What does calligraphy mean?

calligraphy: an artistic form of writing expression.

Calligraphy is a unique artistic expression of the beauty of words in China and neighboring countries and regions deeply influenced by China culture. Including Chinese calligraphy, Mongolian calligraphy, Arabic calligraphy and English calligraphy. His "China Calligraphy" is a unique traditional art of Chinese characters in China.

in a broad sense, calligraphy refers to the writing rules of characters and symbols. In other words, calligraphy refers to writing with its brushwork, structure and composition according to the characteristics and meaning of words, making it a beautiful work of art. Chinese calligraphy is an original performance art of Han nationality, which is known as: wordless poetry, dancing without lines;

Paintings without pictures, silent music, etc.

from the surface meaning, calligraphy refers to the statutes of writing. In life, the word calligraphy has the following meanings. First, the pronoun of a written work or the collective name of all written works; Second, an art category generally refers to the art of writing Chinese characters. Kang Youwei said in "Guang Yi Zhou Shuang Tan": "Tang Yan structure, Song Shang Yi Qu", from which we can see that calligraphy in Tang Dynasty pursues the highest and most rigorous statutes, and its calligraphy achievements are also the highest in the history of calligraphy.

Calligraphy is a unique traditional art in China. Chinese characters in China were created by working people, and began to be recorded by pictures. After thousands of years of development, they have evolved into today's characters. Because our ancestors invented writing with a brush, calligraphy came into being. Throughout the ages, Chinese characters were mainly written with a brush. As for other writing forms, such as hard pen and finger calligraphy, their writing rules are basically the same, but not completely different from those of Chinese calligraphy.

in a narrow sense, calligraphy refers to the methods and rules of writing Chinese characters with a brush. Including writing, calligraphy, stippling, structure, layout (distribution, lines, composition) and so on. For example, the pen refers to the palm of the hand, and the five fingers are Qi Li; The pen-carrying center is spread; The point painting is the same as the pen, and it is the same; The structure is shaped by words, which echoes each other; The distribution is intricate, the density is appropriate, the virtual and the real are born together, and the whole chapter is full of gas; Every word is literate in ancient times, and every word is big and small, so it's better to be high than low.

The connotation of calligraphy mainly includes the following aspects:

1. Calligraphy refers to an art that uses Four Treasures of the Study as a tool to express emotions. The particularity of tools is an important aspect of the particularity of calligraphy art. With the help of Four Treasures of the Study as a tool, fully embodying the performance of the tool is an important part of calligraphy techniques. Without Four Treasures of the Study, the art of calligraphy would be impossible.

2. Chinese characters are the carrier of calligraphy art. The particularity of Chinese characters is another important aspect of calligraphy particularity. China's calligraphy can't be separated from Chinese characters, and the form of Chinese character stippling and the collocation of radicals are the contents that writers pay more attention to. Different from other pinyin characters, Chinese characters are a combination of form, sound and meaning, with strong formal meaning. The so-called "six books" of the ancients refer to six methods of Chinese characters, such as pictograph, pointing, knowing, pictophonetic, transliteration and borrowing, which are of great guiding significance to the analysis of Chinese characters' physical structure.

3. The background of calligraphy art is China traditional culture. Calligraphy is rooted in China's traditional culture, which is the background for its survival and development. The calligraphy theory we can see today since the Han Dynasty has its own systematicness, integrity and orderliness. Calligraphy theory, like other literary theories, includes not only the technique theory of calligraphy itself, but also its aesthetic theory, all of which shine with the wisdom of ancient China literati. For example, the theory of how to express the categories of "spirit, qi, bone, flesh and blood" in calligraphy, the theory of techniques such as brushwork, calligraphy and composition, as well as the theory of creation and comment on taste, all have their own systems.

4. Calligraphy art noumenon includes brushwork, word method, structure method, composition method, ink method, gesture and so on. Calligraphy brushwork is the core content of its techniques. The brushwork, also known as "using a pen", refers to the method of carrying a pen with a front. Word method, also known as "knot" and "structure", refers to the relationship between collocation, interpenetration, echo, avoidance and so on. Composition, also known as "white cloth", refers to the overall layout of a word, including the handling of the relationship between words and lines. Ink method is the method of using ink, which refers to the treatment of thick, light, dry, dry and wet ink.

five kinds of scripts

seal script

seal script is a general term for Da seal script and Xiao seal script. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, with a history of 3, years ago, is the earliest recognizable writing handed down, mainly used for divination. The brushwork is thin and strong, with more straight lines. There are Fang Bi, round pen and sharp pen, and there are many "hanging needles" in writing. The big seal script refers to the inscriptions on bronze, bronze and six languages, which preserve the obvious characteristics of ancient hieroglyphics. Xiao Zhuan, also known as "Qin Zhuan", is a common character of Qin State, and a simplified font of Da Zhuan, which is characterized by uniform and neat shape and easier writing than Shu Wen.

official script

official script, also known as han li [1], is a common solemn font in Chinese characters, with a slightly wide and flat writing effect, long horizontal painting and short vertical painting, and a rectangular shape, paying attention to "the head of a silkworm and the tail of a goose" and "one wave and three twists". Lishu originated in the Qin Dynasty and was compiled by Cheng Miao. It reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and had a great influence on later calligraphy. The calligraphy circle was called "han li Tang Kai". For example, the Confucian Temple Ritual Monument made by Han Lu Xiang and Han Xu, also known as the Confucius Temple Monument in Han Ming House, the Lu Xiang Han Xu Fu Yan Shi Fa Monument, and the Han Xu Monument. In the second year of Han Yongshou (156 years), it was written in official script. 227.2 cm in length and 12.4 cm in width. Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. No amount. Carved on all sides, all are official scripts. There are 16 lines of stele Yang and 36 words, and there are nine people's titles such as Han Xu at the end of the text. Monument yin and both sides are inscribed.

regular script

regular script is also called block script, real book and official book. Li Shu, which was founded by Cheng Miao, gradually evolved, becoming more simplified and horizontal. Regular script has the meaning of model, which was first mentioned in Zhang Huaiguan's Shuduan. People in the Six Dynasties still used it habitually, for example, Yang Xin's "Cai" article, and Wang Sengqian's "On the Book of Wei's Birthday Biography" said: "The word of Birthday is a general, and people in Jingzhao are good at regular script." That's the abbreviation of "eight-point block method" It was not until the Northern Song Dynasty that it replaced the name of Zhengshu, and its content was obviously different from the ancient name. There are probably the above examples of different names and different names.

Running script

Running script is developed and originated on the basis of official script. It is a font between regular script and cursive script, which is produced to make up for the slow writing speed of regular script and the illegibility of cursive script. "Walk" means "walk", so it is not as scribbled as cursive script, nor as straight as regular script. In essence, it is the cursive script or the cursive script. If the pattern is more than the grass pattern, it is called "running the pattern", and if the grass pattern is more than the pattern, it is called "running the grass".

cursive script

cursive script is a font of Chinese characters, which is characterized by simple structure and continuous strokes. Formed in the Han Dynasty, it evolved on the basis of official script for the convenience of writing. There are zhangcao, modern grass and wild grass, and they feel beautiful in the madness. Shuo Wen Jie Zi says: "There are cursive scripts in Han Xing". The cursive script began in the early Han dynasty, and its characteristics are: keeping the outline of words, damaging the rules of officials, rushing to escape, and rushing to go quickly, which is called cursive script because of the meaning of grass creation.

Cang Shuo, whose name is Lu, Lao, Taoist, Lao Cang, Bitter Iron, Deaf, Shi Zun, sister, Broken Lotus Pavilion, Five Lakes Seal, Cut Lu, Turnip Pavilion, etc., is from Anji, Zhejiang. In his later years, he was elected as the first president of Xiling Printing Society, and he was an outstanding artist in the late Qing Dynasty. His poems, calligraphy, painting and printing were all self-contained and had far-reaching influence. He is the author of "Lu Lu Ji". He was not only the commander in chief of calligraphy in the Qing Dynasty, but also the pioneer of modern calligraphy. He worked hard on seal script and official script, especially Shi Guwen. He was immersed all his life, and he changed his pen and ink in his later years, introducing the interest of cursive script, which made his pen and ink interesting and flowed between lines, and the revival of seal script reached a new height. The running script is based on Wang Duo, integrated into Europe and America, and introduced the vigor and simplicity of the tablet method, which makes the running script reproduce brilliance. At the beginning of the reign of India, I learned from Zhejiang and Anhui, and then I went in and out of Qin and Han Dynasties. I learned from the clay-sealed pottery and blended in the interest of freehand brushwork painting, forming a new face that is mottled, lofty and majestic, that is, making small seals and looking for a husband. Zhiyin also created a unique method to trim the printing surface and sidebar. Both carving and cutting, returning to simplicity, ancient and modern. Wu Changshuo's achievement is the fruit of the deep integration of the two traditions since the mid-Qing Dynasty, which marks the complete success of the Qing people's work of re-emphasizing the classics and lays a very solid foundation for the development of modern calligraphy.

The famous calligrapher Li Si presided over the compilation of Xiao Zhuan. Yishan Stone Carving, Taishan Stone Carving, Langya Stone Carving and Huiji Stone Carving are all books written by Li Si, which have been highly praised in all previous dynasties.

Zhong You

Zhong You (151-23), with a common character. Yingchuan Changshe (now Changgedong, Xuchang, Henan) was born. Cao Wei was a famous calligrapher and politician in the Three Kingdoms period. Zhong You is quite accomplished in calligraphy. He is the founder of regular script (lower case) and is honored as "the originator of regular script" by later generations. Zhong You had a far-reaching influence on the calligraphy of later generations, and Wang Xizhi and other later calligraphers had devoted themselves to studying Zhong You's calligraphy. It is also called "Zhong Wang" with Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Southern Dynasty, Yu Jianwu listed Zhong You's calligraphy as "top grade", while Zhang Huaiguan in Tang Dynasty rated his calligraphy as "excellent" in Shuduan.

Zhang Zhi

Zhang Zhi (AD? —192) The word Boying, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was called "Cao Sheng". A native of Yuanquan County, Dunhuang County (now East of Anxi County, Gansu Province). Zhang Zhi's cursive script originated from Du Du, Cui Yuan, and later, he became independent. It was rated as "Kung Fu first, followed by nature" by Yu Jianwu's Shupin, and ranked as "the best" with Zhong You and Wang Xizhi.

Mrs. Wei

Wei Shuo, alias Mrs. Wei, was born in Anyi, Hedong (now North of Xia County, Shanxi Province) and was a famous calligrapher in Jin Dynasty. Wei Shuo is the wife of Li Moment, the satrap of Ruyin, and she is known as Mrs. Wei. Wei's family has written calligraphy from generation to generation, and Wei Shuo is also good at official calligraphy. Mrs. Wei learned from Zhong You, and taught her the law wonderfully. Wang Xizhi studied books from him when he was young, and Mrs. Wei was the first teacher of the "Book Sage".

Wang Xizhi

Wang Xizhi (33-361 Eastern Jin Dynasty) was known as a "book sage". Calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, whose name is Yi Shao, was named Lian Zhai. He was originally from Linyi (now Shandong) and later moved to Shanyin (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). His famous calligraphy works include Preface to Lanting. In his later years, he lived in seclusion in Jinting, Shan County, and served as a secretary, general Ningyuan and Jiangzhou secretariat. Later, he was the civil history of Huiji, and led the right general, who was called "Wang Youjun" and "Wang Huiji". His son, Wang Xianzhi, is also good at calligraphy, and the world is collectively known as the "two kings" [1]? . Therefore, the Book of Music is always: "The Han and Wei dynasties had a bell, Zhang's unique, and there were two kings at the end of Jin dynasty." The four were called the "four sages" of ancient calligraphers.

Wang Xianzhi

Wang Xianzhi, Zi Zijing, a native of Linyi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a calligrapher and poet, famous for his running script and cursive script. Wang Xianzhi studied calligraphy with his father Xi in his childhood, and also studied Zhang Zhi. Calligraphy is all exquisite, especially famous for its cursive script, which dares to innovate, and has made outstanding contributions to the modern script and cursive script since Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is known as the "Little Sage" in the history of calligraphy, and it is also known as the "Two Kings" with its father Wang Xizhi.

Ou Yangxun

Ou Yangxun (557-641) was born in Linxiang, Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan). Ou Yangxun is called the first regular script in the Tang Dynasty because of his rigorous method and precipitous brushwork.

Yu Shinan

Yu Shinan is a native of Yuyao. Politicians, calligraphers and writers in the early Tang Dynasty. Emperor Yangdi lived as an official, served as a secretary supervisor and a bachelor of Hong Wen Pavilion in the Tang Dynasty. Emperor Taizong called his virtue, loyalty, erudition, literary style, and writing style the five wonders ("Shinan is a man with talent, so he also has five wonders." One is loyalty, the other is friendship, the third is blog, the fourth is rhetoric, and the fifth is writing. " ）。

Chu Suiliang

Chu Suiliang (596-658) was a statesman and calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty, Han nationality, a native of Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), and a native of Yang Zhai (now Yuzhou, Henan). Chu Suiliang was well-read and well-versed in literature and history. At the end of Sui Dynasty, he followed Xue Ju as a general manager. Later, he served as a doctor of advice and a secretary in the Tang Dynasty. In the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649), he was assisted by Changsun Wuji in the imperial edict of Taizong. After resolutely opposing Wu Zetian, he was demoted as the governor of Tanzhou (Changsha). After Wu Hou acceded to the throne, he was transferred to the governor of Guizhou (Guilin), and then he was demoted to the secretariat of Aizhou (now the northern border of Vietnam), which marked his death in 658. Chu Sui was a good calligrapher. He learned Yu Shinan at first, then took Wang Xizhi from France, and was called "the four great masters in the early Tang Dynasty" with Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan and Xue Ji. Handed down from ancient times, there are "Master Meng's Monument" and "Preface to the Wild Goose Pagoda".

Xue Ji

Xue Ji (649 ~ 713) was a painter and calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty in China. Xue Daoheng, the assistant minister of civil history in Sui Dynasty, was the great grandson, and Xue Yuanchao, the secretary in Tang Dynasty, was the son. Han nationality, from Fenyin, Puzhou (now Wanrong, Shanxi). He used to be assistant minister of Huangmen, assistant engineer, prince Shaobao, and minister of rites, and was later given to death in prison. Calligraphy, under the tutelage of Chu Suiliang, ranks alongside Yu Shinan, Ou Yangxun and Chu Suiliang as the four great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty.

Yan Zhenqing

Yan Zhenqing (79-784, Yi Shuo 79-785) was an outstanding calligrapher in the middle of Tang Dynasty. Born in Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), his ancestral home is Langya Linyi (now Feixian County, Linyi, Shandong Province). He founded "Yan Ti" regular script, which is called "four masters of regular script" with Zhao Mengfu, Liu Gongquan and Ou Yangxun.

Liu Gongquan

Liu Gongquan (778 -865) was born in Huayuan, Jingzhao (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province). He was a Taizi Taishi, known as "Liu Shaoshi" in the world, and was the last famous calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty. He is good at regular script, and his masterpieces include Shence Army Monument and Mysterious Pagoda Monument.

Zhang Xu

Zhang Xu (675-75? ), the word Bo Gao, the word Ji Ming, Han nationality, Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) in the Tang Dynasty. Zeng Guan, commander of Changshu County, and Jin Wu's long history. Good cursive script, good sex wine, known as Zhang Dian in the world, is also one of the "Eight Immortals in Drinking". At that time, his cursive script, together with Li Bai's poems and Pei Min's sword dance, was called "three unique", and his poems were also unique, and he was good at seven unique. With Li Bai, He Zhizhang and others * * * one of the Eight Immortals. Tang Wenzong once wrote a letter, taking Li Bai's poems, Pei Min's sword dance and Zhang Xu's cursive script as "three unique skills". He also wrote poems, and together with He Zhizhang, Zhang Ruoxu and Bao Rong, he was known as the "Four Scholars of Wu Zhong".

Huai Su

Huai Su (725-785) was born in the Tang Dynasty. His name was Huai Su, and his common surname was Qian, Han nationality. He was born in Lingling, Yongzhou (Lingling, Hunan). A good Buddha at an early age makes a monk. He is a leading generation of coquettish cursive script writers in the history of calligraphy. His cursive script is called "crazy cursive script", and his pen is round and powerful, making it turn like a ring, unrestrained and smooth, and in one go. He is as famous as Zhang Xu, another cursive script writer in the Tang Dynasty, and is called "Zhang Dian is crazy" or "Dianzhang is drunk".

Su Shi

Su Shi (January 8, 137-August 24, 111) was born in Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan, and Meishan City in the Northern Song Dynasty). His word is profound, and his word is harmonious. His name is "Dongpo Jushi" and the world calls him "Su Dongpo". My ancestral home is Luancheng. Famous litterateur, painter, poet, gourmet in Northern Song Dynasty, one of the eight great poets in Tang and Song Dynasties, and a representative of the uninhibited poets. His poetry, ci, fu and prose are all highly successful, and he is good at calligraphy and painting. He is a rare all-rounder in the history of China literature and art, and is also recognized as one of the most outstanding literary and artistic attainments in China's thousands of years of history. His prose and Ouyang Xiu are called Ousu; Poetry and Huang Tingjian are also called Su Huang; Ci and Xin Qiji are called Su Xin; Calligraphy ranks among the four great calligraphers in the Northern Song Dynasty: Su, Huang, Mi and Cai. His paintings created the "Huzhou School of Painting".

Huang tingjian

Huang tingjian (145-115) was born in Lu Zhi, a Taoist in the valley, and Fuweng in the evening, and was born in Fenning, Hongzhou (now xiushui county, Jiangxi). A famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was the founder of Jiangxi Poetry School. Calligraphy is one of the Song Sijia. In the fourth year of Yingzong Zhiping (167), he was a scholar. Li Guan Ye Xianwei, Professor imperial academy from Beijing, School Booker Lang, Works Zuolang, Secretary Cheng, Fuzhou Biejia, Guizhou Resettlement, etc. Tingjiandu