Review Outline of Compulsory Geography III 28-9-28 21:28 Review Outline of Compulsory Geography III

1.1 Basic meaning of region

1. The concept of region: the spatial unit of the earth's surface, which is divided by people according to certain indicators and methods on the basis of geographical differences.

2. Basic characteristics of regions: certain boundaries, similarity and continuity within regions, differences and interrelations between regions, and integrity.

3. Spatial structure of the region: the relative position relationship and spatial distribution form of the elements in the region. Agriculture is usually planar, transportation routes are linear and network-like, cities and industries are point-like, and urban agglomerations and industrial areas are island-like.

the main factor affecting the regional spatial structure is the level of social and economic development.

4. Regional industrial structure: in traditional agricultural regions and regions with low development level, the primary industry accounts for a relatively large proportion; In industrial areas or areas where industrialization is accelerated, the secondary industry accounts for a large proportion. In areas with high development level, the proportion of tertiary industry is relatively large, and the proportion of output value of tertiary industry presents a pattern of "three, two and one".

1.2 stages of regional development

1. Indicators to measure the level of regional development: per capita GDP, per capita national income, the proportion of output value of three industries, etc. Other indicators such as human development index (life expectancy, education level and gross domestic product)

2. Characteristics of regional development stages

Regional development stage with traditional agriculture as the main body, industrialization stage with high efficiency and comprehensive development stage

The level of economic development is low, the per capita gross domestic product is low, and the level of accelerated industrialization and urbanization is high. High per capita GDP

Industrial structure Traditional agriculture accounts for a large proportion, and the proportion of secondary industry, which is dominated by resource-based industries and labor-intensive industries, has risen rapidly, and the tertiary industry has accelerated its development. The tertiary industry has surpassed the secondary industry and is dominated by capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries

The degree of opening up to the outside world is low, and the scale of foreign trade is small. Showing self-sufficiency, the degree of opening to the outside world is gradually improved and the degree of opening to the outside world is greatly enhanced < P > The modern transportation lines are few and sparse, and the construction of modern transportation is significantly accelerated. The information network is gradually improved < P > The level of urbanization is low, and there is no large central city. The development speed of central cities is higher than the regional average. Small intra-regional differences

Low-level equilibrium state of development, unbalanced growth and high-level equilibrium state

1.3 Regional development differences

1. Differences between China's eastern, central and western regions

① Division of three major economic zones:

Eastern: 12 coastal provinces (Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and West) 9 provinces and regions in central China (Heilongjiang, Kyrgyzstan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi and Hunan); Ten western provinces (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing and Tibet)

② The development difference between the east and the central and western regions:

The east: the social economy is relatively developed, the level of industrialization, urbanization, science and technology education is relatively high, and the development speed is faster than that of the central and western regions. Open to the outside world early, high degree, the secondary and tertiary industries are relatively developed, and the industrial structure is mainly light and light mixed.

central and western regions: with vast territory and abundant resources, the overall development level obviously lags behind the western region. Agricultural economy occupies a large proportion in the national economy. The western part of the industrial structure is dominated by heavy traditional industries, while the central part shows certain transitional characteristics.

③ Temporal and spatial differences of reform and opening up (see figure P19 in the textbook)

2. Differences between the north and the south (the eastern monsoon region is divided into the south and the north by the Qinling-Huaihe River)

The regional characteristics of the north and the south

span the warm temperate zone, the middle temperate zone and the cold temperate zone, and the plain plateau is the main one; Forest, coal, oil, iron ore and other resources are rich in mountainous and hilly areas, with abundant heat and water, and non-ferrous metal minerals, biological resources, hydraulic resources and other resources are quite rich

Limited factors are insufficient water resources, serious drought and flood disasters caused by soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, environmental pollution and broken terrain in mountainous and hilly areas

Development direction is to adjust industrial structure, expand opening up, improve industrial upgrading of ecological environment, promote industrialization and urbanization, and control pollution

. Hunan Xiangxi, Hubei Enshi and Jilin Yanbian autonomous prefectures have also implemented development and opening up in accordance with the relevant policies for the development of the western region.

conditions: minerals, oil and gas, hydropower and land resources have outstanding advantages and great development potential. However, the infrastructure in the west is backward, and talents, technology and funds are scarce.

measures: do a good job in infrastructure and ecological construction; Accelerate the development of superior resources and develop characteristic industries; Develop science and technology education and open wider to the outside world.

significance: transform the western resource advantage into economic advantage, narrow the development gap between the east and the west, and promote the coordinated development of regional economy; Realize the common prosperity of the people of all ethnic groups in China, strengthen national unity, and maintain social stability and border security; Expand domestic market demand; Implement the strategy of sustainable development.

1.4 regional economic ties

1. Two major development trends of the world economy today: regional economic integration and economic globalization. (EU, ASEAN, APEC, etc.)

2. Cross-regional allocation of resources

① Significance: It is conducive to the rational allocation of resources, narrowing the regional economic gap and realizing the sustainable development of social economy.

② South-to-North Water Diversion Project: Plan three water diversion lines in the east, middle and west, connecting the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River, forming an overall layout of "four horizontals and three verticals", and realizing the north-south allocation of water resources in China and the mutual assistance between the east and the west.

East Line Middle Line West Line

Water diversion source Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River near Yangzhou in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The water diversion lines of Tongtian River, Yalong River and Dadu River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River carry water north along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to Shandong Peninsula and Tianjin to dig channels, and the water will flow to Beijing and Tianjin to dig water tunnels. Diversion of water from the Yangtze River into the upper reaches of the Yellow River

The amount of water to be diverted is relatively large

The water quality difference is relatively good and the best

③ West-to-East gas transmission: the main project is to lay a gas pipeline from Lunnan, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang to Shanghai to transport natural gas from Tarim Basin and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region to the Yangtze River Delta region. It also includes transporting natural gas from Sichuan Basin to Hubei and Hunan. The construction of this project is conducive to promoting the development of the western region and stimulating the economic development of the western region; Relieve the energy shortage in the eastern region, improve the energy structure and effectively control environmental pollution.

④ power transmission from west to east: develop power resources (hydropower and coal power) in Qinghai, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi and other western provinces and regions, and transport them to Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Beijing, Tianjin and other regions where power is scarce. It is divided into three lines: north, middle and south. Significance: Ensure the energy supply in the eastern region, accelerate the development of resources in the western region, and stimulate related industries.

⑤ the impact of cross-regional resource allocation on the environment. Taking the South-to-North Water Transfer Project as an example, some ecological and environmental problems will occur in the transfer-in and transfer-out areas and areas along the route.

3. Industrial transfer

Reasons: ① Cost reduction: regional differences in raw material prices, wages and land prices, and public utility fees lead to industrial transfer to low-cost areas. ② Develop the market ③ Reduce the internal transaction cost.

Impact: Promote the economic development of underdeveloped areas and narrow regional differences. At the same time, it will also bring about problems such as aggravated environmental pollution.

2.1 Hazards and control of desertification

1. Desertification: land degradation caused by climate change and human activities. According to the driving force, it can be divided into wind erosion desertification, water erosion desertification, freeze-thaw desertification and soil salinization.

2. Causes of desertification in northwest China

Natural causes: dry climate, frequent gale, sparse vegetation and strong wind erosion.

Man-made reasons: rapid population growth and excessive environmental and ecological pressure; Unreasonable production activities: excessive cultivation and logging, overgrazing, excessive firewood harvesting, unreasonable utilization of water resources, etc., have aggravated the desertification trend.

3. Hazards: land degradation, reduced production or even no harvest of agriculture and animal husbandry; Ecological deterioration, biodiversity reduction; Destroy infrastructure construction; Intensify the frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as sandstorms.

4. control measures: ① building shelter forest (three-north shelter forest); ② returning farmland to forest and grassland; ③ protecting and restoring natural vegetation (measures such as closing sand and grazing, firewood and logging, ecological migration, etc.); ④ using water rationally; ⑤ controlling population growth.

2.2 Development and protection of wetland resources

1. Wetland: Land whose water level is often close to the surface or covered by shallow water belongs to the transitional zone between land and water. Types: rivers, lakes, swamps, beaches, shallow seas with a water depth of less than 6 meters at low tide, mangroves, coral reefs, reservoirs, rice fields, etc.

2. Functions of wetlands: water conservation, water supply, flood storage, climate regulation, environment beautification, water pollution purification, biodiversity protection, shipping, tourism, agricultural and sideline products, minerals and energy supply. It is known as "kidney of the earth", "Cradle of Life" and "Paradise of Birds".

3. Problems and solutions in wetland utilization

Prominent problems and control measures

Due to excessive reclamation and sediment deposition, wetlands are reduced, and their functions are degraded and returned to lakes, marshes, and wetlands are restored and rebuilt; Afforestation, soil and water conservation.

Prevention and control of water pollution is prominent

Overexploitation and utilization lead to a sharp decline in wetland biodiversity, protect wild animals and plants, and prohibit overfishing and poaching; Establish a wetland nature reserve. Establish laws and regulations to protect wetlands and enhance the awareness of wetland protection.

2.3 comprehensive management and development of the river basin

1. Geographical environment of the Tennessee River Basin: The Tennessee River originates from the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains and is a secondary tributary of the Mississippi River. The upper and middle reaches of the basin are mountainous hills, and the lower reaches are alluvial plains. The river has a large drop and rich hydraulic resources. It is a subtropical monsoon humid climate with abundant precipitation, with more precipitation in winter and spring. The main flood season of the river is from December to April of the following year.

2. Measures for the development and management of Tennessee River Basin: With the comprehensive development of water resources as the core, the river courses in the whole basin will be developed in steps to bring into play the comprehensive benefits of flood control, shipping, power generation and irrigation; Take the electric power industry as the leader and establish a complete industrial system with high energy consumption industry as the backbone; Develop agriculture according to local conditions and vigorously develop forestry; Attach importance to the protection and construction of ecological environment and develop tourism.

3. Governance experience: ① Set up special development institutions in the whole basin, improve laws and regulations, improve management; ② Select development priorities according to local conditions, and form distinctive development models; ③ Constantly increase development efforts; ④ Improve the openness of the basin.

2.4 sustainable development of regional agriculture

1. favorable conditions for agricultural production in the United States

natural conditions: most of them are temperate and subtropical, with moderate precipitation and hydrothermal conditions suitable for planting a variety of crops; The flat and open terrain and fertile soil are conducive to mechanized farming and large-scale management.

Socio-economic conditions: commodity economy is developed, and economic benefit is the primary factor affecting agricultural production; Developed transportation; Advanced science and technology and developed industries provide a strong guarantee for the development of American agriculture.

2. Specialization of agricultural production areas in the United States

Objective: According to the characteristics of natural and social conditions in different regions and the objective requirements of agricultural production, rational distribution and large-scale production can be achieved in order to obtain the greatest economic benefits.

Major agricultural belts in the United States:

Location factors of agricultural belts

The climate along the Great Lakes in the northeast of dairy belt is cold and humid, which is suitable for pasture growth; The market is huge (with a large population and dense cities)

The middle part of the corn belt has flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant annual precipitation and sufficient heat

The middle part of the wheat belt (winter wheat) and the north part (spring wheat) have temperate continental climate; Fertile soil and low terrain

The southern part of the cotton belt is fertile with sufficient light and heat

3. Problems and solutions in American agriculture

Problems: excessive reclamation and destruction of vegetation lead to soil erosion and "black storm"; High energy consumption; Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are seriously polluted.

measures: develop ecological agriculture, organic agriculture, water-saving agriculture, precision agriculture, prescription agriculture and other agricultural production methods; Protect cultivated land and agricultural ecological environment, and promote conservation tillage techniques such as fallow, no-tillage and crop rotation.

2.5 Rational development of mineral resources

1. The main location conditions for the rise of Ruhr District are: ① rich coal resources; ② convenient land and water transportation; ③ sufficient water sources; ④ broad market, etc.

2. The reasons for the decline of Ruhr area are: ① the decline of coal energy status; ② the impact of new technological revolution; ③ the serious environmental pollution; ④ the single industrial structure.

3. The main measures to implement sustainable development in Ruhr District are: ① adjusting industrial structure, developing emerging industries and tertiary industries; ② carrying out centralized transformation of existing enterprises; ③ controlling environmental pollution; ④ improving infrastructure construction; ⑤ developing science and technology and higher education.

2.6 regional industrialization and urbanization process

1. Location factors for the development of the Pearl River Delta: ① Superior geographical location: the southern coast, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, close to Southeast Asia; ② Convenient land and water transportation; ③ Opening-up policy; ④ There are many overseas Chinese, which is convenient for introducing capital and technology; ⑤ The terrain is low and flat. Abundant water resources

2. Reasons for the formation of urbanization in the Pearl River Delta

Characteristics of urbanization

In the early days of reform and opening up, small towns were dominant, industrial enterprises developed rapidly and were widely distributed, and urban-rural integration was dominated by labor-intensive industries, and agriculture and non-agricultural industries were mixed

After the mid-199s, the radiation of regional central cities (Guangzhou and Shenzhen) led the rapid development of high-tech industries. Urban agglomeration system centered on the core city (Guangzhou)

3. The role of industrialization in promoting urbanization: industrialization has accelerated the concentration of non-agricultural industries to cities; Industrialization has accelerated the concentration of population to cities; Industrialization has accelerated the transformation of people's concepts and lifestyles.

4. Problems and countermeasures of industrialization and urbanization in the Pearl River Delta

Problems: ① The level of industrial structure is low, mainly labor-intensive industries, the proportion of high-tech industries and service industries is not high, and the scientific and technological strength and talent team are at a disadvantage; ② The urban construction is relatively backward; ③ The towns and industries are too dense, occupying a large amount of cultivated land, and the ecological environment problems are becoming more and more serious.

countermeasures: ① promote industrial integration and upgrading, strengthen regional division of labor; ② improve urban system, optimize urban and rural spatial structure; ③ promote the networking development of regional infrastructure; ④ strengthen ecological construction, improve urban and rural environment; ⑤ strengthen regional economic ties and cooperation, and develop Pan-Pearl River Delta Economic Zone.

3.1 geographic information system and its application

1. Geographic information system (GIS): to collect, store, manage, analyze and describe. It consists of five parts: hardware, GIS software, geographic data, GIS personnel and application model. Workflow: geographic data input and storage (digital process) → geographic data operation and analysis → geographic information output. (Geographic data is divided into attribute data and graphics.