On the Tusi System Implemented in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties China's political system covers a wide range, covering everything from central to local administration. At the local level, especially in ethnic minority areas, there is a special administrative system, that is, the Tusi system in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties that I will discuss below. Tusi system is also called "local official system". Its purpose is to "rule foreigners with foreigners." The chieftain system was called the Jimizhou system in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The central dynasty appointed local ethnic leaders as civilian local officials at the prefecture, state and county levels. The Yuan dynasty strengthened military rule and set up Wu Zhi local officials such as envoys for propaganda, appeasement, solicitation, and long lawsuits. Ming inherited the yuan system, and further improved the system of assessment, appointment and removal, tribute and transfer of local officials. In essence, I think the chieftain system is essentially the feudal lords system. Local officials are not only the highest political rulers, but also the local lords, who hold military, political and financial power. The chieftain system established a set of strict ruling institutions to govern the politics, economy, culture, litigation and punishment under its jurisdiction. Politically, relying on the feudal dynasty, conferring hereditary titles, dividing Xinjiang into different parts, and militarily implementing the system of local soldiers, the serfs were organized into local officials' armed forces by planting official fields and performing military service, maintaining local officials' rule and providing for the dynasty's conscription. Economically, local officials are the highest owners of the land under their jurisdiction, and they practice economic exploitation such as labor rent and physical rent. On the basis of summarizing the rule of the Han, Tang and Song dynasties, the Yuan Dynasty pushed the chieftain system to a new height. The ruling mode of the chieftain system in Yuan Dynasty began before the Central Plains was unified. After Kublai Khan entered Yunnan, faced with numerous and complicated ethnic groups in southwest China, how to stabilize his rule among ethnic groups in southwest China became the key issue whether the Southern Song regime could be finally eliminated and the whole country could be unified. Therefore, Kublai Khan summed up the experience of ruling the southwest nationalities in the past dynasties and decided to adopt the policy of appealing. After the unification of the whole country, the Yuan Dynasty began to establish chieftain rule in southern ethnic areas. The central government sent Mongolian official Daruhuachi to local governments at all levels to realize the rule of multi-ethnic Han nationality. In the southwest minority areas, Daruhuachi and local officials also ruled. Among them, in Sichuan, Yunnan, Huguang and other provinces, * * * has 296 administrative organizations of big and small toast. Among them, Sichuan Province Xuanweisi 1, Pacification Department 2, Manyi Road 3, Manyi Prefecture 6, Changlawsuit 2, Tujun 1, Manyi Qianhu Station 1, Manyi Cave 15, Manyi Chu 6 and Manyi Village 4; Yunnan Province Xuanwei Department 4, Xuanwei Department Marshal House 1, Xuanfu Department 3, Military and Civilian General Administration House 25, Manyi Road 19, Manyi Prefecture 39; Huguangxing Province Xuanwei Division 3, Xuanwei Division Marshal House 1, Pacification Division 13, Long Lawsuit 5, Military and Civilian General Administration House 5, Manyi Road 19, Manyi Prefecture 38, Tujun 2, Manyi Cave 16, Manyi Chu 3/kloc- These chieftain institutions have changed before and after. The Yuan Dynasty had specific regulations on the establishment, appointment, inheritance, tribute, obligation and recruitment of chieftain, and the chieftain rule system was basically established. The specific methods of the rule of the chieftain system in the Yuan Dynasty are summarized as follows: First, the establishment of various chieftain posts. In the Yuan Dynasty, the chieftain's official positions were as follows: Xuanwei Ambassador, Xuanfu Ambassador, Anfu Ambassador, Zhaoqiu Ambassador and long lawsuit. There are also many official positions such as offices of thousands of barbarians, caves, offices and villages under the Xuanwei Department, Xuanfu Department, Pacification Department, Zhaoqiu Department and the barbarian long lawsuit, all of which are local official names specially located in ethnic areas. In addition, roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties are also set up in ethnic areas or areas close to the mainland, and chieftains at all levels are also set up. The road is the head of the general administration, the prefecture is the magistrate, the prefecture is the prefecture, and the county is the magistrate. Second, the appointment of Hao chieftain of all ethnic groups as Tusi local officials at all levels. In the Yuan Dynasty, the chieftain of southern nationalities was widely appointed as a chieftain, and the chieftain was mostly the chieftain of all ethnic groups, from the ambassadors of propaganda, comfort, comfort, and long lawsuit to the heads of roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tuchieftain was also appointed as the official post in the book province of Hangzhong, and some Tuchieftain was appointed as the official post in the book province of Hangzhong, such as adviser, Zuo Cheng, You Cheng and Ping Zhang. The official position of Zhongshu Province is a virtual position with a title, and most of them do not participate in the management of Zhongshu Province. Third, the obligation of the toast is clarified. The Yuan Dynasty stipulated that the appointed chieftain must fulfill certain obligations to the central dynasty, and the tribute includes tribute and tribute. Fourthly, the system of pledge, inheritance, promotion and punishment of local officials is stipulated. The management of Tusi in Yuan Dynasty was clearly defined from the appointment, inheritance and promotion of Tusi to the punishment of Tusi. Once appointed, the local officials in the Yuan Dynasty were all hereditary, that is, the descendants of the local officials inherited it from generation to generation. In order to prevent attacks and mistakes in heredity, the Yuan Dynasty stipulated that the order of inheritance was first son, then nephew and brother, and the wife who had no sons, nephews and brothers could inherit, but she must be a native. In the Yuan Dynasty, those who made meritorious deeds could be promoted, while those who were guilty would be punished. The above reflects that the chieftain system in Yuan Dynasty has been basically established, but it is only in the initial stage of chieftain system.