What is the age of Ge Kiln porcelain?
Ge Kiln porcelain is from the Song Dynasty. It was fired in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty and was produced in Longquan, Zhejiang. "Ge Kiln" was one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty and played an important role in the history of ceramics. "Ge Kiln" is also one of the five famous kilns in China. Ge Kiln culture is an important part of Chinese culture, and its inheritance and development are of great significance to the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Extended information
Porcelain description: Ge kiln tires are mostly purple-black, iron-black, and also yellow-brown. The glaze is a devitrified opalescent glaze, with a layer of crisp light on the glaze surface. The glaze colors are mostly fried beige and gray-green, and the glaze surface has a combination of large and small grains. After dyeing, the large grained pieces are dark brown, and the small grained pieces are yellowish brown. They are also called 'golden iron wire', 'ink patterned plum blossom patch', 'leaf vein pattern', 'civilian and military patch', etc. This is one of the main characteristics of Ge Kiln handed down from generation to generation. The shapes of utensils include various bottles, stoves, statues, washers, bowls, basins, dishes, etc.
Origin of the name: According to legend, each of the Zhang brothers in Longquan was in charge of the kiln affairs in the Song Dynasty. The elder brother was called Ge Kiln, and it was one of the famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. The name of the kiln was first found in the book "Xuande Ding Yi Pu" in the Xuande period of the early Ming Dynasty. The inner treasury contains "Chai, Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun, Ding". The "Continuation of the Seven Revised Types of Manuscripts" published in the 45th year of Jiajing's reign stated that "Both the Ge Kiln and the Longquan Kiln came from Longquan County in the prefecture; in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were two brothers, Zhang Shengyi and Sheng, each of whom was in charge of a kiln, and the one who produced the same pottery was called the elder brother. The kiln is named after Zhang Sheng’s two pottery makers, Longquan, which is named after the place.
Porcelain characteristics: Ge kiln porcelain is distinguished by color, including moon white, gray yellow, pink blue, gray green, and so on. Putty, shades of beige, etc. The most striking feature of Ge Kiln porcelain is that the glaze is thick and delicate, and its luster is like gelatin. If you put it under a microscope, you can see that the bubbles contained in the glaze are like beads of foam, and the gelatinous glaze is There are ice-cracked nets of different sizes, dense or sparse, cracked between the surfaces. The light yellow ones are like gold wires, and the thin black ones are like iron wires. The two are intertwined with each other, so it is called "golden". "Silk", "iron wire".
Characteristics of Ge Kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty
1. Black body Song Ge Kiln
The basic feature of Song Ge Kiln in Song and Yuan Dynasty is black body; Purple mouth and iron feet; gold wire; Song Dynasty style; bubbles as dense as beads; glaze is devitrified opalescent glaze, with various glaze colors: pink blue, moon white, gray green, green and yellow.
2. Song Longquan Ge Kiln
The basic characteristics of Song and Yuan Ge Kiln are black body; purple mouth and iron feet; gold wire and iron wire; Song Dynasty style; bubbles as dense as beads; glaze color with Longquan color Characteristics of celadon.
3. Non-black Songge Kiln
Most of them were collected from the people by the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The basic characteristics are: dark gray, light gray, earthy yellow and other body colors. ; Purple mouth and iron feet; gold wire; Song Dynasty style; bubbles as dense as beads; glaze is devitrified opalescent glaze, with various glaze colors: pink blue, moon white, gray green, green and yellow.
4. Yuan Ge Kiln
Porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty is generally rough, and the porcelain body is generally thick and loose. The body of imitation Ge Kiln products is thick and heavy, and its body is loose and gray-yellow in color. , even small objects lack the ability to bend. The glaze is mostly light gray, the glaze is thin, turbid and dull, it seems that the heat is not enough, and it contains certain impurities, and the glaze is not uniform and clean, with small cracks and cracks. The pieces are messy and the tones are not clear, and they lack the natural, bright and orderly effect of Song Ge. There are fewer types of utensils, including tripod stoves, fish-ear stoves, plates and bile bottles.
The excavation of the remains of Laohudong in Hangzhou in 1996 found that the remains of Laohudong can be divided into three periods: the Southern Song Dynasty, the early Yuan Dynasty and the late Yuan Dynasty. The main remains from the early and late Yuan Dynasty are still products that are very similar to the official kiln porcelain, indicating that the Laohudong kiln site continued to produce utensils imitating the official kilns during the Yuan Dynasty. Among the remains from the late Yuan Dynasty, there is a type of utensils and some handed down from ancient times. The Ge kiln is very similar. Scientific determination by the Shanghai Ceramic Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that its chemical composition and microstructure are the same as those of the handed down Ge kiln. Therefore, the body colors include light gray, dark gray and black, and the glaze colors include blue gray and pink. Blue, azure.
5. Imitation Ge Kiln in the early Ming Dynasty
Imitation Ge Kiln porcelain in the early Ming Dynasty is similar to that in the Yuan Dynasty. See the double Ge Kiln unearthed from the Muying tomb in Nanjing during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty. The long-necked vase is gray-yellow in color, not solid and fine in texture, and has a moon-white glaze. The glaze is thin and not smooth, with small slices. The mouth is decorated with eggplant-purple yellow-brown glaze, and the shape of the vessel is tilted and irregular. The Yangzhou Municipal Museum also has the same pair of artifacts unearthed from Ming tombs. The glaze is the same as above, and it has the style of the early Ming blue and white ceramic tiles left in Nanjing Ming Forbidden City, Fengyang Ming Emperor Mausoleum and other places.
6. Ming Yongle imitation Ge kiln
The Yongle period imitation Ge kiln has a light and thin white body, a white and smooth glaze, and large cracks in the flakes. It is a new product of the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory. work. The actual object can be seen from the Yongle blue and white lotus petal pattern funnel collected by the China History Museum. The funnel is exactly the style of Ge Kiln.
7. Xuande imitation Ge kiln
The porcelain imitations of famous Song kilns in the Ming Dynasty were mainly concentrated in Xuande and Chenghua dynasties.
The glaze color of Xuande imitation Ge Kiln is usually light yellow and off-white, and the glaze surface has a slightly greasy feel. Although the glaze surface has orange peel wrinkles similar to those of white glaze, it is different from the unique buttery luster of Ge Kiln glaze in Song Dynasty. Wrinkles are never the same. The texture of the fetus is crisp and loose, the color is grayish-yellow, and there is no characteristic of "purple mouth and iron feet". The mouth edge does not show the "purple mouth" phenomenon, and the sole of the foot is purple in color. However, this is not due to the original color of the fetus, but a layer of sauce purple uranium. Most utensils can only show one color of flake pattern when opened. Some utensils also show gold and iron wires. The color is usually black and flashing red. There are more iron wires and less gold wires. The texture is stiff and the size of the flakes is unevenly distributed. The texture is slightly shiny black or yellow, and the color is light. The bubble characteristics are characteristic of Xuande period porcelain.
8. From the Zhengtong to Tianshun years
Imitation Ge kiln wares are mostly white glaze, often with natural cracks. The plum vase unearthed from a cellar in Lishui County, Jiangsu Province still has the style of Xuande ware.
9. Ming Chenghua imitation Ge kiln
The imitation Ge kiln products of Yu Kiln Factory are relatively unique, with few large pieces. The fetus is white, thin and hard, the enamel is thick and crystal clear, and has a strong luster. Glaze colors include azure, pink green, emerald green, moon white and yellow. The mouth and foot of the vessel can be divided into no color glaze or thick glaze with dark and light sauce yellow or dark brown. Some are extremely bright and some are dull. . The artifact is made of gold and iron wire, with two types of flakes: large and small, black in color and yellowish-brown in small flakes, some are slightly sparse and have stiff textures, and some are fine and unevenly distributed.
10. Ming Jiajing Imitation Ge Kiln
The level is extremely high, and some imitations were once regarded as genuine. Compared with the Song Ge kiln, the imitation Ge kiln of this period has a slightly thicker carcass. The utensils range from large to small, with thick and irregular shapes. The body white is slightly loose, the glaze surface is shiny and not moist, and the glaze colors include yellow, putty, off-white and light green. The yellow glaze generally has large flakes, while the gray glaze has many small flakes, and the pattern of the flakes is black. The mouth of the vessel is coated with yellow glaze or no colored glaze, and the luster can be bright or dark. The types of utensils include gourd vases, plum vases, incense burners, barrel stoves, elephant ear stoves, basins, washers, etc. Most of them are handed down from generation to generation, and stoves and bottles are also found in unearthed objects from tombs. The craft decoration uses exposed black iron-colored printed animal faces, banana leaf patterns, earrings, and carved and carved flowers, which are relatively novel.
11. Ming Dynasty Wanli Imitation Ge Kiln
Imitation Ge Kiln in the Wanli Period generally has a large and round shape, the body is mostly skewed, the workmanship is rough and irregular, and the body is white. The body is thicker or varies in thickness, and the enamel is both thick and thin. Those with small cracked flakes and broken patterns are mostly black, while those with large cracked flakes are mostly light red. Common utensils include plum bottles, skimming bottles, bile bottles, wall bottles, smokers, stoves, jars, chess jars, basins, washers, seal pools, Zhuge bowls, sunflower bowls, chrysanthemum petal bowls, etc. The mouth of the vessel is also decorated with sauce yellow or dark brown glaze to represent the "purple mouth". And derived from Ge Kiln blue and white, or add ocher and white as pattern decoration. The inscriptions include "good Yutang utensils made in the Wanli year", "good Yutang utensils", "Fu", "Ya", "Zhi", etc. There are many handed down items, and they have also been unearthed from tombs in the Wanli, Tianqi, and Chongzhen periods.
12. Ming Dynasty folk kilns imitating Ge kilns
Most of them are European kiln works. Zhu Yan of the Qing Dynasty said in "Tao Shuo": "In the Ming Dynasty, people with the surname Ou in Yixing County, Changzhou Prefecture in the south of the Yangtze River, made porcelain from the Ou kiln. Some imitated the patterns of Ge kilns, and some imitated the colors of Guan and Jun kilns."
It is characterized by a dark yellow glaze, smooth and smooth glaze, but not as greasy as Song Dynasty ware. The opening lines are sparse and the lines are clear and stiff. The end of the foot is covered with glaze, the bottom edge is glazed, and the center is glazed. There is no exposed area on the sole of the foot. The shape of the device is thick and the tire repair is irregular. Uranium colors include azure, pink blue, moon white, and beige.
13. Kangxi Imitation Ge Kiln
Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory inherited the craft tradition of the previous dynasty and also fired imitation Ge Kiln wares, and its craftsmanship level was greatly improved. At this time, the imitation Ge kiln wares have a solemn shape and a solid, thin and white texture. The glaze is firm, with strong vitreous luster, and comes in yellow, off-white, blue, green, red, apple green and other colors. The types of vessels include long-necked flat bottles, bile bottles, olive bottles, stoves, washers, plates, bowls, etc. Some of them are engraved with the word "Zhongcheng", which are works of Lang Kiln.
14. Yongzheng Imitation Ge Kiln
The level is extremely high and can look real. Most fetuses are thicker.
The Ge kiln porcelain body of the Yongzheng official kiln is iron-grey. After sintering, the appearance is iron-black or oily and shiny, and the glaze is smooth and smooth, with putty, gray-green and pink-green colors. Because the carcass contains iron, it has a natural purple-black color, and the glaze is exposed, so "purple mouth and iron feet" can also appear. Folk kilns have white bodies. The glaze has the jade texture of Song Ge kiln, with a crispy luster. There are many types of utensils, including decorative utensils such as bottles, stoves, and statues, as well as stationary supplies such as pen holders, basins, and paperweights, as well as daily porcelain such as plates and bowls. The "golden iron wire" is somewhat different from the Song Ge kiln. The pieces are not as finely divided, or even if they are finely divided, they are not as good as the Song glaze. There are more iron wires and less gold wires in the opening film. Most of the iron lines are black, a few are slightly blue, and the opening lines are mostly stiff. Generally speaking, the Song glaze openings are still zigzag in a small area.
The Qing Dynasty's imitation of Song Dynasty glazes did not simply pursue the craftsmanship of Song Dynasty glazes, but focused on embodying the basic characteristics and unique charm of Song Dynasty glazes. Therefore, less attention was paid to detailed features: such as thick glaze, thick glaze, etc. The medium-sized bubbles are small and the flake patterns are tortuous and graceful. The shape of some utensils directly adopts the shape of this dynasty. This brings certain convenience to the identification.
15. Qianlong Imitation Ge Kiln
Basically a continuation of Yongzheng. Except for some works from official kilns, most of the imitation Ge kilns are from private kilns. In addition to the characteristics of the Yongzheng imitation Ge Kiln, it is also commonly decorated with iron sand bronze patterns. There are more types of utensils. In addition to decorative utensils, stationery supplies, and daily porcelain, folk kilns also include Bodhidharma statues, incense burners and other religious utensils. Its craftsmanship, shape, texture, glaze color, etc. are basically the same as those of Yongzheng ware, except that the glaze color tone has developed from gray-green to off-white, beige, yellow, blue, and green. The "golden iron wire" is somewhat different from the Song Ge kiln. The pieces are not as finely divided, or even if they are finely divided, they are not as good as the Song glaze. There are more iron wires and less gold wires in the opening film. Most of the iron lines are black, a few are slightly blue, and the opening lines are mostly stiff. Generally speaking, the Song glaze openings are still zigzag in a small area.
16. Jiaqing Imitation Ge Kiln
In the early stage, it basically maintained the Qianlong standard. In the late period, the porcelain making technology was low and the products were rough, close to the Daoguang imitation Ge kiln. The enamel is thick, bright and bright, but the glaze surface is not uniform and clean enough. The body is thick, white in texture, the enamel is loose and thick, and the glaze is moon-white or pink-green in color. Bottles, basins, bowls, and washing utensils are generous and thick, and are often coated with black glaze to indicate "purple mouth and iron foot", or are not glazed to reveal a white body. Official kilns have inscriptions on them, while folk kilns often have "Chenghua Year System" inscribed on them and are painted in black.
17. Daoguang Imitation Ge Kiln
There is a lack of talent, and the porcelain produced follows the style of the late Jiaqing period. The characteristics of this period are: the texture is slightly loose, the glaze is thin, and the shape is clumsy. Due to uneven glazing, water ripples appear on the glaze surface, which is commonly known as "swaying glaze" or "wavy glaze" in the industry. Almost all porcelain has this feature. Porcelain from the late Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng periods all have this feature. Some utensils are smeared with yellow glaze on the rim, and some are smeared with black glaze on the bottom.
The glaze is still relatively thick, but not smooth enough, and the opening is not obvious enough.
18. Xianfeng Imitation Ge Kiln
In the eleventh year of Xianfeng's reign, porcelain production was concentrated from the first year to the fourth year. Five years later, due to the war, the Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory was closed. burn. The level of craftsmanship of the porcelain is the same as that of the Daoguang period, with the characteristics of wavy glaze. The glaze color changes to a pure pink-green color, similar to that of Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong imitation Ge kilns. Glazed or open or textureless.
19. Tongzhi, Guangxu and Xuantong imitation Ge Kiln
are all produced, which is not much different from Daoguang Imitation Ge Kiln. There are a small number of fine products in official kilns and private kilns, especially in the Guangxu Dynasty, there were many fine porcelains for palace use and export porcelain. No more "wavy glaze" on these fine products. However, the "purple mouth and iron feet" feature still depends on the application of sauce yellow glaze or black glaze. The glaze is loose and the flakes may appear black or transparent.
Since the Xianfeng period, the glaze color has gradually evolved into a pure pink-blue color, which is called Fangguan or Fangge, but it is in name only. The glaze is either open or without lines, and the lines are either black or white, and the bottom is mostly painted with black paint to act as an "iron foot".
20. Imitation Ge Kiln during the Republic of China
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, France, Japan, the United States and other countries aggressively collected Chinese porcelain. Due to the small number of handed down and unearthed products, they specialized in production and an industry emerged selling fake antiques. From 1912 to 1930, antique experts emerged one after another. Their quantity and variety are greater than any other period in history.
A large number of imitations have been exported abroad. In the ceramic catalogs published abroad from the 1930s to the 1970s, almost every book contains porcelain produced during this period and regarded as ancient porcelain. It is difficult to identify porcelain from this period. Many researchers classify porcelain that cannot be judged as either ancient porcelain or modern porcelain into this period. In fact, this is not a responsible approach, but this is the only way for now. This is just like the diagnosis made by a doctor who cannot determine the cause of the disease and just attributes it to "getting angry". The Palace Museum has collected a large number of antique porcelain from this period and is trying to study the patterns. However, no credible research results have yet been released.
The glaze colors of the imitation Ge kilns of this period were basically pink cyan and moon white. They did not have the characteristics of "purple mouth and iron foot", so they needed to be painted with sauce purple glaze or sauce yellow glaze to fake it.
The main features of authentic Ge Kiln porcelain from the Song Dynasty
The important feature of Ge porcelain is the cracking of the glaze, which is a natural cracking phenomenon that occurs on the glaze. Cracking was originally a defect in the firing of porcelain, but it was intentionally allowed to open, thus creating a unique beauty. The enamel of the Ge glazed porcelain of the Song Dynasty is bright and moist, and the entire glaze surface is intertwined and cut with two kinds of lines, thick and deep or thin and shallow. The term is called "ice crack lines" and is commonly known as "gold wire and iron wire". --Quoted from Baidu Encyclopedia
As one of the five major porcelains in ancient times, the Ge Kiln of the Song Dynasty plays a decisive role in the ceramic world and is also one of the favorite porcelains of many collectors. Bottles, stoves, statues, washbasins, bowls, and basins are the main shapes. In the Song Dynasty, they were basically porcelain used by officials. Folks rarely used such precious porcelain. The issue of Ge Kiln is still shrouded in mystery. So far, the understanding of Ge Kiln porcelain There is no detailed description of the craftsmanship and development process, and only fragments of it can be found in historical records.
Cracks will form on the surface of Ge kiln, which looks very layered. This explosive feeling adds a bit of mystery. The glaze layer of Ge Kiln ware is usually very thick, and it is the last glaze layer among all porcelains, so cracks can form on the surface. The cracks are mainly black, with yellow interspersed among them, forming fine and small flakes, all over the surface of the ware. .
Ge Kiln porcelain has been deeply loved by the public in ancient times, and a large number of imitations appeared during the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, imitation has always been the strong point of the Chinese people. Nowadays, it is quite rare to find the original authentic product. A Ge Kiln porcelain is also priceless. The Ge Kiln glaze is pure and thick, not very translucent, and it looks very spiritual and has a plate shape. Elegant and generous, it is the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient craftsmen.
The most important characteristics of Ge Kiln porcelain in the Song Dynasty
The Ge Kiln objects have a darker body color and a delicate texture. The dark body can also be seen on the edges of the feet and the thin glaze along the mouth edge. The production process is exquisite. , the burning method also uses pegs or pads to burn, and some stove utensils have extremely regular circular burn marks on the soles of their feet. There are fine flake patterns on the glaze. There are two types of patterns. One has larger black flake patterns, and the other has small yellow flake patterns in the black flake pattern. It is commonly known as "gold wire". One of the most striking features of kiln artifacts. --Quoted from the Internet
The Ge Kiln of the Song Dynasty was one of the five major porcelain kilns in my country. It has been the favorite porcelain of dignitaries since ancient times, and it is the porcelain with its own unique style. It contains the characteristics of traditional Chinese aesthetics and is made from the unique aesthetic perspective of the Chinese. It is a witness to the thousands of years of history and culture of Chinese civilization. It was the favorite porcelain of the Song Dynasty people and comes in a variety of colors such as green, gray, gray-green, cheese yellow, etc. , Ge Kiln porcelain is very precious, and only more than a hundred pieces have been discovered and circulated from ancient times.
There are bubbles in the Ge kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty. It’s hard to imagine how ancient people learned this production process. Even if science and technology are so advanced, few people can reproduce the original appearance of Ge Kiln porcelain in the Song Dynasty. The bubbles produced are looming like dewdrops, with a mysterious color, which is not found in other porcelain. Characteristics are also important features that distinguish other porcelain.
Historical books have detailed records of the Ge Kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty, but there is no record of the specific location where the Ge Kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty was produced. The production location of Ge Kiln porcelain in the Song Dynasty has become a mystery. No historical location has been found that can be verified, which casts a mysterious veil on the Ge Kiln porcelain of the Song Dynasty. The "purple mouth and iron feet" are an important way to identify Ge Kiln porcelain. .