2, "Rain" (free verse): Author: Zheng Chouyu, a poet in Taiwan Province Province. The famous work "Error". The poet Zheng, formerly known as Zheng, has published poems such as In the Land of Dreams, Clothes Bowl, Slave Outside the Window, Poems of Wen Tao and Songs of Embroidery. In 1949? Print the first book of poetry, sandals and rafts at your own expense. The expressive techniques and techniques of his poems are modern, and the deep feelings of his poems are China's profound traditional humanistic spirit. "Rain Theory" is an anthropomorphic image of the poet Zheng Chouyu who confided "love" to the children living on the land of China through the spring rain. This is a touching love song sung by the poet's heart.
3, "Variations on the Starry Sky" (misty poetry) Author: He Jiang, formerly known as Yu Youze, one of the representative poets of misty poetry. Representative works include: Monument, The Sun and Its Reflection. This poem shows the deviation between reality and ideal, the poet's longing for light, and his persistent pursuit of ideal in reality.
4, "Cricket and Cricket" (pastoral): Author: Keats, English romantic poet. "Cricket and Cricket" describes the "Cricket Joy" in midsummer and the "Cricket Song" in winter, showing the scene of nature singing all the year round, praising the eternal beauty of nature singing forever and full of vitality, and expressing the poet's eternal beauty to it.
5, "Night" (pastoral): Author: Ye Saining, Russian poet. Masterpieces: Banyan Festival, Promised Land, Dove in Jordan and Drummer in the Sky. The poem "Night" embodies the tranquility and beauty of the night, and conveys the poet's love for nature and his comfortable and quiet mind.
6. Dedication and Happiness (Argumentative Paper): Selected from Collection of Drinking Rooms. Author: Liang Qichao, whose real name is Ren Gong, was born in Qing Dynasty. China is a representative figure and scholar of modern reformists. Together with Kang Youwei, he led the Reform Movement of 1898. His book was compiled into The Drinking Room Collection. This paper demonstrates that the word "dedication and happiness" is the only way of human life.
7. Speech to commemorate the centenary of Voltaire's death (speech): Author: Hugo/Kloc-the leader and humanitarian representative of French romantic literature movement in the 0/9th century, known as "Shakespeare of France". His representative works include Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables, 1993 and a collection of short stories. This speech is a lofty tribute to the sages of mankind, a warm tribute to the strength of thought and personality, and a cry for justice and a call for conscience that human society always needs.
Voltaire: French enlightenment thinker, writer and philosopher. He emphasized freedom and equality. His representative works are: Philosophical Correspondence and Metaphysics.
8. Two letters from Fu Lei (letters): selected from Letters from Fu Lei. Author: Fu Lei, translator. Literary critic. These two letters from home were written when my son was depressed and happy because of his success. They expressed Fu Lei's profound understanding of life and ardent expectations for his son from two aspects. It shows Fu Lei's deep affection for his son and his true feelings for music art in two different styles.
9. "Letter to Daughter" (letter): selected from "Thinking about Love". Author: Suhomlinski, Soviet educational practitioner and educational theorist. Masterpiece: 100 pieces of advice for teachers, giving all your heart to children. This lesson shows that time and life are the greatest tests of love: only the loyalty that can stand the test of time and transcend the dead soul can be called true love.
10, hometown (novella): selected from Scream. Author: Lu Xun. Modern writer. China is a great writer, thinker and revolutionary. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Representative works include: Prose Collection, Prose Poetry Collection, Wild Grass, Novel Collection, Scream, Hesitation and China's first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman. Known as the "father of modern literature" in China. It expresses the author's attachment to his hometown, and also shows that after such earth-shaking changes in his hometown, the author deeply sympathizes with and regrets the great difference between his childhood playmates and his neighbors poisoned by feudal thoughts.
1 1, Lonely Journey, excerpted from the novel The Grass House. Author: Cao Wenxuan. Famous contemporary writers. He is the author of the novels "Goats Don't Eat Paradise Grass", "Grass House" and "Red Tile". By describing the growth experience of a little boy, the author shows readers the setbacks and hardships that everyone has experienced in growing up, which has certain educational significance.
12, "My Uncle Yule" (short story): selected from "Mutton Roll". Author: Mo Bosang. Full name man? De? Mo Bosang was an outstanding French critical realist writer in the second half of the19th century. Compared with Chekhov and Europe, his literary achievements are the most outstanding in short stories? Henry, tied for the top three short story masters in the world, had a great influence on later generations and was known as the "king of short stories". Masterpieces: Suicide Stone and Necklace. It exposed the cowardice and incompetence of the bourgeoisie at that time and people's distorted thoughts because of money, and also strongly satirized and criticized the interest relationship between people who were money-oriented.
13, Heart (children's novel) Author: Huang Beijia, a contemporary writer. The first novel "Make-up Exam", a collection of short stories "By the Water" and the novel "I want to be a good boy". Through the story of Li Jingjing, a middle school student, some phenomena and problems in current social life and education are revealed.
14 "There is more than one correct answer to things" (argumentative), Luo Jia? Cost? Engel, American industrialist, scholar and creationist. Representative works include Head Blow and Creative Card.
Ding Zhaozhong, a Chinese-American physicist, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 for his book "Understanding the Spirit of Things". Through this article, the author profoundly exposed the disadvantages of traditional education and explained the importance of attaching importance to experimental spirit.
16, "Talking about Reading" (argumentative essay): Author: Bacon, English philosopher, writer and thinker. He is the author of essays and new tools. The summary of the function of reading embodies the importance of reading, praises the progressive thought of scientific development and the progressive slogan of advocating knowledge, and criticizes the decay of feudal theology.
17, "Don't ask for a solution" (argumentative paper): selected from Yanshan Nighttalk. About the author: Ma Nancun, pen name Deng Tuo, is a contemporary writer, essayist, historian and famous journalist. Representative Yanshan Nighttalk. This shows the importance of reading and that we should read in the right way.
18 "Have China People Lost Confidence?" (Argumentative Paper): Selected from Street Pavilion Essays. Author: Lu Xun, a modern writer. China is a great writer, thinker and revolutionary. Yucai was originally named Zhou Shuren and was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. Representative works include: Flowers in the Morning, Weeds, Scream, Wandering, and Diary of a Madman, China's first vernacular novel. Known as the "father of modern literature" in China. This article was written by the author in order to refute the wrong view that "the pessimistic view on the future of the Anti-Japanese War accuses the people of China of losing their self-confidence" and to stimulate national self-confidence.
19, Outline of Intelligence and Birth: selected from the second half of the sixteenth chapter of Water Margin (a novel with a long chapter). Outlaws of the Marsh, also known as Outlaws of the Marsh and Outlaws of the Marsh of Loyalty, is one of the classical Four Great Classical Novels (Outlaws of the Marsh, Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions). It is a long vernacular novel with the theme of Sung River Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty, which embodies the bravery of ordinary people and the bureaucratic ruling class at that time. About the author: Shi Naian was born in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. It tells the story of brave heroes such as Chao Gai, Wu Yong and Yang Zhi, an official of Daming Mansion.
20. The death of Yang Xiu: selected from Chapter 72 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is China's first novel in chapter and verse style, which describes the historical story of the Three Kingdoms period and shows the political and military struggle between the ruling groups. The world calls it "seven points of historical facts and three points of fiction." Author: Luo Guanzhong, whose real name is Ben, the middle of the word, Hu Hai, three novelists in Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty.
2 1, Fan Jinzhongju: Selected from The Scholars, it tells the satirical tragicomedy caused by Fan Jinzhongju's sudden change of fate. The Scholars is the first satirical novel in Qing Dynasty, which mainly describes the activities and mental outlook of intellectuals and bureaucrats in the late feudal society. Author: Wu, Zi, Hao, also known as Wenmu Laoren, a novelist in Qing Dynasty. He is the author of the novel The Scholars.
22. Xiangling's poems: selected from A Dream of Red Mansions, reflecting Xiangling's strong spirit of research. A Dream of Red Mansions (written by Cao Xueqin in the first eighty chapters and continued by Gao E in the last forty chapters) is the pinnacle of China's ancient novels (realism), also known as flowers of war. With Jia, Shi, Wang and Xue as the background, and the love tragedy of Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu as the clue, the novel describes the process of Jia, Ning's prosperity and decline, reflecting the broad social reality in the late feudal society. Author: Cao Xueqin, famous, real name, real name Qin Pu, real name, novelist of Qing Dynasty.
23. Chen She family: selected from historical records? Chen She family. This is a biography of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, the leaders of the peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty. Historical Records records the history of more than 3,000 years from Huangdi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the first biographical general history in China, with a total of 130 articles, which are divided into four categories: biography, biography, calligraphy and table. Lu Xun praised him: "Historians never sing, Li Sao has no rhyme." Author: Sima Qian, with a long word, was a historian, writer and thinker in the Western Han Dynasty.
24. "Tang Drama Live Up to its Mission": Selected from "Warring States Policy? Wei Zesi tells the story of Tang Ju and the king of Qin, and shows Tang Ju's awe-inspiring and fearless spirit. "The Warring States Policy" is a national historical work compiled and edited by Liu Xiang according to the history books of the Warring States Period at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Thirty-three articles are divided into twelve strategies: Eastern Zhou, Western Zhou, Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. This book records the struggles of military strategists and strategists during the Warring States period and their related suggestions and remarks.
25. "Longzhong Dui": selected from "The History of the Three Kingdoms? Shu zhi? Biography of Zhuge Liang tells the story of Liu Bei's three visits to the thatched cottage in the form of dialogue. Although Zhuge Liang is in the thatched cottage, he is thousands of miles away. A protracted strategy not only drew a strategic blueprint for Liu Bei, but also left a long-lasting historical story for later generations. The History of the Three Kingdoms, with 65 volumes, records the history of Wei, Shu and Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. Author: Chen Shou, Zi Chengzuo, Jin Dynasty, historian.
26. "teacher's watch": watch, a style written to the emperor in ancient times. Lu You praised it as "a teacher shows his real name, who can compare with him for a thousand years?" . Author: Zhuge Liang, also known as Kongming, was a famous politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. Through this article, the author exhorts people with sincere and euphemistic language, mainly by opening their minds, strictly rewarding and punishing them, and caring for the sages far away, so as to revive the Han Dynasty. This paper expounds the necessity of the Northern Expedition and the expectation of the late ruler Liu Chan to govern the country. His words were sincere, and he wrote down his loyalty to the country.
27, "Looking at Jiangnan" (word): Author: Wen, formerly known as Qi, the word Fei Qing. Poets in late Tang Dynasty. Poetry is one of the important writers of Huajian School. Ci expresses the infatuated woman's yearning for her lover, and creates a thoughtful image of a woman, which is sincere and touching.
28. "The fisherman's pride? (word): Author: Fan Zhongyan, word Xixi, formerly known as Zhu Shuo. He was a famous minister, politician, writer and strategist in the Northern Song Dynasty, and posthumous title "Zheng Wen". The author combines the direct expression of the soul with the lyric of borrowing scenery, expressing the feelings of the border officers and soldiers who have come through hardships and are homesick for their country.
29. "Jiang Chengzi? Hunting in Mizhou (word): selected from Dongpo Yuefu Notes. Author: Su Shi. Zi Zhan, also known as He Zhong, is called "Dongpo layman" and the world calls it "Su Dongpo". A famous writer, painter, poet and gourmet in the Northern Song Dynasty, one of the eight great poets in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and a representative of the unrestrained poets. His prose and Ouyang Xiu are called Ou Su; Poetry and Huang Tingjian are also called Su Huang; Ci and Xin Qiji are collectively called Su Xin; Calligraphy is listed as one of the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty: Su, Huang, Mi and Cai. His paintings started the Huzhou School of Painting. This word shows the author's patriotic spirit of caring about the fate of the country and serving the motherland. Its main idea is embodied in the last sentence: "I can bow my head like a full moon, look northwest and shoot at Sirius." "
30, "Wulingchun" (word): Author: Li Qingzhao, a graceful poetess in the Song Dynasty, the word Yi 'an,no. Yi 'an Jushi. The whole word is full of "everything depends on human effort, not on human effort." Expressed her yearning for her old country. The idea is novel and the imagination is rich. Through the scenery in late spring, the inner activities are drawn, and the artistic image of indifference and sadness in the stern boat is used to express the depth of sadness. The style of writing is novel and ingenious, deep and sad, so it is a swan song.
3 1, "Breaking the array? Fu Zhuang Ci was sent by Chen Tongfu (Ci): Author: Xin Qiji. Patriotic poets in Southern Song Dynasty. The original word Tanfu was changed to You 'an, and the middle-aged man lived in Jiaxuan, hence the name Jiaxuan lay man. He is a great bold poet, patriot, strategist and politician in the history of our country. This word expresses the author's frustration and indignation by describing the tragic battle scene.
1. I love this land: Author: Ai Qing, formerly known as Jiang Haicheng, a native of Jinhua, Zhejiang, a modern poet, his first poetry collection Dayan River, and his masterpiece Dayan River-My Nanny. He is the author of poetry anthology "North", "Notice of Dawn" and "Song of Return". Understanding of the title: Ai Qing is a land singer, and "land" symbolizes the troubled motherland that gave birth to him and raised him. The poet wrote this impassioned poem at the critical moment of national ruin and national peril, expressing his love for the motherland and his hatred for the invaders. Content: Four objects that birds sing are described respectively: land, river, wind and dawn. Their core is "land", which expresses the author's unforgettable sincere and deep love for the motherland and the hatred of the broad masses of the people against the invaders.
Homesickness: Author: Yu Guangzhong, a poet in Taiwan Province. He is the author of poems such as Elegy of Zhou Zi, Percussion, White Jade and Bitter Melon. Understanding of the topic: "Homesickness" is a feeling of deep yearning for hometown, which is the most likely inner feeling of a wanderer living in a foreign country. Yu Guangzhong's "homesickness" rose from his personal thoughts of hometown to his thoughts of home and country. Central content: The author places homesickness on relative images in chronological order: stamps, boat tickets, graves and straits. People on both sides of the strait have placed ardent expectations on the early reunification of the motherland.
2. I use a broken palm: Author: Dai Wangshu, formerly known as Dai Mengou, a modern poet, whose representative works include My Memory, Wang Shucao, Wang Shushi, Disaster Years, Rain Lane and so on. Understanding of the title: "I" refers to the poet himself, and "broken palm" is both real writing and imaginary writing. This is an image that appears many times in the poem. This poem is a song dedicated to the motherland by the poet behind the invaders' bars. Central content: In imagination, the poet stroked the land ravaged by the Japanese invaders with his damaged palm, expressing his grief and indignation for the people in the occupied areas and his deep yearning for the liberated areas.
3. Motherland, My Dear Motherland: Author: Shu Ting, formerly known as Gong, a contemporary poetess, whose representative works include Two Masts Boat, Aria, Poems of Shu Ting, Boat and Gift, etc. She is one of the representative poets of the misty poetry school in the new period. Stylistic common sense: The representatives of misty poetry school are Shu Ting, Gu Cheng, He Jiang, Bei Dao, etc. Understanding of the topic: In the face of the disaster-stricken and newborn motherland, the poet projected the image of "I" in the background of the motherland, expressing the voice of this generation.
Central content: The poet projected the individual "I" into the big image of the motherland, revealed the flesh-and-blood relationship between "I" and the motherland from different angles, and expressed the poet's strong patriotic feelings and historical responsibility.
4 "Motherland": Author: lermontov,19th century Russian poet. His works include the long poem The Devil, The Child Monk, The Masquerade, and The Contemporary Hero. Understanding of the topic: lermontov compares his feelings for the motherland to "love" and chooses the scenery that best represents the beautiful scenery of Russian mountains and rivers to express his "love" for the motherland. Central content: By arranging the natural scenes and people's life scenes in Russia, the "love" for the motherland is expressed.
Black people talk about rivers: Author: Hughes, a famous American poet and leader of the Black Renaissance, is called "Poet Laureate of Harlem". Understanding of the topic: The river in Black Talk is a highly concise image, which can be understood as a symbol of history. Black people's tracing back to rivers is the root of their ancestors and homes. Central content: The poet expressed his love for his ancestors and native land through the tracing of the river by blacks.
5. Kong Yiji: From The Scream. Author: Lu Xun, formerly known as Zhou Shuren, born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, is a modern writer, thinker and revolutionary in China. The first vernacular novel, Diary of a Madman, consists of a collection of novels, Scream, Hesitation, Prose, Prose and Poetry, Weeds and Prose, Solemnity and Justice. Stylistic knowledge: the novel pays attention to shaping the characters, and reflects social life through the narrative of the story and the description of the environment. The three elements of the novel include characters, story lines and environmental descriptions. The plot structure of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending. Environment includes social environment and natural environment. Understanding of the title: The article takes the name of the hero of the novel as the title, indicating that the plot will revolve around this character and the theme will be revealed by the character. And this strange name also corresponds to the character's personality, and also lays the ironic tone for the article. Central Content: Through the description of several tragic life scenes in Kong Yi's later years, this novel successfully portrayed the image of the lower-class intellectuals who were devastated by the imperial examination system in the last years of feudalism, accused the evils of the feudal system, and revealed the people's indifference and numbness.
6. Liu Pu Family: Author: Liu Shaotang, a contemporary writer. His works are fresh and simple in style, fluent in writing, calm and natural in description, concise and complete in structure and full of local color. Understanding of the title: Liu Pu family originally refers to people who build houses with cattail and willow branches, and here refers to ordinary poor farmers. It mainly shows the generosity, fierceness and love of the aunt, as well as the chivalrous courage of Dr. He, just like a vivid genre painting, showing people's lofty character.
7. "Chameleon": Author: Chekhov, Russian writer, representative work: novel "The Man in the Condom" script "Uncle Vanya" and so on. Understanding of the title: The author compares the hero of the novel, police officer Ralph, to a chameleon, which shows that he is a loyal lackey of the czar, good at have it both ways, obsessed with superiors and bullying subordinates, willful and shameless. Central content: By describing have it both ways and Ralph, a bully and a czar police officer, the novel subtly exposes the reaction and hypocrisy of the Russian police system and criticizes its anti-people nature.
8. Love life: selected from love life. Author: Jack? London, American novelist. He published many short stories, commonly known as "Northern Stories". Understanding of the title: As long as you don't give up your life easily, the embarrassing environment can be reborn.
Central content: This paper describes the story of a gold digger who finally killed the wolf and drained the wolf's blood in a contest with the same sick wolf, and successfully created the image of "this man" who is tenacious and fearless of difficulties and obstacles, enlightening people that people must struggle and struggle with all kinds of difficulties and obstacles when they are alive.
9. Talking about life: Author: Bing Xin, a children's writer. Formerly known as Xie Wanying. He is the author of poems "Stars" and "Spring Water". His poetic style is crystal clear and beautiful, moist and elegant, and he is called "spring water". Prose collections include Send Young Readers, After Return, Send Young Readers, Send Young Readers, Praise Cherry Blossoms and About Women. Early prose is elegant, concise and fluent, and is called "Bing Xin Ti". Understanding of the topic: The author compares life to "a spring river" and "a small tree", expressing his unique feelings about life. Central content: This essay takes "a spring river" and "a small tree" as metaphors, revealing the process and general law of people from growth to growth, and then to weakness, as well as the will to struggle hard and the spirit of open-mindedness and optimism.
10 Tree: Author: Wang Dingjun, a contemporary Taiwan Province writer. His main works include the essays Three Books of Life, Things and Chess, Broken Glass and Inspiration, as well as the novels The Body Temperature of a Single Man, Perspective and Clock. Understanding of the topic: that tree is a strong tree in essence. It brings shade and shelter to the earth. But in the process of human civilization, there are contradictions between man and nature. Trees have become the encounter of human civilization, showing the contradiction between human development and environmental protection. Central content: This essay describes the story that a tree that has benefited mankind for many years was finally cut down by human beings, expressing the author's regret for the fate of the tree, the advantages and disadvantages of the development of urban civilization, and the deep thinking and deep feelings about the relationship between man and nature.
1 1. Random Thoughts on Underground Forests: Author: Zhang Kangkang, a contemporary female writer. The first novel "Lamp", the novel "Boundary Line", the short story "The Right of Love", "Summer" and so on. Understanding of the title: The forest written in this article grows in a dark and deep canyon, so it is called "underground forest", which means fragmentary and fragmentary feeling. Although feelings are fragments, the author feels strongly, explores the theme deeply, contains philosophy and has the power to touch people's hearts. Central content: Facing the miracle of underground forest created by nature, the author has exerted rich imagination, described the history of underground forest formation with beautiful and vivid language, enthusiastically praised the tenacious vitality of underground forest, and expressed infinite admiration for the canyon that gave birth to underground forest.
12. Life: Author: brandeis, Danish literary critic. He is the author of mainstream literature in the19th century.
Central content: The text takes "tower", "cave", "vast field" and "workshop" as metaphors, describes different situations of people's life journey from different angles and horizons, and expresses the author's profound understanding of the nature of human life and human social life, as well as his firm outlook on life and values that make life meaningful.
13. Merchant of Venice: selected from Merchant of Venice. Author: Shakespeare, a Renaissance English dramatist and poet, was called "the greatest comic genius of mankind" by Marx. Representative works include: comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream, Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, historical drama Richard III, Henry IV and tragicomedy Romeo and Juliet. The four famous tragedies are Hamlet (also called Revenge of the Prince), Othello and King Lear by Macbeth. Four misers: Abalone and Eugénie in Van morille's The Miser? Grandet in Grandet, Shylock in British Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, and Spokin in Russian Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's The Dead.
Cultural common sense: the composition of drama literature usually includes two parts: first, the playwright's stage tips, including the list of characters, time, place, scenery, costumes, props and the psychological emotions, movements, ups and downs of characters' lines; The first is the characters' own lines, including dialogue (duet), narration (side singing) monologue (solo) and so on. General knowledge of literature: the classification of drama literature (1) can be divided into drama (main types), opera, ballet and so on according to the performance form. (2) According to the nature of content, it can be divided into tragedy, comedy and drama. Drama refers to a drama with both sad and comedy factors. (3) According to the aspects involved in the theme, it can be divided into modern drama, historical drama, divine drama, science fiction drama, pantomime and children's drama. (4) According to the length scale, it can be divided into full-length dramas and one-act dramas. Central content: This play shows the process of the Venice court hearing the contract dispute case of "cutting a catty of meat" and reveals the ruthless, greedy and cold class nature of usurers; At the same time, he praised the profound friendship between the people of the new bourgeoisie and the moral thought of valuing righteousness over profit, which embodied the author's humanistic ideal.
14. Face/Guan: Author: Wei Minglun, a famous Sichuan Opera writer, known as the "genius of Bashan". His representative works include Yi Dan, Four Girls, Sunset Red Qishan, Chinese Princess Durando and so on.
Understanding of the topic: Face-changing originally refers to the emotional makeup in China traditional opera, and later refers to a performance stunt that changes facial makeup many times in an instant.
Central content: This drama describes the tortuous process of finding out that the dog baby is a girl, abandoning her and finally taking her in. It shows the deep-rooted preference for boys over girls, and also shows the misfortune of girls in the lower class and their helpless struggle for fate. Their experiences also reflected the living conditions of the people at the bottom of society at that time.
15. Zao Er: writer Sun Hong, playwright. Understanding of the title: the "jujube" in the title refers to both the real jujube and the name of the old man's son in the text. In addition, "jujube" is a clue that runs through the whole play, and the author gives it profound symbolic significance. Central content: The play tells the intimate communication between an old man and a boy picking dates around "Jujube". The old man recalled the past of "Zaoer" and expressed his thoughts for his son. The boy wants to leave "jujube" for his father to eat, which shows that he wants to have a famous father. The whole play expresses their sincere feelings of calling for the return of their loved ones.
16. The Sound of Music was written by American playwright Lerman. The Sound of Music has also been translated into the following translation: Yue Xian is everywhere, true, good and beautiful, tender as water, with joy in the heart and the charm of natural music. Central content: It describes the scene of nun Maria singing wildly and playing happily, and the scene of abbot and mothers talking about Maria in the monastery, and depicts the girl Maria's love of singing, beautiful mind, lively and free, pure and happy character.
17. Lost: selected from Mozi. Mozi is now widely regarded by Mozi's disciples and his re-disciples as a compilation of Mozi's words and deeds. Mozi: Mingzhai was the founder of Mohism during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Literary Common Sense: Prose of Pre-Qin Scholars was born in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. His major works are The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Xunzi and Everything is done wrong. Most of the essays of pre-Qin philosophers are brilliant in literary talent, and they make good use of metaphors to tell things and argue right and wrong, which enhances the persuasiveness of the articles, while the extensive use of rhetorical devices such as parallelism and exaggeration makes the articles more colorful. Understanding of the topic: The article "Public Failure" tells the story of Mozi preventing Chu from attacking Song State. At that time, Mozi heard the news that Chu was going to attack Song State. He "walked for ten days and ten nights and ended the war". Central content: The text tells the story of Mozi's discouraging Chu from attacking Song State, and vividly shows Mozi's spirit of hard practice and tenacious struggle to realize his own ideas.
18. "If you get the Tao, you will help more, but if you lose it, you will help less": from Mencius? In the ugly sunshine. Mencius, written by Mencius and his disciples, is one of the Confucian classics. Mencius: Yuzi Mingke, a native of the Warring States Period, was a disciple of Kong Ji, the grandson of Confucius. He advocated "benevolent government" and put forward the slogan "People are more valuable than kings". Literary common sense: Mencius is one of the classic works of Confucianism, which records Mencius' words and deeds, political opinions, philosophical opinions and personal cultivation. Understanding of the topic: The "Tao" advocated by Mencius is the practice of benevolent government. Central content: Discuss the viewpoint that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony"
Born in sorrow and died in happiness? Tell your son. " Understanding of the topic: "Born in sorrow and died in happiness" means living in sorrow and declining in happiness. Central content: it is pointed out that "harmony between people" is the first condition to defeat the enemy.
19 I want what I want: selected from Mencius? Sue. " Common sense of literature: the main points of Mencius' theory of goodness of human nature: (1) "goodness" is human nature; (2) There are four kinds of "original heart" of human beings: sympathy, shame, respect and right and wrong. Thus came the moral standard of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom. (3) The deterioration of human nature is due to the influence of external things, not the expression of nature. (4) Nature also needs "nurturing". Understanding of the topic: Mencius advocates that human nature is good. He believes that people are born with a hidden heart, a shameful heart and a resigned heart. As long as these "kindness" are not lost, they will have "benevolence, righteousness and reason" morally. Central content: This paper takes fish and bear's paw as metaphors, discusses that the choice of life should focus on "righteousness" and "sacrifice one's life for righteousness" when necessary, and criticizes those who forget righteousness.
20' Two Stories about Zhuangzi': Selected from' Zhuangzi? Autumn water. Zhuangzi is an anthology of Zhuang Zhou and his later studies, and it is one of the Taoist classics. Zhuang Zhou: During the Warring States Period, he was a philosopher and a representative of Taoism. Central Content: Keiko Xiang Liang satirizes the faces of those who are obsessed with fame and fortune, showing Zhuangzi's lofty and self-controlled attitude. His sleeves are like a "rotten mouse".
"Zhuangzi and Keiko Wandering" describes a debate between Zhuangzi and Keiko, showing their differences in thought, character and temperament.
2 1 Cao Gui debate: selected from Zuo Zhuan. Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo Chunqiu and Chunqiu Zuoshi Zhuan, is said to have been written by Zuo Qiuming. It is China's chronological history books, historical works and literary works. Cultural common sense: it is a chronological history book that records the political, economic, military, diplomatic and cultural aspects of the vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period. A large number of ancient historical materials are preserved in the book, with beautiful words. It is especially good at describing wars and complex events, and it is also good at expressing characters' personality characteristics through dialogues and actions.
Topic understanding: During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi and Lu were neighboring countries. At that time, Qi was strong, Lu was weak, and Lu was on the defensive. This paper tells the story of learning the correct strategy and tactics of Lu Zhuanggong and finally defeating Qi State. Main contents: It narrates the dialogue between Cao Gui and Lu Zhuanggong about the battle of Qilu and the historical facts of the battle of commander Shao, and expounds that only by winning the trust of the people and using correct strategies and tactics can we win, which shows Cao Gui's political foresight and military talent and praises Cao Gui's patriotism.