Feile (Part 1) "Mozi"

Zi Mozi said: "Those who do things benevolently must seek to bring benefits to the world and eliminate harm to the world. They will follow the law. The world. If it is beneficial to others, then it will be done; if it is harmful to others, then it will stop. Moreover, the benevolent people are not meant to be beautiful to the eyes, pleasing to the ears, pleasant to the mouth, and peaceful to the body. It is not a good thing for a benevolent person to deprive the people of their wealth of food and clothing. "

Therefore, the reason why Mozi is not happy is not because of the sound of big bells, drums, harps, harps, and shengs. It's not because of the color of carved Chinese articles, that it's not beautiful; it's not because of the taste of boiled grass, it's not satisfying; it's not because of the high platform, thick pavilions and deep wilderness, it's not that it's uneasy. Although the body knows its safety, the mouth knows its sweetness, the eyes know its beauty, and the ears know its joy, yet in the upper examination it fails to do the work of a sage king, and in the lower level it fails to serve the interests of all peoples. This is why Mozi Said: "It's not just for fun. Although the princes and nobles today do not make musical instruments, they think it is for the country. It is not just to pour water and break the soil to make it smooth. It will be a big measure for all the people. They think it is a big bell or a drum." The sound of the harp, the harp, and the yun and the sheng. The ancient sage kings also tried to collect money from all the people, thinking that the boat and the chariot were completed, and said: "I will use the water for the boat, and the land for the chariot." A gentleman rests on his feet, and a villain rests on his shoulders. "Therefore, if all the people give money to them, they dare not feel resentful about it, but it is not for the benefit of the people. But the musical instrument is for the benefit of the people." If this is the case, I don’t dare to do it. However, if you use musical instruments, it can be compared to the boat and chariot of the Holy King, which means I don’t dare to do it.”

The people have three troubles: those who are hungry cannot eat, and those who are cold. Those who are tired cannot wear clothes, and those who are tired cannot rest. The three are great dangers to the people. But if we bang the giant bells, beat the drums, play the harp and harp, and play the yu and sheng to raise the spirits, will the people be able to obtain food, clothing, and wealth? That is to say, I think it is not inevitable.

I want to give up this. Nowadays, there are big countries that attack small countries, and big ones attack small ones. The strong robs the weak, the masses oppress the few, deceive and fool, the nobles are arrogant and the lowly, bandits and thieves flourish together, and this cannot be prohibited. So if we bang the giant bells, beat the drums, play the harp and harp, blow the yu and the sheng to raise the spirits, will the chaos in the world be peaceful and put under control? That is to say, I am not necessarily sure. This is why Zi Mozi said: "I have tried to take generous measures from all the people, thinking that the sound of bells, drums, harps, harps, and yus and shengs is for the benefit of the world, but it does not help to eliminate the harm to the world."

This is why Zi Mozi said: "It is not a pleasure. Today, the princes and lords can only look at it from a high platform and a thick pavilion. The bell is like a continuation of the tripod. If it hits it, what will happen?" How happy is it? It says that the general will hit it, but don't hit it, the general will not make the old and the late, the ears and eyes of the old and late will not be smart, the legs and arms will not be strong, the sound will not be harmonious, and the sound will not turn plain. At that time, because of the intelligence of his ears and eyes, the strength of his legs and arms, the harmonious tone of his voice, and the simplicity of his eyebrows, he made his husband do it. When his husband was not doing farming, he was letting his wife do it, and she was not allowed to spin or weave. Things. Today, the princes and nobles only want to enjoy themselves, but they deprive the people of their food and clothing, so they can enjoy so much."

This is why Confucius said: "It is not right to enjoy the great bell! Now that the sound of drums, harp, harp, and flute has been heard, how can you enjoy it if you just listen to it? It is said that the general will not listen to the gentleman, and the gentleman will listen to it; Listen to it and abolish what you are doing. Today, the princes and nobles do not want to enjoy themselves, but they deprive the people of their food, clothing, and wealth to enjoy so much." This is why Confucius said: "It is wrong to enjoy happiness. In the past, when Duke Kang of Qi was happy, everyone could not wear short brown clothes or eat bran. He said that the food and drink were not beautiful, and the color of the face was not enough; the clothes were not beautiful, and the body was ugly and weak [51], which was not enough. The food must be made of grains and meat, and the clothes must be embroidered and embroidered. This palm [53] does not deal with the wealth of clothing and food, but the palm [53] is used to feed people." This is why Mozi said: "Now the princes and nobles do not have anything to do with it. To enjoy so much is to deprive the people of their food and clothing."

Therefore, Mozi said: "To have pleasure is not the right thing. Today's people are living with animals such as elk and birds."

, Insects (55) are also different. Today’s animals, elk, worms, and insects, use their feathers as clothing, their hoof fleas (56) as chickens, and their water and grass as food. The males do not cultivate crops and do arboriculture, and the females do not spin (58) or weave (59). Nowadays, people are different from this. Those who rely on their strength (60) do not rely on their strength to survive. If a gentleman is not strong [61], he will be punished and the government will be in chaos; if he is not strong, he will have insufficient financial resources. As for the gentlemen of the world, this is not the case, but [62] Guchangshu [62] 63〕The world divides its affairs [64], and the harm of watching music is great. The wisdom of thinking is to govern the government internally, and to gather the benefits of Guanshi (68), mountains, forests, and Zeliang externally to consolidate the warehouses and treasury. This is how it divides things; farmers come in at dusk to cultivate crops and arboriculture, and many uncles gather (69) Millet, this is the division of labor; the woman is up early and sleeps at night [70], spinning and weaving, and often treating the hemp silk kudzu problem [71] and cloth [72], this is the division of labor, but now it does not matter to the princes. If you listen to it with joy, you will not be able to retreat to Yan, and govern in prison. This is why the country is in chaos and the country is in danger. Now it does not matter if you listen to it with joy, you will not be able to do anything. The power is based on the wisdom of thinking, governing the government internally, and gathering the benefits of Guanshi, Shanlin, and Zeliang externally to consolidate the warehouses and treasury, so the warehouses and treasuries are not real [75]. Now don't worry about the farmers talking and listening to it, that is, you will not be able to have fleas coming in at dusk, doing farming and arborization, and gathering too much millet, so there will be a shortage of millet.

Now it is not necessary to listen to the woman's talk, that is to say, it is not necessary to be up early and sleep well at night, to spin and weave, and to treat the weaving of linen, silk and kudzu, so that the cloth is not prosperous [76]. He said: Who is the master who listens to the government and abandons the country's work? Said: Joy. "

This is why Mozi said: "It is wrong to take pleasure in it. How do you know this? It is said that in the book of the former king, Tang Zhiguan Xing [77], there is a saying: Qi Heng [78] dances in the palace, which is called shamanism. The punishment for the gentleman is to give birth to two guards [79], and for the villain [80], it is like the second uncle Huang Jing [81]. Naiyan said: Oh! Wu Fei [82], Huang Yan Kongzhang [83], God is not constant [84], Jiuyou [85] will perish [86], God is disobedient, and he will drop hundreds [87], and his family will be ruined and mourned. The reason why Cha Jiuyou died was that he was happy to be in the decoration of [89]. In "Wuguan" [91], it is said: Qinai [92] is overflowing with pleasure, and is wild in food and drink [93]. He will inscribe the amaranth chime to use strength [94], Zhan turbidity [95] in wine, and Chongqing food [96] In the wild, thousands of people are dancing with wings [97], Zhang Wen is in the big [98], and the heaven is in an unfavorable manner [99]. Therefore, the upper one is a blessing for heaven and ghosts [100], and the lower one is a blessing for all peoples. ”

This is why Zi Mozi said: “Today, gentlemen, please [101] if you want to prosper the world and eliminate the harm of the world, you should do it with pleasure [102]. You will not be able to help but Stop. ”

〔Notes〕 The person of benevolence: that is, the reason why a benevolent person does things. Things, actions. Must: must. Degree: speculation, assumption. Gan: This refers to delicious food. Fei: rebuke, opposition. Se : A stringed instrument. Yu: A musical instrument. Engraving: Intricate colors or patterns. Jianzhi: Refers to grilled meat. A house built on a high platform. Sui: deep; Ye: Tong "yu", house; Zhong: conform. Although there is no: "Weiwu", meaningless. : Hand scraping; Shuishui: plowing water on the road; Zhisuitan: digging soil. , also pass. Thickness: aggregation. Haixu: Rest. Rest: to avoid carrying a burden. Qihen: resentment. Regretful. Anti-zhong: On the contrary, worry: lift. Qianqi: shield and axe. It means to put aside the matter for the time being. An: auxiliary word. Guchang: If. Yanding: Not a round tripod. It means: Weiwu: Late, this refers to young people. Ming Bu Zhuan Pu: "Pu" is a mistake in the word "把", and "把" is synonymous with "change", which means that the sound does not change. "Su" means quiet. Tingzhi: Engaged in official duties. Qi Kanggong, whose name was Dai, was the king of Zhou An. , translated as "thousands of dancers", also known as "short brown": rough clothing. "coarse": "coarse food". 〔51〕Chou Lei: Yanwen should be deleted. Called millet. Liangrou generally refers to delicacies. 〔53〕Zhang: Common. 〔54] Fei: Same as "fly". 〔56] Flea: borrowed from the word "claw". 〔57〕绔: that is, "hakama", 〔58〕Tianji: twisting hemp into thread, 〔59〕Weaving: weaving cloth. 〔61〕Strong: Try your best. 〔62〕Ren is: Then, then. 〔64〕The world is divided into things. 〔65〕Flea: Early. Late. 〔67〕Tong "殚", 〔68〕Guanshi: market. 〔69〕Uncle: "Shu", beans. 〔71〕 〔72〕: tie silk. 〔73〕Same as "joy". 〔74〕Tingjiu: 〔75〕Untrue: emptiness. 77〕Guan Xing: The law enacted by Shang Tang. 〔79〕Wei: Tong "Wei" 〔80〕No. , that is, "double", refers to the double punishment of villains, also known as Tong. 〔81〕Similar to Er Bo Huang Jing: There are errors in the text, which cannot be explained. Speaking of Kong Zhang: The yellow character may be a mistake of the word "Qi"; Kong means big and very big. The whole sentence means loud and loud. 〔84〕God is unusual: God does not like this. "Chang" means "Shang", which means "like". 〔85〕Jiuyou: Jiuzhou. 〔86〕Death: Fall. 〔87〕: A variant of the word "xiang", a female ghost. [88] Disciple: Only. 〔89〕 Cong: Indulgence. 〔90〕Decoration: dedication. 〔91〕 "Wuguan": A Yishu of the Xia Dynasty. 〔92〕It is: a mistake in the word "子". 〔93〕 Wild in eating: eating in the wild. 〔94〕The general will inscribe the amaranth chime with force: It is suspected that there is a mistake, and it is difficult to know the meaning. 〔95〕Zhan Zhuo: lost in thought. 〔96〕Chongqing food: transport food. "渝" means "lose". 〔97〕 Yiyi: Yiyi, neat appearance. [98] Zhang Wenyu Da: "Da" is regarded as "Heaven", and the sound is loud and reaches the sky. 〔99〕Formula: use. [100] Fu Jie: No protection. 〔101〕Please: pass "sincerity", it is true. [102] Music is a thing: music is a thing.

(Yan Yongcheng)

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〔Appreciation〕 "Fei Yue" is a basic academic point of view of Mozi and one of the ten principles he elaborately demonstrated. One of the big topics.

Mozi once said to his disciple Wei Yue: "Whenever you enter a country, you must choose a task and do it." "If the country is obsessed with music and indulges in wine and pleasure, then talking is not a pleasure." (See "Lu Wen")

The so-called "non" means opposition. "Le" mainly refers to music, but also includes other cultural entertainment such as singing and dancing, or broader enjoyment. Readers may ask: Why would a great thinker like Mozi oppose music, cultural entertainment or pleasure? What positive significance does this have? The famous article "Feile" basically answers the above questions.

The starting point and positive significance of Mozi's theory of "non-music" was to stand on the side of the working people, who accounted for the vast majority of the population at that time, and sharply criticized the rulers at that time for ruthlessly exploiting and plundering workers, and promoting music Singing and dancing, indulging in sensuality and pleasure, living a life of arrogance, luxury and debauchery. Mozi put forward a correct, positive and profound thought. He believed that the difference between human beings lies in their ability to rely on their own strength to engage in productive labor, cultivate land, collect grain, spin yarn and weave cloth to meet basic human needs such as food and clothing. , but because the rulers organized music, singing and dancing and plundered people's wealth, the people were hungry, had no food to eat, were cold, had no clothes to wear, and were overworked, which was in sharp contrast to the ruler's extravagant life. This was one of the rare articles at that time that cried out for the exploited working people and sharply criticized the rulers' dissolute and profligate life. This article fully reflects the great humanitarian spirit of Mozi, a sage, who sympathized with, loved and protected the people.

You see, those "princes and lords" rulers sit on high platforms and thick pavilions, forcing many young men and women with beautiful features, dexterous hands and feet, pleasant voices, and expressive eyebrows to play music, sing and dance, and I don't know how much they have been delayed. The serious work of farming and spinning! Let’s just say that Duke Kang of Qi, who was “promiscuous with wine and women and did not listen to politics” (see "Historical Records: Tian Jingzhong Wanshi Family"), he actually compiled a large-scale music and dance called "Wan" and specially trained a large number of breakaways. The young men and women who produce and rely on people to support themselves are asked to eat polished rice and meat, wear brocade clothes, and play music, sing and dance for themselves. This is a waste of the blood and sweat of the people!

Therefore, Mozi, with the benevolent heart of bringing benefit and eliminating harm to the world, saving the world and benefiting the people, and based on the fundamental interests of the people, put forward the proposition of "non-happiness". The positive and positive significance of this proposition is the spirit of fierce political criticism of the dark side of society caused by rulers and the spirit of humanistic ethics that expresses deep sympathy for the working people.

But any truth that takes half a step forward will lead to fallacy. Mozi went from denying the excessive extravagance of rulers by squeezing the people's blood and sweat to organize music and dance, and moved to banning all music, which was wrong. It's like throwing out the baby with the bath water. "Zhuangzi: The World" criticizes Mozi for "excessive" "non-joy". Although he can ask himself to "live without singing", it is difficult for ordinary people to do it. He is "anti-worldly and the world is unbearable." . At most, Mozi only acknowledged verbally and theoretically that the sound produced by musical instruments was pleasant, but considering the suffering of all people, he would rather not enjoy the beauty of music himself. Cheng Fan, a Confucian believer, pointed out when debating with Mozi that after farmers were busy with farm work, they also banged pots and urns to make music for entertainment. If music was denied, it would be like letting Mr. Ma pull the harness without taking off the harness, and letting Mr. Gong pull the harness without removing it. Holding it open without letting go is something that no human being with flesh and blood can do (see "Three Debates").

There is a legend in history: "Mozi was not a man of music, so he did not enter the city where Chaoge was played." ("Huainanzi·Shuo Shan Xun") "The city was called Chaoge, and Mozi returned to the chariot." ( "Historical Records·Zou Yang Biography") Because the place was called "Chaoge" (singing songs early in the morning), Mozi was disgusted, so he turned around and headed back.

But there is also a legend that Mozi understood music. "Book of Rites: Sacrifice" says: "Mo Zhai is a lowly music official (he has been a musician)." "Lu Shi Chun Qiu Gui Yin" says: "Mozi saw King Jing, wearing brocade clothes and playing the sheng, Yin Ye (Do as the Romans do.) "Zizi" said: "Mozi played the sheng." This shows that Mozi was a man with many skills and a complex personality. The reason why he is "not musical" is not that he does not understand music, but mainly because he opposes the abuse of music by rulers for enjoyment.