Daur people use Daur language, belonging to Altai language family. There are two dialects, Buta and Qiqihar, which are rich in languages and have a large number of words reflecting fishing and hunting farming, including Chinese, Manchu and Ewenki loanwords, especially Chinese loanwords. The Daur people do not have their own language, but mainly use Chinese. A few people can use Manchu, Mongolian and Kazakh. The Daur people believe in Shamanism, which is a primitive religion that combines nature worship, totem worship and ancestor worship. A few people believe in Lamaism. Daur people are good at making birch bark and wicker crafts, and the production technology of flue-cured tobacco and leather boots is very high.
In the Qing dynasty, meat accounted for a large proportion in the Daur people's diet structure, but in modern times it was changed to food. The traditional rice food of Daur nationality mainly includes: "Aosumbala" (steamed white millet); "Hijimo Bada" (uncooked millet rice); "Alaimo Zibada" (steamed white buckwheat rice); Oatmeal rice and barley rice; Daur people like to eat all kinds of meat porridge, and all kinds of "Larry" (thick porridge), such as "West Jimmy Larry", "Ni Gilari" (buckwheat navel porridge) and "Waqi Hot Larry" (thick milk porridge made of sour colostrum and millet). When people eat bovine colostrum porridge, they must inform their neighbors and relatives to taste it. Pasta mainly includes: "Da Le Baba" (a buckwheat noodle filled with wild birds or domestic chicken and soup, with a special tool to suppress noodles-"Da Le"); "Togulie" (milk noodles mixed with cream and sugar); "Sparta Rage" (Daoxiao Noodles); "He Ri Ke Mu Le Bada" (* * or broth Daoxiao Noodles); "Herigebada" (broth thumb buckwheat bumps) and so on. Some of these pasta can be made of white flour. There are many kinds of cakes and steamed bread, such as "Chuo Mao Steamed Bread" (steamed bread with cup-shaped buckwheat flour), "Ba Le Tiutum" (white flour with perilla stuffing or pancakes with nutritious flour), "Haowure Wutum" (cakes made with various flours) and "baking spoon Lewutum" (buckwheat navel pancake). In addition, Daur people also have various kinds of fried noodles ("Hager") and "Schindler" (shredded oats made after frying), which are mixed with sugar, cream and milk when eating. This kind of dry food is convenient for field workers to carry and is resistant to hunger. Daur pastry food is made of fermented millet flour, which is rolled into an 8-shaped fried cake called Xirirele. It is also made of fried millet flour, sun-dried hawthorn powder, thick plum powder, sugar and butter, and then pressed into a square cake called Watt.
Daur non-staple food mainly includes meat, milk and vegetables. Daur people are good at hunting, fishing and raising livestock, so the sources of meat are rich. Daur people basically don't avoid eating meat, and all kinds of birds and animals, livestock, poultry and all kinds of fish can eat it. Eating meat is the most important thing The meat of animals and livestock is stewed with bones into large pieces and cut with a knife. Daur people mainly eat milk, but generally don't eat horse milk or goat milk. Yogurt is the top grade for quenching thirst and relieving summer heat. Fresh milk can be eaten raw or cooked to make rice and pasta. Milk can also be used to make all kinds of dairy products, such as milk skin, cream, cheese and other advanced dairy products.
Daur women grow all kinds of vegetables in the garden, such as beans (kidney beans), eggplant, cucumber, cabbage, radish, pepper and peas. , for food. He is also diligent in collecting all kinds of wild vegetables as a supplement, mainly including Manges (wild onion), Anggole (wild celery), Kailieri (wild leek) and Manqi (wild onion). Among them, "Kun Pierer" is especially favored by Daur people. It is harvested in large quantities in spring, or eaten or dried in the sun when vegetables are in short supply in winter and spring. Mushrooms and auricularia auricula are picked in summer, or eaten fresh or stored in the sun. Daur women also sun-dried wild plums and Queena Ding and ground them into powder, or made them into granules for drinking, or made cakes and buns with stuffing. Daur people can pickle all kinds of pickles by themselves, among which wild leek flowers are ground into superior seasonings and have a unique flavor. Daur women also dried other dried vegetables, such as shredded beans and eggplant slices, as winter and spring food. Although the eating habits and food composition of modern Daur people have changed greatly, these traditional foods and eating methods are still favored and passed down by the vast majority of Daur people, especially at festivals and banquets, "hand-held meat" and "Kun Pierer cuisine" are essential.
"Daur" is the self-name of Daur people. There are different interpretations about its meaning. Some people think that "Da" in Daur language can be interpreted as "Yuan" and "Old", which means "Yuan", "Past" and "Before". "Woer" can be interpreted as "location" and "address", meaning "residence", "location" and "region". In this way, "Daur" means "old place". After the rise of the Khitans, they fought abroad, and a large number of Khitans moved to new areas, calling those who stayed near Huangfu in Liaohe River Basin "Daur shallow" (shallow, Daur is plural), and then gradually formed the name for this group of people.
According to legend, Sadil Diahan, the ancestor of Daur nationality, lived in the upper reaches of the Nen River. One winter, the weather was extremely cold and the river froze. Khan intends to go out to fight, and the sleeper with his head facing south follows him across the river to fight. Those who go to war are called "Jieda Zisen" ("Jieda" means Qidan, "Zisen" goes to war), while those who stay in place and sleep face north, including their mother and his six sons. These survivors are called "Khrushchev of Daur nationality".
Others said according to the historical records of China that "the original name of Qidan was Dahe", and the Daur nationality was transliterated from Dahe. In the first year of Wude, Tang Gaozu (6 18), Daur (formerly Yamato), the leader of Khitan, was named Daur (Lie). Another explanation is the name of "big river", which is the ancient name of Taoer River. For example, "Liao history called Taru River, Jin history called Tarugu River".
Some people think that the Daur nationality comes from the "Daruhuachi" in Mongolia. The meaning of Daur nationality has not been clearly explained so far. According to the self-proclaimed transliteration of Daur people, there are many ways to transliterate Chinese, such as Daur, Daur, Huda, Dagulu, Daur and so on. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it was finally named Daur after national recognition, and it became a fixed national name from then on.
The festivals of Daur nationality include Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, off-year and so on, which are roughly similar to the traditional festivals of Han nationality.
It is a traditional festival for Daur people to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the founding of the Party. On the morning of the festival, Daur people cleaned up, posted New Year pictures and couplets, and presented gifts to the elderly among their close relatives. Prepare a pile of dried cow dung and horse manure outside the gate, light it before dinner to dispel the ominous clouds, and put some meat, cakes and jiaozi on the fire to pray for Vulcan to protect people and animals. Dinner is mainly hand-made meat. After satiated with wine and food, the old people worship their ancestors with wine, meat and cakes, and burn incense to worship. In the first half of the night, jiaozi was frozen for cooking at any time in the first month. When I was a child, the younger generation toasted and kowtowed to the elders, wishing the elderly health and longevity, and the elderly also wished the younger generation happiness. That night, firecrackers exploded and lights were brightly lit.
Ani Festival of Daur nationality is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, which is held on the first day of the first lunar month. "Ani" is a phonetic translation of Daur nationality, which means Spring Festival.
In order to have a wonderful festival, the Daur people began to clean their houses, make jiaozi, steam bean buns, cook banquet dishes and purchase all kinds of food for the New Year. Then freeze these foods so that you can eat ready-made food during the festival.
On the morning of New Year's Eve, Daur families clean the courtyard and post New Year pictures and couplets. In front of the gate, many dried cow dung cakes were piled up and lit at night, which filled the whole village with a harmonious, auspicious, peaceful and warm festive atmosphere. Old Daur people also threw large pieces of meat, white bread, jiaozi and all kinds of delicious food into the fire, wishing people and animals good health and a bumper harvest. Daur people think that the more fires, the better, so every household tries to pile up the cow dung in front of the door as high and big as possible.
At night, all kinds of lanterns are hung in front of Daur people's doors, and some people decorate their doors with unique ice lanterns. On New Year's Eve, the Daur people have a tradition of offering sacrifices to their ancestors, but there are no memorial tablets or inexhaustible gods. They just put a stick of incense on the ground on the west side of the house, and then made a pilgrimage to the west to show their memory of their ancestors. Wine, milk skin, snacks, etc. Sacrifices to ancestors are placed by the elderly at home. After the whole family kowtowed to their elders to bid farewell to the old year, they went to the relatives of the same family to pay a New Year call. Go to the oldest person's home to pay New Year's greetings, and then pay New Year's greetings from door to door. Every household should pay New Year's greetings. After midnight, at the beginning of the new year, the gathered Daur people will worship again, and go door to door to their elders' homes. Every family will pay homage to their elders and kowtow to their cigarettes. The whole New Year's Eve was filled with laughter, and the Daur people had a good time and stayed up all night.
On the morning of the first day of junior high school, Daur people will dress up, then burn incense and bow down to the gods, goddesses, kitchen gods and ancestors, pray for shelter and gifts, then toast and bow down to their elders and accept the blessings of the old people. The first annual meal was jiaozi. When cooking or wrapping red thread, it means that people who eat it will live longer; Or wrapped in coins, Daur people think that people who eat it will not be short of money for a year. The Daur people in Inner Mongolia and other places also wrap eight small pieces of dough or a pinch of flour when wrapping jiaozi, which symbolizes the fullness and kindness of children. After the Spring Festival, young Daur men and women, led by their peers and brothers, went door to door to pay New Year greetings. If an elder died less than three years ago, the New Year greetings of the younger generation will kowtow to the coffin in Nankang. You can't wait until sunrise to pay New Year greetings in other villages. As soon as the New Year's greeting guests enter the door, they will first uncover the pot cover of the host family, grab the rice cakes that are necessary for every family, and taste the ups and downs of the rice cakes. If we say whose cake is sweetest, we will praise whose heart is kindest. It is said that after eating, the production and life can be "higher year by year".
According to the traditional custom, every Ani Festival, women should give gifts to each other and wrap the best tobacco leaves, milk skins, cakes, frozen meat and so on. And give it to the elderly, relatives and friends. From the first day to the fifth day, in some places, even during the first month, women are not allowed to sew, otherwise they will suffer for a year, and they are not allowed to cry and scold loudly during the Chinese New Year, otherwise they will suffer. Cigarettes are an essential gift for Daur people to entertain guests, so during the festival, both men and women should respect each other first to show mutual respect.
Daur people are good at singing and dancing. Everyone can dance, regardless of gender or age. "Humber Dance" is an indispensable program during the festival. This kind of dance is varied, sometimes slow and long, sometimes jumping and cheerful, and it is a very beautiful dance art. They also especially like to dance "Rouge Music" and "Hakenbai". During the Ani Festival, every village becomes a big stage for these two kinds of dances, with women as the protagonists. They often dance for several days from the first day of junior high school. At that time, young girls and * * * will wear embroidered silks and satins, their shoes will be polished, their hair will be combed neatly, they will wear bright flowers, and the flowers will shine brightly. Even a woman in her forties will wear bright clothes when she is a bride. Dido's elegant plain flowers are tied in a high bun, and her charm is not diminished. Daur dance is rich, delicate, simple and lively, with dances such as carrying water, looking in the mirror and combing hair, full of rich life breath; In particular, they performed an eagle dance, with their hands on their sides and their wrists swinging gently up and down from slow to fast, just like an eagle spreading its wings and flying freely in the blue sky. They are singing and dancing, and with one cry after another, their rhythm is getting faster and faster, so that the happy dance gradually reaches * * *. When dancing, the girls quietly stuffed embroidered tobacco bags to their sweethearts. If a young man receives this precious gift, he should carefully hide it in his arms and keep it a secret for the girl before marriage. There is also a unique musical instrument popular among Daur women, which they call "Mukulian". This instrument is simple in structure, but very delicate. This is for personal use and never lent to outsiders. It can play all kinds of beautiful tunes, is a "weapon" for Daur women to display their talents during the Ani Festival, and often becomes a medium for emotional communication between men and women.
During the festival, entertainment activities are colorful, such as playing hockey, dancing, singing, stepping on bones and playing cards. After the first day of May, teenagers began to play "hockey" in groups. In the evening, they play games imitating animals after putting on makeup. Children hug their children to play, old people listen to epics, tell stories, sing folk songs, women dance "Lurile Song and Dance", and many other cultural and recreational activities are active until the fifteenth day of the first month.
The Daur nationality has a year number every day from the first day of the first month to the fifteenth day of the first month. According to tradition, the first day is chicken day, the second day is dog day, the third day is pig day, the fourth day is sheep day, the fifth day is horse day, the sixth day is ox day, and the seventh day is human day ... Daur festivals are often related to these pressures. The celebration of Ani Festival lasts until the 15th day of the first month, which is called "Kaqin" in Daur language.
Ani Festival is the Daur Spring Festival, which expresses the same theme of saying goodbye to the old and welcoming the new and wishing for the coming year. Its activities are very loyal to the traditional customs of Daur nationality.
Kaqin Festival of Daur Kaqin Festival (Lantern Festival) is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, which is held on the 15th day of the first month. Daur people believe that this day is the day when the gods return to the border.
The night before, you must sacrifice to God and burn incense and kowtow to God. On Kachin Day, people should wear new clothes and eat handmade meat or jiaozi.
It is a traditional festival of Daur nationality and a unique activity of Daur youth during the Spring Festival, symbolizing happiness, health and auspiciousness. I wish the crops a bumper harvest that year. Early in the morning, Daur elders first took a little black ash from the bottom of the pot and put it on the foreheads of their children who didn't get up. Young people are scrambling to plaster their faces and each other's faces, which means avoiding evil and wishing them a bumper harvest and happiness in the coming year. It is said that whoever doesn't wipe his face on this day is unlucky this year, and the darker he paints, the more blessed he is. Young girls and daughters-in-law are often the targets pursued by young men. Their faces often turn black and their faces are all gray. Therefore, the Daur people designated the 16th day of the first month as "Black Ash Day". On this day, people can make fun of each other, encourage each other and look forward to a better and happier life together. This kind of festival activities are mainly carried out among young people.
Daur Cold Food Festival Tomb-Sweeping Day belongs to cold food, which is a traditional festival of Daur nationality. On this day, Daur people will go to the graves of their ancestors and old people to sweep graves, burn paper, arrange offerings, cultivate soil and kowtow. The Dragon Boat Festival of Daur nationality is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, and the fifth day of May is the Dragon Boat Festival. On the morning of Dragon Boat Festival, Daur people get up early, wipe their faces with dew outside, and some people bathe in the river. Daur people put moxa sticks on clothes or hats and hang them everywhere in the house. It is said that this can repel insects and avoid harm, and ensure that there is no disease or disaster within one year. May 23rd is Horse Day. As a rule, every village should choose a tree. The Daur people call it "Tian Shu". Sacrifice under the tree and pray for the safety of livestock.
The Daur Mid-Autumn Festival is on August 15th. On this day, Daur people will slaughter livestock, prepare abundant food, celebrate the bumper harvest of grain and the prosperity of livestock, eat shortcakes and jiaozi, and sacrifice moon cakes and watermelons to the gods.
The Thousand Lantern Festival of Daur nationality is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, which belongs to religious festival and is popular in Daur area around Hailar.
Every year on October 25th of the lunar calendar, the Daur people make all kinds of lanterns and bring them to the Lama Temple for lighting. The more you order, the luckier you are.
Daur Festival of Sacrificing Kitchen Stove1February 23rd is a Festival of Sacrificing Kitchen Stove, which is also a small year. In the evening, the Daur people sent the kitchen god to provide wine and meat, praying that the kitchen god would bless the whole family with peace and food and clothing.
Erdenii Festival of Daur nationality is a traditional festival of Daur nationality, which means shaman sacrifice in Daur language. It is held every year or every other year in March of the lunar calendar, and the festival lasts for one day.
Festival sacrificial activities were held in the clan shaman's home. When this festival is held, the Daur people will bring wine, incense, hada, cloth and other gifts to the shaman's home. Erect a small willow tree with green leaves in the house, called a sacred tree, and hang a bronze fake mask of the gods on it.
At the beginning of the ceremony, the accompanying shaman beat drums and chanted spells, inviting the gods to come. Then guide the priest shaman to dance around "Toro" (sacred tree) to meet the gods. The dance moves are rough and the whole body is shaking. From head to toe, he wears "magic clothes" and his accessories are vacillating. Jumping God is divided into four sections. In the first paragraph, the shaman god is invited. In the second paragraph, please ask the shaman's Lord to sacrifice to God. The third paragraph invites all the gods to come; The fourth paragraph brings God back.
In Daur language, the festival in the south of Daur nationality is the south of Daur nationality, which means the grand ceremony of shaman. This festival is a traditional festival of Daur people and belongs to a religious festival. It is held every three years in March and April of the lunar calendar. The festival lasts three days. The purpose of this festival is to offer gifts to God and seek happiness for the clan.
On the first day, Daur people will take gifts to temporary Schelinger (Daur language). First, two birch trees with green leaves will be erected in Schelinger, which is called "Gretel" (indoor sacred tree). In the south, six feet away from the sacred tree, a birch branch with the same green leaves will be erected, which is called "Boditoro" (outdoor sacred tree). Then, Daur people hung bronze false gods masks on three sacred trees respectively. At the beginning of the ceremony, he accompanied the sacrificial shaman to drum and recite the mantra, invited the gods to come, and then led the sacrificial shaman to dance around the sacred tree to welcome the gods.
Continue dancing the next day.