I. the history of Jiangnan water town

the history of Jiangnan water town folk houses can be traced back to Hemudu culture about 7, years ago. The ancestors lived and multiplied in this land, inheriting all the living and lifestyle. In Shang Dynasty, a residential settlement with a certain scale has been formed here. From the Han Dynasty, officials began to live here. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the war situation in the north made a large number of people migrate to the south. This trend made the economy and culture in the south develop rapidly and the economic center of gravity moved to the south.

In the Tang Dynasty, a considerable number of official residences were formed here. In the Song Dynasty paintings "A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains" and "A Map of Pingjiang River", the architectural layout of the houses in the south of the Yangtze River has been vividly described. With the capital of Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan has made unprecedented development in politics, economy and culture. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jiangnan had become the most economically and culturally developed area in the country, and dignitaries, landlords, wealthy businessmen and literati chose this place to build houses, villas, pavilions and pavilions everywhere, with their own characteristics.

Because of the large population and precious land, the buildings in the south of the Yangtze River are extremely space-saving, and efforts are made in the height, so its architectural art is more exquisite and less elegant. However, after the hands of skilled craftsmen, the houses placed in the flowing water are still fascinating.

The six famous ancient towns in the south of the Yangtze River in China are Zhouzhuang, Tongli and Jiaozhi in Jiangsu, Xitang, Nanxun and Wuzhen in Zhejiang. These six ancient towns are also water towns with very deep cultural heritage. Xitang is located in Jiashan County, Wuzhen is located in Tongxiang City, and Nanxun is located in Huzhou City (Huzhou is also the birthplace of Hubi). These six ancient towns are concentrated in the southeast of Taihu Lake. Zhouzhuang and Jiaozhi are more than 4 kilometers apart, and the waterway between Tongli and Zhouzhuang is only more than 1 kilometers.

2. Which dynasty did the water town in the south of the Yangtze River originate from? It is necessary to be detailed

The Eastern Jin Dynasty

The Yangtze River made the south of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan literally means the south of the Yangtze River, but as a typical historical and geographical concept, Jiangnan originally meant the area south of the Yangtze River. In ancient times, Jiangnan often represented a prosperous and developed cultural education and a beautiful and rich water town. The area was roughly divided into the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and Jiangnan represented China people's infinite yearning and hope for a better life. However, scholars at home and abroad have never unified the definition and application of the word Jiangnan. Jiangnan in a broad sense refers to the vast area east of Yichang, south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and north of Nanling. Including the narrow sense of Jiangnan, north of Jiangxi, south of the Yangtze River in Hubei and northern Hunan, some areas in Fujian are sometimes called Jiangnan. Jiangnan in a broad sense was widely used in ancient times, such as Du Fu's on meeting li guinian down the river, which was written in Changsha. Jiangnan in a broad sense is also used in modern times, for example, Jiangnan in the weather forecast refers to Jiangnan in a broad sense; Jiangnan mentioned in the three famous buildings (Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan, Yueyang Tower in Yueyang and Tengwang Pavilion in Nanchang) is Jiangnan in a broad sense. In a narrow sense, Jiangnan refers to the eastern region beautified by literati, that is, excluding Fujian Province and Nanjing in southern Zhejiang to Suzhou and Hangzhou, including parts of Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province and Zhejiang Province south of the Yangtze River, that is, southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui and northeastern Jiangxi. Some areas north of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as Yangzhou, are geographically located in the north of the Yangtze River, but their economy and culture are similar to those of the south of the Yangtze River, and they are also regarded as the composition of the south of the Yangtze River in the cultural sense. Some areas south of Taihu Lake and east of Qiantang River, such as Shaoxing and Ningbo, are not considered as Jiangnan areas.

Jiangnan in cultural sense refers to "Jiangnan" in cultural sense, that is, Jiangnan in a narrow sense, which is equivalent to Jiangdong area, including southern Jiangsu (and Yangzhou), Shanghai, northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui and northeastern Jiangxi. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, when the gentry of the Central Plains went to the south and the Chinese regime made Jinling its capital, the south of the Yangtze River replaced the Central Plains as the most developed economic and cultural core of China.

Jiangnan is known for its flourishing culture and education. Confucius Temple, located in Qinhuai River, is a temple to commemorate Confucius. Jiangnan Gongyuan in the Confucius Temple complex was the examination room for imperial examinations in ancient times, which was a symbol of the imperial examination culture in the south of the Yangtze River. There are many famous academies in Jiangnan. The important ones are Bailudong Academy, Xiangshan Academy, Lize Academy, Donglin Academy, Ming Dow Academy and Maoshan Academy. From ancient times to the present, a large number of literary works singing about Jiangnan have constructed the "Jiangnan" imagined by China people. Famous ones are Bai Juyi's "Good Jiangnan" and Su Dongpo's "Looking at Jiangnan". In regional culture, Jiangnan culture and Wu culture are closely linked. Wu dialect is sometimes called Jiangnan dialect, and Mandarin, which is a mixture of Wu dialect and Yayan, is sometimes called Jiangnan Mandarin. Jiangnan Garden, a well-known garden, is a natural landscape garden with a pool to build mountains, which flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Suzhou, Yangzhou, Nanjing, Wuxi, Changzhou, Huzhou, Shanghai, Jiaxing and Hangzhou are the main cities, among which Suzhou and Yangzhou are the most representative, while Suzhou is the most private garden. Jiangnan gardens are usually private gardens, and Xuanwu Lake is the only remaining royal garden in Jiangnan. Iii. Water towns in the south of the Yangtze River, which ancient towns have a long history and still retain their original cultural flavor

Speaking of the beauty of the south of the Yangtze River, we have to say that the ancient and antique water town ~ whether it is Wuzhen, a fresh and elegant Xitang, or just a silent water town of bred in an inner chamber, with no one knowing her, you can find your own dreams and beauty ~ The ancient town in the south of the Yangtze River has a strong traditional cultural flavor of China.

The ancient buildings in the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River, the meandering river and the stone arch bridges with various structures on the river, the rain-proof corridor with lanterns and colorful flags on the long streets of the bluestone slabs, and the dazzling water town customs accompanied by various attractive Jiangnan delicacies are all inviting you to visit here, leaving you with nostalgia, remembering the wonderful moments of drinking tea, listening to the rain and being in a daze in the covered bridges, and enjoying a quaint feeling that is fading away. There are four distinct seasons here, the flowers in spring are red and green, the lotus rhyme in summer is elegant, the fruits in autumn are fragrant, and the light snow and frost in winter. No matter how you look at it, it is a distant and quiet ink painting.

Zhouzhuang, an ancient water town in the south of the Yangtze River-the six ancient water towns, has a quiet environment and simple architecture. Although it has gone through more than 9 years of vicissitudes, it still completely preserves the architectural features of the original water town. More than 6% of the residential buildings in the town are still Ming and Qing dynasties, with only .

the ancient town of 47 square kilometers has hundreds of houses with ancient styles and more than 6 brick-carved gatehouses, among which Shenting and Zhangting are the most representative ones. At the same time, Zhouzhuanghai has preserved 14 ancient bridges with their own characteristics, which * * * isomorphically create a wonderful picture of water town customs.

Zhouzhuang has become synonymous with the first water town in China in the eyes of Chinese people. With the spread of the internet, the staff of the through train travel network found that Zhouzhuang, which is famous, was crowded with tourists, making it lively during the day and quiet and lonely at night.

However, in the morning and evening when day and night intersect, it is the most beautiful time in Zhouzhuang. There are no bustling tourists during the day, and there is no silence at night. Some are the quiet and simple life inherent in the water town. Falling in love with Zhouzhuang begins with the wonderful time of alternating day and night, allowing you to experience the original Jiangnan water town and feel the unique charm of bridges, flowing water and people.

Falling in love with Zhouzhuang is no longer a legend ... Wuzhen "has been here, but never left"-Rene Liu wrote it himself. From "Time flies" to "Ghosts in My Heart", Wuzhen, a small water town, has formed an indissoluble bond with this woman who is full of petty bourgeoisie.

as long as I've been here, I've never left, what's more, I'm used to seeing Wuzhen's spring, summer, autumn and winter, and I don't have any attachment to other places. In the afternoon, leaning in the sun, sitting there writing postcards with a blue-and-white teapot and a cup of chrysanthemum tea became the most quiet moment in Wuzhen ... Wuzhen has been prosperous since ancient times. For thousands of years, the ancient towns have been built by the river and the city is near the bridge. The town's folk customs are simple, which is a model of "small bridges, flowing water and people" in Jiangnan. At the same time, Wuzhen has a waterfront building-Shuige, which is not found in other towns.

wuzhen has a long history and is a typical cultural ancient town in the south of the Yangtze river. Wuzhen water town has a complete landscape and maintained a complete pattern of water towns in the south of the Yangtze River.

wuzhen, with its rich folk customs, is an active museum that reflects the life of water towns in the south of the Yangtze river. The morning in Tongli begins with the river.

People wake up early at the water's edge. Some of them are washing in the river in front of their doors, some are washing clothes, some are washing vegetables, and some are staring at the sky, wearing cotton pajamas and being lazy. Not far from the other side, there is an old lady washing the toilet.

It seems that this is the way of life of people in the ancient town, and it should be called "Clear Water". The rivers in Tongli wake up and move in these sounds.

The ancient town is foggy in the morning, and there are not many pedestrians in the street. Only the old people who get up early walk slowly with their hands behind their backs, and occasionally people who get up early to exercise run by. Everything is peaceful and quiet.

pedestrians on the road are calm and serene, and the slow pace of the town makes me very useful. On the banks of the river, people who get up early are raising stoves, and puffs of smoke are slowly drifting into the air … Mudu Mudu is a famous ancient town in the south of the Yangtze River, located in the west of Suzhou and on the bank of Taihu Lake.

with beautiful scenery and abundant products, the territory is just surrounded by famous Wuzhong mountains such as Tianping, Lingyan, Shishan and Qizi, so it is called "cornucopia". Mudu is an ancient water town of the same age as Suzhou.

According to legend, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue had a dispute and Yue was defeated. Gou Jian, the king of Yue, used the "honey trap" to present beauty to the king of Wu. Fu Cha, the prince of Wu, specializes in Xi Shi. He specially built a pavilion at the top of Lingyan Mountain in Xiuyi, and built a Gusutai in Zishi Mountain. "It takes three years to gather wood, and five years to become a success." The continuous flow of wood blocked the river port at the foot of the mountain, and "the cork was blasphemed", hence the name of Mudu ... Nanxun nanxun town is located in the hinterland of Hangjiahu Plain, bordering Taihu Lake in the north and Wujiang City in Jiangsu Province in the east.

The land and water transportation is convenient. National Highway 318 and Changhushen Waterway run through the east and west, and are about 1 kilometers away from Shanghai, Suzhou and Hangzhou, with a town area of 34 square kilometers. In 1991, Nanxun ranked first among 15 famous historical and cultural towns in Zhejiang Province.

Nanxun Town has been recommended by China to the United Nations as a world cultural heritage. The rain in the south of the Yangtze River is the most unbearable, and the towns in water towns are no exception.

Spring is sudden, and it's not annoying in this drizzle. It moistens the mirror-smooth stone road in the town, smears the tallow beside the old house, and under the eaves, it falls into the bluestone jar with rhythmic raindrops. On the thick wax gourd beam of the ancient house hall, it's a swallow who is busy building a nest with mud ... "The spring in the south of the Yangtze River is as smooth as jade, and the walking clothes don't get wet." An umbrella is acceptable. The wet and slippery river pier is glowing with faint cyan, bearing countless warm stories about "Shake, Shake, Shake to Waipo Bridge ..." The stone road in the alley has been polished by all kinds of shoes of passers-by, which is a thick but not grandiose brown color, like patina on an antique handed down from ancient times ... Xitang Xitang was called Xutang in ancient times, and the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was the border between wuyue and China, with rich historical and cultural accumulation.

here, there are many rivers, quiet environment, green waves everywhere, and every family faces the water and reflects people. There is a well-preserved Ming and Qing architectural community next to the ancient river, and the antique ancient houses overlap; More than 1, meters of quaint corridors and sheds, covered with black tiles, built along the river, are connected as a whole, which is like a sentiment of ancient style.

The veranda and the ancient lane can be called the "double wonders" of Xitang. Xitang people's description of their hometown. Fourth, the characteristics of the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River

I. Overall summary The general layout of the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River is roughly the same as that of the quadrangles in the north, but the layout is generally compact, and the courtyard covers a small area to adapt to the characteristics of high local population density and less farmland. The doors of the houses are mostly opened on the central axis, with the main room facing the hall, and the two-story building is often built in the back courtyard. The small courtyard surrounded by four-bedroom houses is commonly called patio. It is only used for lighting and drainage. Because the rainwater on the inner slope of the roof flows into the patio from all sides, the layout of this house is commonly known as "four waters return to the hall". Second, the building structure of the four-water return-to-the-hall house takes the traditional "room" as the basic unit, and the rooms of the house are mostly odd, usually three or five. Each room is 3~4 meters wide and five to nine purlins deep. Enclosed courtyard. However, in order to facilitate ventilation, leaky windows are often opened on the courtyard wall, and windows are also opened in front and back of the house. This kind of residence, which adapts to the topography, makes full use of space, is flexible in layout, beautiful in shape and uses materials reasonably, shows a fresh and lively appearance. Most of the houses in the south of the Yangtze River are made of bucket-type wooden frames, instead of beams, columns directly support purlins, and the outer walls are built with thin hollow walls or bamboo plastering walls. The walls are painted white. The roof structure is thinner than that of the northern residence. The bottom of the wall is often paved with flaky, and the indoor floor is also paved with slate to prevent moisture. The interior of the hall is separated freely with traditional covers, wooden fans, screen doors, etc. The beam frame is only decorated with a small amount of exquisite carvings, painted with chestnut, brown, gray and other colors, without painting. The wooden structure outside the house is brown and black. Combined with the surrounding natural environment, it forms a picturesque water town style. Third, it reflects the culture. The history of the water towns in the south of the Yangtze River can be traced back to Hemudu culture about 7, years ago. The ancestors lived and multiplied on this land, inheriting all the living and lifestyle. In the Shang Dynasty, a residential settlement with a certain scale has been formed here. From the Han Dynasty, officials began to live here. The war situation in the north during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties caused a large number of people to migrate south. This trend made the economy and culture of the south develop rapidly, and the economic center of gravity moved to the south from now on. In the Tang Dynasty, a considerable number of official houses had been formed here. In the Song Dynasty paintings "A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains" and "A Map of Pingjiang River", the architectural layout of the houses in the south of the Yangtze River had been vividly described. With the capital of Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan had unprecedented political, economic and cultural development. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jiangnan had become the most developed economy and culture in the country. Dignitaries, landlords, wealthy businessmen and literati have chosen this place to build houses, villas, pavilions and pavilions, which are everywhere and have their own characteristics. Because of the large population and precious land, the buildings in the south of the Yangtze River are extremely space-saving, and the architectural art is more exquisite and less imposing. However, after the hands of skilled craftsmen, the houses placed in the flowing water are still fascinating. The front and rear doors are connected to facilitate ventilation; In order to prevent moisture, many two-story buildings are built, with brick structure at the bottom and wooden structure at the top. 2. The terrain in the south is complex, the residential courtyard is small, and the surrounding houses are connected into a whole, which is suitable for the climate conditions in the south, and the house combination is flexible and suitable for the rugged terrain. 3. In the south, the gables of houses are mostly horse-head-shaped walls. In some ancient densely populated southern cities, this gable above the roof can really play the role of arson. At the same time, it also plays a very good decorative effect. 4. In the south, flowers are red and green all year round, and the environmental colors are rich and colorful. The exterior walls of residential buildings are mostly white, which is conducive to reflecting sunlight. In the south, the buildings are white and tiled, and the colors of the houses are elegant.