from a historical point of view, the northeast has a broad sense and a narrow sense. The northeast in a broad sense refers to all the territory of the Qing Dynasty in the northeast direction before the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty in 1689. Generally speaking, it reaches the first line of Lake Baikal, Yenisei River and Lena River in the west, Shanhaiguan in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Arctic Ocean in the north, covering the entire northeast Asian coastline, including Chukchi Peninsula, kamchatka peninsula, Sakhalin Island and Thousand Islands. Liaodong is a geographical concept in the southeast of Northeast China, which was once used to refer to the vast northeast region. Liaodong in history once included Hansi County (most of the area north of the Hanjiang River Basin on the Korean Peninsula). In a narrow sense, Northeast refers to the three northeastern provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang, or the four northeastern provinces (including eastern Inner Mongolia)

Northeast China is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization, and a large number of cultural relics show that in prehistoric times, our ancestors worked, lived and multiplied in Northeast China. Around 4111 BC, the Sushen ethnic group of China created the early civilization in Northeast China-the new Kailiu culture. Around the 23rd century BC, during the Yao and Shun period, the whole country was divided into nine states. At that time, the northeastern region was within the territory of Youzhou. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, there were Sushen, Donghu and Huaxia nationalities who lived and worked in the northeastern region. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (771-221 BC), Liaoning was the Liaodong County and Liaoxi County of Yan State. The development of Northeast China in the Zhou Dynasty is the traditional settlement of the Chinese nation. During the Zhou Dynasty in China (1146 BC-221 BC), the Emperor of Zhou enfeoffed the vassal and gave Zhou Zhao Gong Ji? #93; The land in the northeast is the ancestor of Yan State. Zhou Zhao Gong Ji? #93; (In the 11th century, it was also called Shaogong, Zhaokanggong and Taibao Zhao Gong. Last name? #93; (Shi), son of Zhou Wenwang and brother of King Wu. Yan was an important feudal state from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. As for its initial seal, Yan Zhaogong Family, Volume 34 of Historical Records, has a clear record, saying: "Zhou Wuwang was destroyed and Zhao Gong was sealed in Beiyan". "Historical Records" Volume 4 "Zhou Benji" also said that after King featuring cut Zhou, "Zhao Gong was sealed? #93; Yu Yan ". Zhao Gong name? #93; Ji, a nobleman with the same surname as Zhou Shi, was called Zhao Gong because of his food city. He, Zhou Gongdan and Tai Gong Wang were both important ministers in the founding of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and they were also the most trusted and relied on by Zhou Wenwang and King Wu. Yan Zhaoxiang Wang (? -279 years ago), when he was in power, he attacked Donghu to the east to build the Great Wall, and attacked Qi to the south, and Yan reached its peak. In the thirty-third year of Yan Wangxi (222 BC), after Qin destroyed Korea, Wei and Chu, Wang Ben was sent to attack Yan Liaodong, the Yan army was defeated, the Yan Wangxi was captured, and the Yan State perished. Qin Jun li attack generation, generation of Wang Jia captured. Yan Liaodong's hometown and generation land were set as Liaodong county and generation county respectively by Qin. In the first 226 years, Wang Jian, the Qin general, conquered Yan Dou thistle, Prince Xi and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong, and Li Xin, the Qin general, chased Taizi Dan to Yanshui, hence the name Taizi River. Koguryo and Bohai Kingdom In 37 BC, Koguryo established political power in Koguryo County, Xuantu County, Western Han Dynasty. The founder is Fu Yu (a branch of ancient Han Chinese in Northeast China has nothing to do with modern Koreans, and its population is all surnamed Gao) Zhu Meng; The capital city is Gesheng Bone City (now Wunvshan City, Huanren, Liaoning Province), and later Liuliwang moved the capital to Marubu, a domestic city (Ji 'an City, Jilin Province). Koguryo is the longest-standing local regime in the history of China (715 years). At the peak of its rule, it once incorporated most of the Korean Peninsula into the territory, created a highly developed farming civilization, and made great contributions to the economic and cultural development of the southern part of Northeast China. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Murong Xianbei moved to the present western Liaoning, which was called the Prince of Yan in 337 AD, and was built in Longcheng (now Chaoyang City). It was called Qianyan in history. Qianyan also attached importance to developing production, building water conservancy projects, stipulating taxes, and returning non-industrial and commercial population to agriculture. Make the agricultural production in western Liaoning develop. In 668 AD (the first year of Tang Gaozong's General Chapter), Goguryeo perished under the attack of Tang Jun and Silla (the ancestors of Korea and South Korea today), and the 27th king's treasure, Wang Gaozang, was captured by Tang Jun. The vast majority of Koguryo's population was moved to the Central Plains by the Tang Dynasty government and merged back into Middle Earth, while the rest were integrated into the people of Bohai. In 698, the first year of the Emperor's reign after the Emperor Wu of the Tang Dynasty, Da Ruorong, the leader of Su Mo (the ancestor of Manchuria), a descendant of Su Shen, took his headquarters as the main part and combined with other ministries to establish a local political power Bohai State (also known as the earthquake state) between "Baishan Blackwater" (Changbai Mountain and Heilongjiang). Later, at its peak, the territory of Fiona Fang was 5,111 Li, with a population of nearly 5 million and hundreds of thousands of soldiers, which was called "Haidong Shengguo" in history. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Qidan nationality living in the upper reaches of Liaohe River established the Liao Dynasty (917 ~ 1125). The Jurchen people living in Heilongjiang and Songhua River basins entered the Central Plains to establish the Jin Dynasty (1115 ~ 1234). This has a profound impact on the integration and development of all ethnic groups and the social, economic and cultural development in Northeast China. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan unified the two tribes in Yelu 'abaoji, the leader, and became king on his own. In 916 AD, Yelu Abaoji proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Khitan. After Bao Ji's death, his son Yeludeguang succeeded to the throne. In 947, the country name was changed to Liao, and the emperor was changed to Beijing. The territory of the Liao Dynasty at its peak was east to the present Serenger River and Shileka River. Northeast to the outer Hinggan Mountains and the Sea of Okhotsk; South to today's Tianjin, Baxian County, Hebei Province, Yanmenguan, Shanxi Province, and confronted the Northern Song Dynasty. In 1113, Akuta dispatch troops, the leader of Jurchen Wanyan Department of Sushen clan, seized Songhua River basin and occupied Liaodong Peninsula in the south. In 1115, he proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of gold, and established Huining as its capital (now south of Acheng, Heilongjiang). After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he continued to fight, destroying Liao in 1125 and Northern Song Dynasty in 1127. At its peak, Daikin surpassed Liao country, which contained three provinces of Liao, Ji and Hei and Mongolian grasslands. Daikin cavalry galloped across the northeast coast of Asia and owned all the old places of Sushen clan, bordering Hetao, Hengshan, Shaanxi, eastern Gansu and Xixia in the west, and confronting the Southern Song Dynasty all the way to the Qinling Huaihe River in the south. In 1287, the Yuan Dynasty established Liaoyang Province, which governs the whole northeast. Map of the Northeast Territory in the Early Ming Dynasty

The jurisdiction of the Ming Dynasty over the Northeast In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian (now Nanjing), established the Ming Dynasty, and destroyed the Yuan Dynasty in the same year. In Dusi, Liaodong, agriculture and handicrafts have been greatly developed. At that time, the present Liaoyang area was a rich place with "years of envy, thousands of miles of buildings connected, facing each other in the tunpu". At that time, the handicraft industries such as iron smelting and salt making in Dusi of Liaodong were also very developed. Thirty thousand guards in Liaodong, Longzhou in Sichuan and Zunhua in Shuntian were the three famous iron smelting centers in China at that time. In the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368), the Ming army captured Dadu (that is, Beijing) and the Yuan Dynasty perished. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, sent Huang Zhuo and others to Liaodong in order to eliminate the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, which occupied the Northeast, and "issued a letter to the officials, the people and the handsome people in Liaoyang"; On the other hand, he sent troops to cross the sea from Shandong and March into Liaodong, forcing Liu Yi, the former provincial governor of Liaoyang, to surrender. So in the fourth year of Hongwu (1371), the Liao Wei Du Wei was set up in Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty, and in the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), the Liao Wei Du Wei was changed to be the commander of Liaodong, which governed 25 Wei, 138 Wei, two states and one alliance in Liaodong [71]. In order to advance northward, under the guidance of the idea of "guarding the frontier and defending the royal family", Zhu Yuanzhang divided his sons in the north and northeast, such as sealing the Yan king in Peiping, the Han king in Kaiyuan, the Ning king in Daning (now Ningcheng, Chifeng) and the Liao king in Guangning, with the aim of "controlling the key points according to the name, so as to divide the country". At that time, the late Yuan Taiwei Naha occupied Jinshan (that is, Nong 'an County, Jilin Province) and "depended on each other and supported each other" with the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, such as Gaojianu, Harazhang and Yezhizhi, in an attempt to continue to fight. If the Ming Dynasty wanted to unify the Northeast, it was necessary to eliminate the "soldiers left behind by the Yuan Dynasty" in the Northeast. In the 21th year of Hongwu (1387), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Feng Sheng and Fu Youde to lead the Ming army to attack Jinshan, and Naha was defeated and surrendered, and other "old soldiers" also surrendered, and the remnants of Mengyuan in the northeast were eliminated. From the end of the 4th century to the beginning of the 5th century, most of the Nuzhen people gathered in the east and west of Tumen River centered on A Mu River (also known as Womu River and Wuyinhui, now Huining, North Korea). He often raided and plundered North Korea. After Ming Chengzu ascended the throne, in order to curb its development to the north, he plundered North Korea. In November of the first year of Yongle, he established the Jianzhouwei Military and Civilian Command Division, with Ahachu as the command. And sent thousands of Wang Keren and others to North Korea to woo Nuzhen. In the second year of Yongle, he set up a slave to be a guard, and in April of seven years, he set up a slave to be a commander and ambassador, and successively set up a guard station of 184. Anyone who came to surrender was given an official position, a seal and farmland. In 1416 (the fourth year of Yongle), Menggetie Auricularia "swept into the Qingyuan boundary of North Korea", nomadic in the traditional inhabited area of Jurchen in the northern part of the peninsula, and forced by North Korea to encroach on the hometown of Jurchen, in the eighth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1411), the sixth ancestor of Nuerhachi in Jianzhou led Menggetie Auricularia from the west bank of Mudanjiang to Ningguta (now the old street town of hailin city) and settled down. At the same time, there are also some residents of Maoliuwei. Mengge Timur's department of Woduoli was married to the department of Huli reform, and the two departments were closely related. Therefore, in 1411 (the ninth year of Yongle), he led his troops to move to Fengzhou because he participated in the "Kouqingyuan House (the place name of North Korea)" in the "Gengyin Incident" and feared that North Korea would attack again. Since February, the 15th year of Hongwu (1382), the Ming government has placed most of these ethnic groups in Beijing or Nanjing, except that some of them were left in Liaodong and incorporated into the health centers of Liaodong. In the seventh year of Yongle (1419), local officials of Nuer Ganwei suddenly stabbed Dong Nu and others to come to the DPRK, saying that Nuer Gan "should set up a marshal's office because his land is urgent." The Ming court accepted this suggestion, and set up the "Nuer Gan Du Command Division", and appointed the mainland official Kang Wang as Du Zhi and Wang Zhaozhou as Du Zhi [81]. In the ninth year of Yongle (1411), a eunuch was officially sent to take charge of Tongzhi Kangwang and others, "leading more than 1,111 troops and 25 giant ships", and went to the place to "set up a slave-slave-slave headquarters" [81] to take charge of the affairs of the health center. The area under the jurisdiction of Nuergan Dusi is "bordered by the sea in the east, Wuliangha in the west, North Korea in the south and Nuergan Beihai in the north" [82]. According to the statistics recorded in Ming Shi Lu, from the beginning of Yongle to Jiajing, 371 guards and 21 institutes were set up in the above-mentioned areas [83]. Today, the Wei-suo set up in the Ming Dynasty has long been abandoned, but in the 11th year of Yongle (1413), the Ming officials built the stone tablet of Yongning Temple in Nuer Gandu, and the stone tablet of Rebuilding Yongning Temple in Xuande's eighth year (1433), which recorded the situation of Nuer Gandu and Wei-suo in detail. There is also the Epitaph of General Cui Yuan of Zhao Yong, which records that "in the first year of Xuande, the eunuch also believed in the edict of Nuer Gan and other places, ... In the first year of orthodoxy, Wen Yeren (stabbed) in peace" [84], and the Epitaph of General Song Guozhong of Mingwei records that Song Guozhong's great-great-grandfather Song Buhua was ordered to summon the deeds of Nuer Gan in the early Ming Dynasty [ The facts reflected by these two epitaphs are completely consistent with the records of two stone tablets in Yongning Temple, which strongly shows that the official establishment in Nuergan in the Ming Dynasty was a part of our territory. Wei suo is a local military administrative organization set up according to the political system of the Ming Dynasty. It is different from the mainland in that besides its military functions, it also manages local administrative affairs, so-called "Fu Sui is subordinate to the Ministry" [86] and "guards the place" [87]. The officials of "Wei suo" were directly appointed by the central government of Ming Dynasty, and adopted the policy of "because of their tribe, ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Their official positions are hereditary, and their father's death, son's succession and father's replacement must be approved by the Ming government. If you want to be promoted to the rank of official, change the letter of appointment, increase the reward, etc., you must report it to the Ming government and you must not act without authorization, otherwise you will be punished. The official seals granted by the Ming Dynasty to the guards under Nuer Gandu Division have been discovered constantly, such as the Seal of Mao Luwei's Commanding Officer [89], the Seal of Mu Dalishan's Commanding Officer [91], the Seal of Hetun Jiwei's Commanding Officer [91], the Seal of Nangha 'erwei's Commanding Officer [92] and the Seal of Tashan Zuowei. Due to the relationship between Jurchen and Ming Dynasty in politics and economy, it is closer and more frequent than ever before. Therefore, the land and water transportation in Northeast China has also developed. On the basis of setting up a post station in Mengyuan, the Ming Dynasty vigorously expanded and built a post station, and extended or newly built the route of the post station. According to the records of Liaodong, there were six traffic trunk lines from Liaodong to the northeast regions at that time, and Kaiyuan City was the starting point of the six trunk lines. East to Korea, west to Mongolia, northeast to Manjing in Telin area; The northwest leads to the north of Manzhouli, forming a post transportation network extending in all directions. Especially in the area of Heilongjiang and Songhua River, in order to ensure the transportation in Tongnuergan area of Liaodong, the Ming court set up 45 stations from Songhua River to the lower reaches of Heilongjiang in the tenth year of Yongle [116]. In the 18th year of Yongle (1421), a shipyard was established beside the Songhua River in Jilin [117], which was responsible for "building ships to transport grain" [118] and transporting troops [119]. It is precisely because the Ming Dynasty actively developed the transportation in Northeast China, added post stations and established shipyards that it strengthened the connection between Nuzhen and Liaodong and the Central Plains. However, after the mid-Ming Dynasty, the national strength declined, and it was unable to maintain the rule over the northern frontier. In 1435 (the tenth year of Xuande in Ming Dynasty), the Nuer Gandu Division was abolished, but the subordinate health centers continued to exist. With the rise of Tatar and Nuzhen, the effective control area of the Ming Dynasty in Northeast China retreated to Liaodong. At the end of 16 th century, the rule of the Qing Dynasty over Northeast China, Jurchen flourished again. In 1616, Aixinjueluo Nurhachi, the jurchen leader of Jianzhou, called the Great Khan in Hetuala and rebuilt the Great Jin Kingdom, which was called "the Later Jin" in history. In April of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang Taiji changed the title of the country to "Qing" and the name of the Jurchen nationality to "Manchuria". After the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644, the Qing army entered the customs on a large scale and unified the whole country. "Baishan Blackwater" is the birthplace of Manchu nationality. After the Manchus gained political power, they took the Northeast as the "land of Longxing" and Shengjing as the "capital", and implemented a "special system" governance method for the Northeast. In the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, it was known as the "Qing Empire" and "China's Kingdom", and its territory was more prosperous than any dynasty in China's history. Before the signing of the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty in 1689, the territory of the Qing Dynasty in the northeast included Mongolia in the west, including central and eastern Siberia, the Pacific Ocean in the east, including Sakhalin Island, Thousand Islands, the Arctic Ocean in the north, and kamchatka peninsula and Bering Strait in the northeast. At this time, the northeast was called the headquarters of Manchuria, and the early Qing Dynasty was the largest period in the history of Northeast China. After the Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty in 1689, the territory of Northeast China gradually retreated to the south of the outer Xing 'an Mountains, the Wudi River and the south bank of Lake Baikal. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, China weakened, Sakhalin Island and Kuril Islands lost, Outer Mongolia became independent, and the territory of Northeast China finally shrank to this day. With the increase of population, land reclamation and the popularization of advanced production technology in the Central Plains, the basic outline of agricultural production in Northeast China has been roughly formed. With the development of agriculture, commerce and handicrafts have sprung up, and Shenyang, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Changchun, Jilin, Ning 'an, Liaoyuan and Harbin have emerged.