food, hakka yellow rice wine, Hakka potted dishes and Hakka glutinous rice balls are all manifestations of Hakka diet.
Hakka houses are divided into several schools, such as Gannan Hakka houses, western Fujian Hakka houses, eastern Guangdong Hakka houses and northern Guangdong Hakka houses.
Hakka enclosed houses and quadrangles in Beijing, caves in Shaanxi and Guangxi
Hakka dwellings in various places
Hakka Dwellings in Various Places (29 pieces)
The "column" and "one seal" in Yunnan are called the five traditional residential buildings with the most local flavor in China, and are called one of the five characteristics of China residential buildings by Chinese and foreign architectural circles.
[77-78] According to the investigation of historians, this kind of residential building is very similar to the apartment type of the noble courtyard in the Central Plains and has its historical origin.
Hakka ancestors were originally from the Central Plains, and moved south to the mountainous areas at the junction of Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian due to war and famine.
After the Hakka ancestors moved south to settle in Lingnan, they not only spread the advanced farming techniques in the Central Plains, but also maintained the traditional styles of the original buildings and houses.
Hakka wai houses can be roughly divided into: square and round earth buildings in western Fujian, mouth-shaped and Chinese-shaped earth buildings in southern Jiangxi, four-corner buildings and towers in northern Guangdong (such as the high wall of lake dam in Wengyuan), and wai houses in northern Guangdong (with the full house of Hakka wai houses in Aizi Town, Shixing, and Zhangbagua Wai in Simaoling, Jiangwei Town, Wengyuan as the most representative buildings). Longwu (such as Dihuaju, Renhou Wengong Temple, Rong Embankment, Guangyu Road, He Ziyuan's former residence, Guangludi, Zhang Bishi's former residence, etc.) around Meizhou in eastern Guangdong. ), Dragon House with watchtowers (such as Cangshiwei in Xingning), Wei Yuan, Banyuelou (Crescent House), Bajiaolou (such as Yunlou in Tai Po Road), polygonal surrounding houses and square and round earth buildings (such as Calyx Building in Tai Po).
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Ganzhou is the first stop for Hakka ancestors to move south to the Central Plains, the birthplace of Hakka people and one of the main settlements of Hakka people. Hakkas account for more than 95% in the city, which is known as the "cradle of Hakkas" in the world.
Up to now, there are still more than 600 magical Hakka enclosed houses, which are called "Oriental ancient Rome". The most well-preserved and representative ones are Kansai New Wai, Yi Yan Wai and Anyuan Dongsheng Wai in Longnan. Entering the enclosed house, you enter the ancient castle.
There is a large-scale Hakka cultural city here, which is a holy place for Hakka descendants to seek roots and worship their ancestors; There is also Bailu Village, an ancient Hakka village that has been dusty for a long time.
Yongding Hakka earth building is known as "a wonderful flower in the history of world architecture" and is listed in the world cultural heritage list.