Chinese name of basic information: whitebait yínyú (outline) English name: whitebait whitebait Latin name: Hemisalanx prognathus alias: also known as ice fish or glass fish alias: Wang fish (Guo Pu's Er Ya Zhu), mussel residual fish (Er Ya Yi) and whitebait (Daily Materia Medica). Source: all the whitefishes of the whitebait subfamily Cucurbitaceae of the order Salmoniformes. Any of various translucent fishes of the whitebait family. It exists in salt water and fresh water in East Asia and is regarded as delicious in China. Slender, salmon-like, scaleless or with fine scales, rarely longer than 15 cm (6 inches). The mouth is big, and the teeth are big and sharp. Eat fish. Edit the morphological characteristics of this section. The whitebait is slender, nearly cylindrical, with a slightly flat dorsal segment and a body length of about 12 cm. Photo album of the extremely flat-headed whitebait (13 photos). Big eyes; The mouth is also big, and the kiss is long and sharp and triangular. The upper and lower jaws are equal in length; There are a row of fine teeth on the maxilla, maxilla, mandible and mouth cover, and there are 1 pair of canine teeth in the front of mandible. There is no combined anterior bone at the anterior end of mandible, but there is a fleshy protrusion. Dorsal fin ⅱ 1 1 ~ 13, slightly behind the body. There are 8 ~ 9 pectoral fins, and the muscle base is not significant. Gluteal fin Ⅲ 23 ~ 28, opposite to dorsal fin; The male fish has a row of large scales on both sides of the base of the anal fin, which is generally 18 ~ 2 1. There is a transparent lipid fin in the center of dorsal fin and caudal fin. The body is soft and transparent, and it is milky white after death. There are two rows of black spots on both sides of the body, and two rows of parallel black spots on the ventral surface, from the chest through the abdomen to the front of the gluteal fin, separated from the left and right along the base of the gluteal fin, and the back end merged into one and reached the caudal base. In addition, the caudal fin and the first fin of pectoral fin are also dotted with small black spots. The source of this passage is the whole whitebait of the whitebait family of Cucurbitaceae. Living environment and distribution of whitebait China is the origin and main distribution area of whitebait (whitebait family) in the world. Among the 17 species of whitebait in the east coast of China (including the Yangtze River basin) and the estuaries of major river systems, there are 15 species, of which 6 species are endemic. Whitebait is an important economic fish with high nutritional and economic value. Whitebait has a short life cycle, scattered generations and strong fecundity and settlement ability. As a typical R-strategy, whitebait is sensitive to environmental changes and responds quickly, and its population changes rapidly. In the long-term evolution process, it has formed a variety of biological and ecological characteristics such as interspecific feeding, growth and reproduction. However, due to many factors, such as reclamation around lakes, overfishing, environmental pollution and habitat fragmentation, the natural resources of whitebait in China are decreasing. The natural resources of all kinds of whitebait have declined to varying degrees, the distribution range of species has been significantly reduced, and individual species have become increasingly endangered. On the basis of summarizing the biology, ecology and biodiversity of whitebait in China, the problems faced by whitebait research, species diversity and germplasm resources protection in China were analyzed. It calls for examining the ecological effects of transplantation and proliferation of whitebait, strengthening the basic ecological research and biodiversity protection of whitebait, and puts forward the countermeasures for the protection and sustainable utilization of whitebait resources in China. Freshwater fish that can live by the sea have the habit of marine whitebait migrating to rivers. It is distributed in coastal areas from Shandong to Zhejiang, especially Poyang Lake, Chaohu Lake, Taihu Lake, Mahu Lake in Leibo County, Sichuan Province, and even Chongming in the Yangtze River estuary. Taihu Lake, West Lake and Mahu Lake in China are three lakes rich in whitebait. A few species are distributed in Korea, Japan and Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. This year, the northern fishery department paid more attention to whitebait and took measures to introduce whitebait from Taihu Lake. For example, there are all major reservoirs in northern Hebei, among which Yuecheng Reservoir in Cixian County of Handan has high-quality whitebait. Whitebait: It was called residual fish in ancient times, also known as Xiaobai. Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote the poem Little White. He said, "A small group of white people are divided into two-inch fish. Slightly exposed to aquatic animals, the custom should be garden vegetables. People are in chaos, and the snow is empty. What is the best way to make eggs? " This poem is very general and vivid. This kind of fish is small and transparent, white and crystal clear, tender and round and transparent. It is mainly of high quality, about 6 cm long, and came out in September of the lunar calendar. It is different from other whitebait varieties "noodles" and "rusty needles". Whitebait is tender and delicious. "Embroidery needle" is not fat enough, dry and tasteless; Noodles are old and hard, and they are uncomfortable to eat. Whitebait is a kind of fish rich in calcium, which is listed as longevity food by nutritionists. Its efficacy of "nourishing lung and clearing away gold, nourishing yin and tonifying deficiency" has become a treasure in the water. Edit this paragraph to introduce the species of whitebait in Dongting Lake, which was called whitebait and anchovy in ancient times, also known as whitebait noodle fish. Adult whitebait is 6 ~ 9 cm long, cylindrical, with a slightly lateral tail, a flat head, a short kiss, big eyes, a scaleless body and white as silver, hence the name. Whitebait is soft, boneless, and translucent. It swims around in the water, like a brocade silver shuttle and a silver arrow, so the ancients compared it to a Hosta and a silver shuttle. If the whitebait is caught and fished out of the water, it will turn white immediately, like jade and snow, which is amazing. According to historical records, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, whitebait was regarded as a sacred fish and a sacred fish. According to legend, Qu Yuan, the doctor of the Three Tongs, was exiled by King Chu Maoxiang, and Shi Huai sank into the Miluo River. When people heard about it, they threw zongzi into the water to save them. The glutinous rice grains in zongzi turned into clever white fish, and Qian Qian gathered together to hold up Qu Yuan. After entering Dongting Lake, the lake suddenly turned white, attracting many people to see the light and worship. After people found and picked up Qu Yuan's body, they buried You Ling and built a temple for sacrifice. However, the little white fish didn't want to go and lived in Dongting Lake. "Fisherman" said: "An Neng is white but vulgar." Fang Quyuan is innocent and noble, and he also said that whitebait is white and loyal. Since then, people have regarded the whitebait in Dongting Lake as a sacred fish and protected it more. Over time, there are more and more whitebait in Dongting Lake. Later, it was found that the whitebait in Dongting Lake was not only white and loyal, but also plump and tender, so some people cooked it into various dishes and made it a rare delicacy in the world. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were records of eating whitebait in Dongting Lake, such as a poem in the Tang Dynasty: "White fish enter the lake." Another example is the Song Dynasty poet Zhang, who said, "After beginning of spring, whitebait frosted perch" and compared whitebait with perch, which shows that whitebait has been listed as a treasure among fish. In the Ming Dynasty, it was recorded in the Health Records of Hongzhi in Song Dynasty that "whitebait should be fried with noodles", which means that dragging whitebait to fry is one of the best cooking methods. Li Shizhen gave a detailed description of whitebait in Compendium of Materia Medica: "Whitebait people are very heavy and small, showing goods everywhere, clear and beautiful;" After Qingming, the child lost weight, but it can be used as deafness. " The time and processing methods of local people catching whitebait were summarized. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, whitebait was listed as a royal tribute, which shows its extraordinary value. "Dongting loquat yellow, whitebait fat and fragrant." When loquat matures in May, it is the season when whitebait comes on the market. At this time, merchants gathered at the edge of Dongting Lake because of whitebait, which has become another landscape of Dongting Water Town for many years. In the long-term breeding, whitebait in Dongting Lake is divided into several varieties, among which whitebait with short tail and whitebait with short teeth are the top grades. These two kinds of whitebait are about 8 cm long and have white scales. If they have no bones or intestines, they are translucent, fat and delicious. According to modern nutritional analysis, whitebait is rich in nutrition and has the characteristics of high protein and low fat. It is considered that whitebait is a kind of "whole food" without fins and bones, which is rich in nutrition and beneficial to improve human immune function and longevity. Chinese medicine believes that the leaves of whitebait are sweet and flat, which can tonify deficiency, strengthen stomach, benefit lung and benefit water. Can be used for treating diseases such as spleen and stomach weakness, lung deficiency and cough. Dongting Lake silver sells well overseas, especially in Japan, calling whitebait ginseng in fish a rare treasure. Whitebait is delicious on the table. Look at it, the color is pleasing to the eye; Smell it, it's delicious and tempting, and your mouth is full of saliva; Eat it; It's delicious. It smells on your teeth and cheeks. There are many ways to eat whitebait, such as frying, stewing, stewing, etc. The most distinctive thing is frying and making soup. Dry fried whitebait is golden in color, loose, crisp, fat and fragrant. Whitebait is seasoned and pickled, dipped in egg liquid, soaked in bread crumbs, and then fried in a 40% to 50% hot oil pan. Its outer layer is crisp, its inner layer is fragrant, soft and delicious, and its flavor is unique. Stir-fried whitebait, fat and tender, with other ingredients, has a variety of flavors. Such as "whitebait scrambled eggs", the dishes are yellow and white, fresh and delicious, and their taste is fresh and tender like shrimp. Steamed whitebait, the fish is fragrant and fresh, fat but not greasy. If steamed with shrimp and fat paste, it looks like bird's nest and is a superior high-grade dish. "Silver Fish Soup" made of different ingredients is delicious. If it can be matched with shredded chicken, shredded pork, straw mushroom and eggs, it can be made into soup such as shredded chicken and whitebait soup, shredded pork and straw mushroom and whitebait soup. The whitebait in Dongting Lake can also be made into dried whitebait, which is slender and graceful, looks like Hosta, has the same taste, is not easy to deteriorate and is resistant to collection. Since ancient times, it has been a good gift for relatives and friends. When eating dried whitebait, soak it in warm water to make it swell. After washing, it can be boiled, fried, fried, steamed or made into soup. It tastes delicious, crisp or crisp, soft or tender. In Hunan cuisine, Dongting Lake whitebait series dishes are quaint and fashionable, leading the way. The whitebait between the Yangtze River (Hemisalanx brachyrostralis), also known as the short-snout whitebait, belongs to the order Salmoniformes, whitebait family and whitebait genus. Commonly known as: noodle fish, noodle fish and silver carp (Compendium of Materia Medica). English name: Shortnose noodlefish. The body is slender, slightly cylindrical, and the back is relatively flat. The head is flat and triangular; Big mouth, long and sharp kiss. There are a row of fine teeth on the maxilla, maxilla and mouth cover, a pair of canine teeth on the front of mandible, and a fleshy protrusion on the front of mandible. The dorsal fin is located in the back three quarters of the body. There is a small transparent fat fin in the center of dorsal fin and tail base, and the pectoral fin has no muscle base. The body has no scales, and the male fish has a row of large scales on both sides of the base of the anal fin. When alive, the body is soft and transparent, and the shape of the brain can be clearly seen from the back of the head. The soaked specimen is milky white. There are two rows of black spots on both sides of the body, and two rows of parallel black spots on the ventral surface, from the chest through the abdomen to the front of the gluteal fin, separated left and right along the base of the gluteal fin, and the back end merged into one and reached the caudal base. Small black spots are also scattered on the first fin of the caudal fin and pectoral fin. Usually live in the main stream and tributaries of the Yangtze River. Feeding on zooplankton. Sexual maturity after half a year. 1 winter fish enter the lake from April to May, and multiply in the lake. After breeding, the parent fish obviously lost weight and died soon. Distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its affiliated lakes. I'm not big. The largest individual is about 140mm long and weighs about 5g. This is an annual fish. In the breeding season, fishing is very common and the quantity is extremely considerable. Whitebait is delicious, nutritious and has a special flavor, especially before spawning. Except fresh food, most of them are dried and exported with the trade name of "dried Yan". The protein content of dried whitebait is 72. 1%, and the fat content is 13%, which is higher than other edible fish. Every100g whitebait also contains 4820mg lysine, 2308mg methionine, 41.76mg isoleucine, 4396mg valine and 6652mg threonine. Such rich amino acids are rare in other fish. Each hundred grams of whitebait can supply 407 kilocalories, which is almost 5-6 times that of ordinary edible fish; Its calcium content is as high as 76 1 mg, which is the highest among fish. The University of California, Garland, followed up 65,438+0,954 men for 65,438+09 years, which proved that the incidence of colon cancer in people who eat a calcium-rich diet every day is extremely low. New york MSK Cancer Center gave 10 patients with advanced colon cancer oral calcium, daily1g. After two months, the division and spread of cancer cells were greatly reduced. The prescription of traditional Chinese medicine takes whitebait and scallion 150 grams to cook soup and eat fish; Or 50 grams of whitebait, 25 grams of hawthorn and 50 grams of rice sprouts are decocted with thick soup, which is often used for adjuvant treatment of colon cancer patients. "Edible Materia Medica" records that whitebait benefits water, moistens lungs and relieves cough; Lin Yi Yaoyao claims that it can tonify lung, clear away gold, nourish yin and tonify fatigue. According to the Japanese "treatment", eating whitebait regularly can prolong life. There is a woman in Japan. 102 years old, an important factor of his longevity is that the old man liked to eat whitebait before he died, and almost every meal was essential. There are four species of Taihu whitebait, namely Taihu whitebait, toothless whitebait, big whitebait and Schleswig-Holstein whitebait. The output of whitebait and whitebait in Taihu Lake is high. Whitebait in Taihu Lake lays eggs on reeds and aquatic plants near Taihu Lake in spring, and the spawning period is mainly from mid-May to mid-June every year, which is also the flood season for fishing whitebait. There is a saying in Dongshan, Suzhou that loquat is yellow in May and whitebait in Taihu Lake is fat. Whitebait is rich in nutrition, tender in meat, white and tender without scales, thorns, bones, intestines and fishy smell, and contains a variety of nutrients. Most of the chilled whitebait is exported overseas and is known as "fish ginseng". After exposure, dried whitebait has the same color, fragrance and taste, and its shape remains unchanged for a long time. Whitebait can be cooked into various famous dishes and delicacies, such as whitebait scrambled eggs, dry fried whitebait, whitebait boiled soup, whitebait meatballs, whitebait spring rolls, whitebait wonton and so on. All these are unique lake delicacies. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Taihu Lake was rich in whitebait. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, whitebait was listed as a tribute, and it was also called the Three Treasures of Taihu Lake with plums and white shrimp. The whitebait is shaped like Hosta, with ivory color, scaleless cartilage, tender meat, delicious taste and rich nutrition, and contains many ingredients such as protein, fat, iron, riboflavin, calcium and phosphorus. Japanese people call it "fish ginseng". Whitebait can be fried, fried, steamed and made into soup. Whitebait scrambled eggs, whitebait soup, whitebait balls and hibiscus whitebait are all famous dishes in Soviet cuisine. Whitebait in Taihu Lake has a long history. According to Records of Taihu Lake, during the Spring and Autumn Period of Wuyue, whitebait was produced in Taihu Lake. There is a famous saying in Song Dynasty that "whitebait frost bass after spring", whitebait and bass are listed as treasures in fish. Habitual eating methods include: scrambled eggs with whitebait, fried leeks with whitebait, baked tofu with whitebait, wrapped jiaozi with whitebait, and boiled soup. If you add eggs, shrimp skin, yuanxiao noodles, etc. Make whitebait sauce, and then fry it into iced whitebait, which is good in color and flavor. Dried swallow is mainly used for cooking soup and brine. Its flavor is fragrant and delicious, and it is wide and invigorating the stomach. Besides being eaten fresh and dried into dried swallows, whitebait can also be canned and used as seasoning for many dishes. In addition to domestic sales, the annual export volume of whitebait in Chaohu Lake is hundreds of tons, which are sold to Hong Kong, Macao, Japan, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, North America and other regions and countries. Edit this nutritional analysis. Whitebait is a kind of food with high protein and low fat, and it is also suitable for patients with hyperlipidemia. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that it is sweet in taste, flat in nature, good at nourishing the spleen and stomach, and can benefit the lungs and diuresis, and can treat spleen and stomach weakness, lung deficiency, cough and fatigue. This product is suitable for people to eat whitebait, especially for people with physical weakness, malnutrition, indigestion, hyperlipidemia, spleen and stomach weakness, lung deficiency, cough, fatigue and other symptoms. The therapeutic effect of this paragraph is sweet and flat, and the spleen and stomach meridians have the effects of moistening the lungs and relieving cough, nourishing the spleen and stomach, benefiting the lungs and diuresis; It can treat spleen and stomach weakness, lung deficiency, cough and fatigue. Don't eat too much at every meal, but in moderation. Edit this paragraph to guide whitebait to make soft fried dishes and soups.