The requirements of zucchini for environmental conditions are as follows:
Temperature: Zucchini has strong adaptability to temperature, and the most suitable growth temperature is 22-25℃. The lowest germination temperature is 65438 03℃, the germination rate is low below 20℃, and the optimum germination temperature is 28-30℃. When flowering and fruiting, the temperature should be above 16℃, higher than 30℃ or lower than 15℃, and the fertilization effect is poor. If it is higher than 32℃, the flower organs cannot develop normally. The optimum temperature for fruit development is 20-23℃. Cucurbita pepo has a strong tolerance to low temperature. When the night temperature is 8- 10℃ and the night temperature is 16-20℃, the fertilized fruit can grow into a big melon. When the temperature is higher than 30℃, it is easy to be infected with virus diseases.
Lighting: Zucchini has strict requirements on lighting, but it is also very adaptable. Both like light and are resistant to weak light, with sufficient light, full flower bud differentiation and good fruit development. After entering the fruiting period, strong light is needed. If the female flowers encounter weak light after pollination, it is easy to cause melon to melt.
Moisture: Pumpkin has developed root system and strong water absorption and drought resistance, but it has large leaves, strong transpiration and large water consumption, so it needs timely irrigation to obtain high yield. However, too much water will cause physiological imbalance of aboveground parts, especially at seedling stage, which will lead to excessive nutrient growth and delay fruit bearing. Too much water during flowering can also lead to excessive nutrient growth and melt melon. Water consumption in full bloom is large, and lack of water will make melons melt or form pointed-billed melons.
Soil and fertilizer: Cucurbita pepo doesn't require much soil, but in order to obtain high yield, it is necessary to choose loam with loose air permeability, high organic matter content and strong fertilizer and water retention.
Zucchini has a strong ability to absorb fertilizer. Every 65,438+0,000 kg of fruit needs to consume about 3.92-5.47kg N, 2.65,438+03-2.22 kg P2O5, 4.09-7.29kg K2O, 3.2kg CaO and 0.6kg MgO. Besides potassium, nitrogen and magnesium oxide are also needed.
How to cultivate zucchini in greenhouse in autumn and raise seedlings in August?
August is a period of high temperature and rain, the most rampant diseases and insect pests, and the most difficult stage of seedling raising all year round. Zucchini is afraid of high temperature and avoid waterlogging. If you are not careful, the seedlings will be infected with the virus and cannot be used for planting, and all previous efforts will be wasted. To cultivate healthy seedlings without pests and diseases, it is necessary to build three-proof seedbeds to prevent high temperature, strong light and scorching sun, waterproof and wet stains, and prevent pests and diseases, so that it is possible to cultivate healthy seedlings without pests and diseases.
Construction method of seedbed: select the plot with high drought degree and no water accumulation after heavy rain, and arrange the boundary along the north-south direction. The bottom of the bed should be more than 5 cm above the ground, the width of the bed should be about 120 cm, and the length should be10-15 m. When the number of seedlings is large, several seedling beds can be built side by side. However, a 60 cm wide cooling ditch should be left between the seedbeds, and the ditch should be filled with well water. When the temperature is high, it should be replaced in time to keep the seedbed temperature below 30℃.
The bottom of the border should be leveled with a long (straight) template, and then a plastic film with a width of 1.5 meters should be laid on the bottom of each seedbed, which should be flat and wrinkle-free, and the edge of the film should be placed on the ridge. Small stones (or large grains of sand or broken coal cinders) are laid on a 5cm thick film (if stones and coal cinders are laid, two layers of old films need to be laid at the bottom to prevent coal cinders from puncturing the film and causing water leakage). After the stones are laid, they are leveled with wooden boards, and then nutrition bowls are placed on them. After the row, one end of the seedbed has an irrigation hole of about 20 cm, and the other end has a drainage ditch. Well water is poured into the sand layer in the border through irrigation holes, and water flows out from the other end to reduce the temperature of the seedbed. Then tie an arch frame with a height of 80 cm and a width of 150 cm on the seedbed to form an arch shed. The top of the arched shed is covered with an undamaged old PVC film with a width of 200 cm. Insect-proof nets with a width of 80 cm are sewn on both sides of the membrane, and the edges of the insect-proof nets are buried in the soil, so that the arch shed is sealed tightly to prevent aphids, leaf miners, whiteflies and other pests from entering, and to avoid infectious virus diseases and pests. In case of hot weather, well water is poured into the ditch to cool down. The seedbed is filled with well water from the irrigation hole, flows into all parts of the seedbed through the sand layer, and then seeps into the nutrient soil through the drainage hole at the bottom of the nutrient bowl through the capillary action of the soil.
After this treatment, the seedbed is dry, the top of the arch shed is covered with translucent old film for sun protection and rain protection, the lower part of the arch shed is ventilated with insect-proof net, and the bottom of the seedbed is filled with well water. The water temperature is only about 16℃, which can absorb a lot of heat from the seedbed and nutrition bowl to cool down, and can avoid rain stains, high temperature, strong light, sun exposure and pests. Infiltrating nutrient soil with soil capillaries avoids soil hardening, makes the water content of nutrient soil stable, and the solid phase, gas phase and liquid phase of nutrient soil coordinate reasonably, and always maintains a good state suitable for the growth and development of vegetable seedling roots, ensuring that seedlings are robust and free from pests and diseases.
It should be noted that after the root system of seedlings grows, it is easy to protrude from the drainage hole at the bottom of the nutrition bowl and grow into cinder or sand. Before planting, the nutrition pot needs to be moved twice to prevent the root system from penetrating into the sand layer, so as not to affect the seedling slow-down speed during planting.
What technical links should be paid attention to when cultivating zucchini in greenhouse to achieve high yield and high quality?
We must pay special attention to the following technical measures:
1, pay attention to the prevention and control of low temperature damage and improve the stress resistance of plants. After the seedlings are planted, the roots are irrigated with 500 times of 96% tiandameiling liquid medicine +3000 times of drought and flood protection, each plant is 200-300ml. Then, combined with disease prevention drugs, "Tianda -2 1 16" (special type for fruits and vegetables)+150 times brown sugar +300 times urea solution was sprayed every 65438- 15 days, and it was sprayed continuously for 5-6 times. The above measures can promote rooting, develop plant roots, promote seedling health and greatly extend the growth cycle; Can enhance the photosynthesis of leaves and increase the yield; It can also significantly improve the ability of plants to resist freezing (cold), drought, diseases and adapt to various harsh environmental conditions. Protect plant health and prolong economic life.
2. scientifically adjust the indoor temperature. 2-3 days after planting, the temperature should be controlled at 25-30℃ during the day and at 18-22℃ at night to promote the slow growth of seedlings. After slow sowing, the daytime temperature is 22-25℃ and the nighttime temperature is 8- 16℃ (midnight 14- 16℃ and midnight 8-13℃); From winter to the future, before the rain, try to keep the temperature high during the day, as long as it does not exceed 30℃, and generally do not ventilate, so as to improve the ground temperature, grow strong seedlings and keep warm at night. On cloudy days, the temperature is controlled at 15-20℃ and at night at 8- 13℃.
3, ventilation and dehumidification, increase the temperature difference. Ventilation can promote indoor gas exchange, eliminate indoor harmful gases, supplement indoor CO2 gas, promote photosynthesis, reduce indoor air humidity and reduce diseases. Before winter, when the room temperature reaches 27℃, the ventilation can be turned on properly, and the big mouth ventilation should not be turned on suddenly during ventilation to prevent the seedlings from flashing fire. The size of the vent depends on the room temperature. When the temperature is high, the vent can be opened a little, and when the temperature is low, the vent can be opened or not. Insist on proper ventilation at night. At 22: 00 to 23: 00, open your mouth to eliminate indoor moisture, reduce the temperature in the middle of the night, increase the temperature difference between day and night, reduce respiratory consumption, and strengthen seedlings and increase melons. As long as the room temperature is not lower than 8℃ in the morning, it is necessary to insist on overnight ventilation, try to increase the tuyere, reduce indoor humidity and reduce the occurrence of diseases.
4. Uncover the straw cover and clean the film in time. Same as the chapter "Cucumber Cultivation".
5. Add carbon dioxide gas fertilizer. Same as the chapter "Cucumber Cultivation".
6, melon seedlings adjustment.
(1) timely remove the old leaves. Like cucumber, the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of zucchini are synchronous. With the continuous growth of seedlings, there are more and more Harrison melons. Too many leaves will lead to the closure of Gua Tian, the deterioration of light conditions, the decrease of photosynthetic efficiency and serious melon. Furthermore, the leaves of zucchini are generally stronger in about 45 days. When they are over 50 days old, the leaves will age and lose their photosynthetic capacity. Continuing to raise it will not only affect the light, but also cause the consumption of nutrients and cause melon. Therefore, it is advisable to leave only 12- 15 leaves in a pumpkin, and the redundant old leaves at the base should be cut off in time. Break off the leaves from the base of the petiole. Don't use scissors to cut the leaves, so as not to spread diseases. In sunny days, the leaves should be broken from 10 in the morning to 15 in the afternoon to facilitate wound healing. Leaves should be broken frequently and rarely, usually once every 7- 10 day, and each plant should break 1-3 leaves each time. Spray medicine immediately after breaking to prevent the wound from being infected with germs, causing ulceration and seedling death.
The stems and vines of zucchini are easy to branch, tendrils and male flowers. Generally, tendrils and male flowers do not need to be removed. If it is removed, it should be done in the morning when it is exposed, so as not to cause too many wounds and infections. Under normal circumstances, the fork of zucchini should be wiped off as soon as it is put out, so as not to consume nutrition. However, if the number of female flowers on the main vine is small, you can leave 1 leaf above the female flowers when the female flowers are just exposed on the melon fork, so as to bear melons and improve the yield.
(2) Reasonable thinning of redundant female flowers. Cucurbita pepo cultivated in greenhouse, in the seedling development period, is mostly under the environmental conditions of short sunshine and low night temperature, which is beneficial to the formation of female flowers. Therefore, when the dwarf variety zucchini grows to 3-4 true leaves, female flowers will appear in each leaf node, or even multiple female flowers will appear in one node, and female flowers will appear one after another. If these excessive female flowers are allowed to grow and develop, they will inevitably consume a lot of organic nutrients, and the competition for nutrients will be fierce, which will affect the growth of plants and young melons, and will also cause a large number of melons, seriously reduce the yield and shorten the economic life. Therefore, excessive female flowers must be thinned out as soon as possible to reduce nutritional competition and promote melon planting. Female flowers should be thinned as soon as they appear. The number of female flowers to be thinned depends on the growth of melon seedlings. If the plant is weak, the roots should be thinned first, and then a female flower should be left every three segments. Miao Zhuang's also needs thinning. You can leave a melon, but you should harvest it as soon as possible, and then leave a female flower every two days or so. It is necessary to adjust the number of melons left in time according to the growth results of melon seedlings, minimize unnecessary nutrient consumption, maintain the vigorous growth of melon seedlings, and make a melon into a melon.
(3) hanging seedlings, dropping seedlings and burying seedlings. Zucchini is cultivated in greenhouse, and its life cycle is greatly prolonged. With the growth of melon seedlings, the stems and vines are getting longer and longer. Pay attention to hanging seedlings. Like cucumber, pull the wire from north to south indoors, tie a hanging melon line on the wire, and then tie the seedlings to the hanging melon line to support the seedlings. After the seedlings grow tall, we should also pay attention to lowering the seedlings to prevent them from growing too high and worsening the indoor lighting conditions. After the vernal equinox, when the temperature rises and the ventilation increases, you can remove the plastic film and bury the seedlings. The stems and vines that fall to the ground after the old leaves are removed should be buried with soil. When burying seedlings, we should take the rhizosphere as the center and press vines circularly in the same direction. Burying seedlings can promote adventitious roots of stems and vines and absorb fertilizer and water, which is beneficial to strong seedlings and high yield in the later stage.
7. Scientifically dip flowers and protect flowers and melons. After the female flower of the pumpkin is opened, mix 2.4-D 30mg/kg with 50- 100 mg/kg of 920 every morning at 9-10/,and then dip the flower heart and melon stem with 0. 15% prochloraz or chlorpheniramine solution. The liquid medicine should be mixed with advertising color and marked to prevent re-dipping. When dipping flowers, the dosage should be less, and too much will cause 2.4-d phytotoxicity, form a leaf and reduce the yield.
8. Fertilizer and water management. After the seedlings are planted, they can be watered once. Attention! Don't use too much water to slow down the seedlings, lest the seedlings grow vigorously and cause melon. After watering the slow seedlings, lift the film, hoe the melon ridges deeply and carefully to loosen the soil and promote the roots. In the future, watering should be strictly controlled until the root melon is firmly planted and grows to about 150g, before watering the melon. With watering, 60-80 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer or 500 kg of decomposed manure can be applied as topdressing per mu. After fruiting, whether to water or topdressing should be decided according to the growth of melon seedlings. If Mabel Miao has large leaves, long stems, rapid development of melon embryos and straight melon shape, it is generally unnecessary to water. If the melon seedlings are dark green or thick green, the leaves become smaller, the petiole becomes shorter, and the melon embryo has a sharp mouth, which is a manifestation of insufficient water, so it should be watered in time. Watering should be combined with the growing season in sunny morning. Before fruiting, watering should be strictly controlled to prevent melon seedlings from growing vigorously and causing melon melting; After the results, water it properly, generally once every 10- 15 days, depending on the wet and dry conditions; After entering the severe winter, the water quantity should be properly controlled, generally once every 20 days, and the water quantity should be increased after the spring, 10 day; Every 5-7 days after the vernal equinox.
Topdressing should be combined with watering and washed with water, generally once every 20 days. Every 667 m2, topdressing should be 80kg of decomposed cake fertilizer, 300-500kg of decomposed manure or 30kg of compound fertilizer.
Before winter 10 day, in sunny morning, topdressing is applied in large ditches, and 30-50kg of decomposed livestock manure is applied in ditches of each operation line to improve soil temperature and carbon dioxide content in indoor air. Topdressing should be carried out simultaneously by spreading fertilizer, digging, covering soil and watering.
In addition, the research shows that for every 65,438+0,000 kg of fruit, zucchini needs about 3.92-5.47 kg of nitrogen, 2. 13-2.22 kg of phosphorus (P2O5) and 4.09-7.29 kg of potassium, which is almost twice the amount of nitrogen. Therefore, it is very effective to spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium sulfate outside the roots (every 7- 10 day 1 time) to promote the growth and development of zucchini, maintain its robust growth potential, increase the number of melons and prolong its economic life. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate cannot be mixed with pesticides containing metal ions, nor can it be mixed with "Tianda -2 1 16". It needs to be sprayed separately, otherwise the metal ions in pesticides will react with phosphate (PO4-3) to generate phosphate. Most phosphates are insoluble in water and cannot be absorbed by plant leaves. As a result of mixing together, both pesticides and potassium dihydrogen phosphate will fail.
Zucchini is particularly resistant and safe to potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and the spraying concentration can be increased to 0.6-0.8% after the result, and there is no phytotoxicity.
9, do a good job in comprehensive prevention and control of pollution-free pests and diseases. See the section on integrated pest management.
When the pumpkin grows to about100g, the phenomenon of melon melting is serious. How to prevent it?
The phenomenon of cultivating zucchini in greenhouse is serious. One of the reasons is short sunshine time, large temperature difference between day and night, large number of differentiated female flowers and strong nutritional competition. Second, because there is no insect pollination, flowers are often dipped in 30 mg/kg of 2.4-D and 50- 100 mg/kg of 920 liquid medicine. If the number of dipped flowers is not well controlled, the number of dipped flowers in the same plant is often as high as 4-5. If the same plant is soaked with four or more female flowers, it will lead to "more monks than porridge" and cause nutritional competition.
Prevention methods: First, timely sparse flowers, control the number of female flowers, and reduce nutrient consumption. The second is to strictly control the number of dipped flowers. The number of female flowers dipped in each melon seedling is maintained at about 3, and one flower is dipped in each melon after harvest to prevent the competition phenomenon of "more monks than porridge".
How to identify and control pumpkin mosaic (virus) disease?
Cucurbita pepo mosaic (virus) usually occurs after fruiting, with rough and wrinkled leaves, serrated leaves, dark green blisters on the leaves, chicken feet on the upper leaves, small and yellow leaves, short plants, slow growth, few or no melons, and tumor-like protrusions or deformities on the melon skin.
Cucumber mosaic (virus) disease is caused by cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), melon mosaic virus (MMV), watermelon mosaic virus (WMV-2) and other viruses. Mosaic disease (virus) is spread by juice friction and aphids. Tobacco ringspot virus can also be transmitted by root-knot nematodes. Gua Tian, which is generally suffering from high temperature and drought, extensive management and serious aphid damage, is seriously ill; Lack of fertilizer and water, weak plants, serious diseases in continuous cropping Gua Tian.
Control methods: Cucurbita pepo mosaic (virus) disease is the most serious disease that harms Cucurbita pepo at present, which must be paid attention to. Conscientiously implement the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive management" and do a good job in agricultural, biological, ecological and chemical prevention and control. Main control measures are the same as above. In addition, the seeds can be soaked in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 10 minutes, and then washed repeatedly with clear water until the seed coat contains no solution. Or, the seeds are sterilized by dry heat and treated at 70℃ for 72 hours to kill the virus.
In chemical control, it is necessary to prevent the occurrence of aphids, and insist on spraying "Tianda -2 1 16" (special type for fruits and vegetables) and1000-/kloc-0 for 600 times every15. Promote the health of zucchini plants, enhance the immunity to virus diseases, and improve the control effect.
How to identify and control gray mold of zucchini.
Gray mold of zucchini harms flowers, young melons, stems and leaves. , especially flowers and young melons. At the early stage of the disease, the buds and pedicels of young melons were soaked in water, and the color gradually faded, and the diseased parts became soft and rotten. When wet, the surface of the lesion is densely covered with gray-black mold. Corolla withered and rotted, melon branches stopped growing, and melon tips rotted. Leaf disease, the lesion begins with waterlogging, and then becomes light grayish brown. The lesion is 0.2-0.25 cm in diameter, with obvious edges, sometimes gray mold in the middle and sometimes inconspicuous wheel lines. The stem became diseased, ulcerated and produced botrytis cinerea, and the front melon vine was broken and died.
Control method: 1. Integrated control of cucumber gray mold. Second, dismantle the faulty Corolla in time. Corolla is susceptible to gray mold because of its high humidity. If it is not cleared in time, it will inevitably infect young melons. Therefore, when the corolla becomes discolored after failure, it should be taken off in time to prevent infection with gray mold.