This is 60 years full of passion and dreams; This is an era in which reform and reconstruction are intertwined, and sea water and flame blend. Under the leadership of China, the people of China have created a miracle of development in the history of China and the history of the world.
We are determined to reform and have successfully achieved a historic leap from a planned economic system to a socialist market economic system.
After years of war, the new Republic was devastated and everything needed to be started all over again. The party and government turned the tide, unified finance and economics, confiscated bureaucratic capital, established state-owned economy and carried out land reform, and the national economy recovered rapidly. 1953, China put forward the general line for the transition period, and set the goal of realizing national industrialization and socialist transformation of private ownership of means of production, and the "First Five-Year Plan" was also launched. Since then, four five-year plans have been implemented continuously for more than 20 years. Despite setbacks, stagnation and hesitation, many achievements have been made. By 1979, there were 350,000 industrial enterprises in China, and the fixed assets of enterprises owned by the whole people reached 320 billion yuan, equivalent to 25 times of the accumulated industrial fixed assets in the past century in old China. An independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system have been established, and the socialist public ownership and planned economic system have played an important historical role. With the progress of the times, this system has gradually revealed some drawbacks. In 1979, Deng Xiaoping made a surprising remark on the basis of profound summary and thinking: "Why can't socialism engage in a market economy?" 1982 the report of the twelfth national congress of the communist party of China defined the non-public economy as "a necessary and beneficial supplement to the public economy" for the first time. The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established Socialism with Chinese characteristics's market economy system. 1992 During Deng Xiaoping's southern tour, the standard of "three benefits" was put forward for the first time, emphasizing that development is the last word. Taking this opportunity, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in the same year clearly stated for the first time that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system. Since then, the public ownership economy and the non-public ownership economy have completed a leap from "opposition theory" to "complementarity theory" and then to "common development theory".
Looking back on China's transition from a planned economy to a socialist market economy, the vigorous development of the non-public economy is the most dynamic chapter. From 1978 to 2008, the non-public sector of the economy grew from less than 1% of the national GDP to 65%, absorbing 80% of the newly employed population, contributing 7 1% of tax revenue and 70% of technological innovation. At the same time, after the liberation of state-owned enterprises from the highly centralized planned economy system, the productivity has been greatly improved. From 2002 to 2007, the sales revenue of state-owned enterprises in China increased from 8.53 trillion yuan to 18 trillion yuan, with an average annual growth of 16. 1%. The realized profit increased from 378.6 billion yuan to 654.38+62 billion yuan, with an average annual increase of 33.7%; The tax paid has increased from 679.4 billion yuan to157 million yuan, with an average annual increase of 1.8%.
Second, opening wider to the outside world has successfully achieved a great turning point from closed and semi-closed to all-round opening.
Before the reform and opening up, due to the blockade of western countries, China was basically in a semi-closed state, and its foreign trade scale was very small. From 65438 to 0978, the total import and export volume was only $20.6 billion, reaching $2.56 trillion in 2008, ranking third in the world after the United States and Germany. Foreign exchange reserves exceeded 2 trillion, ranking first in the world. At present, China's daily import and export trade volume is equivalent to 4.6 times of the annual 1950. The structure of China's export products has also undergone a qualitative change, from exporting raw materials and basic consumer goods to high-tech products. Today, mechanical and electrical products account for more than 90% of export products. China is rapidly changing from a big trading country to a powerful trading country, and a number of national brands such as Lenovo, Haier and Huawei have become world-class brands.
Before 1978, the utilization of foreign capital in China was basically blank, and now it has become the developing country that attracts the most foreign capital in the world. Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, the actual utilization of foreign capital has accumulated to nearly 1 trillion US dollars. At present, 635,000 foreign-funded enterprises have settled in China, and more than 480 Fortune 500 enterprises have invested in China. Since the new century, China has begun to "go out" in a planned and step-by-step way. In 2003, China's non-financial foreign direct investment was $2.8 billion, and reached $40.6 billion in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of over 70% in the past five years. By the end of 2008, China's non-financial overseas investment reached150 billion US dollars, distributed in more than 70 countries and regions around the world. Extensive and in-depth international cooperation has accelerated China's economic development and made great contributions to world economic development.
Third, scientific development, promoting economic construction and comprehensive national strength to jump continuously.
After the founding of New China, China has gradually established a relatively complete industrial system and national economic system, showing the superiority of socialism. However, the "Cultural Revolution" that began at 1966 focused on class struggle, causing social unrest and economic stagnation. 1978, China embarked on a journey of reform and opening up centered on economic construction, and the national economy snowballed from then on: in the 27 years from 1949 to 1986, the total economic output of China only exceeded 1 trillion yuan; From 1 trillion yuan to 200 1 trillion yuan per year, it took 10 trillion yuan for five years; By 2006, it will reach 20 trillion yuan, which will take five years; 30 trillion yuan in 2008, only two years. The economic scale of 1978 accounts for 1.8% of the world, and it accounted for 6% in 2008. In just 30 years, China has gone through the course of more than 200 years in western countries, and gradually embarked on the road of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development.
China's comprehensive national strength is growing rapidly-
At the beginning of the founding of New China, China's transportation foundation was weak. The total mileage of all railways, highways and aviation is less than 654.38+10,000 kilometers, and the annual passenger traffic is only1.400 million passengers. By 2008, the only land transportation mileage in China was nearly 3.73 million kilometers, and 99.2% of towns and villages were connected with expressways, with the expressway mileage exceeding 60,000 kilometers, ranking second in the world after the United States. The annual passenger traffic is as high as 26.8 billion passengers; The total cargo transportation in China reached 24.9 billion tons, which was 194916 billion tons higher than 156 times.
The level of energy industry in old China was extremely low, and it was monopolized by imperialism and bureaucratic capital. After the founding of New China, an energy supply pattern with coal as the main body, electricity as the center and all-round development of oil, gas and renewable energy was gradually formed, and the self-sufficiency rate reached over 90%, making it the second largest energy producer in the world.
1950 China's steel output was only 6 1 10,000 tons, the United States was 87 million tons, and Britain was16.55 million tons. In order to "surpass Britain and catch up with the United States", we once "made a big steel smelting" nationwide. Since 1996, China's steel output has been ranked first in the world for 13 years. In 2008, after a lapse of 10, Baosteel developed the first volume of "oriented silicon steel" and climbed the "Everest" of steel manufacturing technology.
In 1949, there were more than 130 different brands of cars on the roads in China, all of which were made in China. It only took more than 50 years from the first "Jiefang" car rolled off the assembly line 1956, with an annual output of 6 1 car, to the annual output of 9.345 million cars in 2008, surpassing the United States and ranking second in the world. ...
So many great changes are enough to fascinate historians. What is the secret? General Secretary Hu Jintao concluded at the The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: "The fundamental reason for all our achievements and progress lies in opening up the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics and forming the system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory."
Reform and opening up are not over, and we are still on the road.
Second, agricultural leap: from "paying imperial grain" to receiving subsidies
In 2006, Wang Sanni, a farmer from Hebei Province, took out 80,000 yuan originally intended to buy a car and cast a "farewell land tax" tripod with a respect of 252 kilograms. An inscription of more than 560 words records a major event: from June 65438+10/October 65438 +0, 2006, farmers in China no longer need to pay agricultural taxes. At this point, the "imperial grain national tax" that lasted for 2600 years has become history. Since the beginning of the new century, in order to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas and let farmers share the fruits of reform and opening up more, while canceling the agricultural tax, the state has also introduced a series of policies to benefit farmers, such as subsidies for improved varieties and direct subsidies for growing grain, which has greatly boosted people's hearts.
There are many unforgettable agricultural events like this. The land reform from 1950 to 1952 ended the feudal land exploitation system for thousands of years, and more than 300 million poor farmers were allocated their land for the first time. From 65438 to 0956, the socialist transformation of agriculture was basically completed, but due to the fanaticism of "running into communism", agricultural production fell into a low tide. The planned economic system is conducive to concentrating on great things, but it also exposes the disadvantages of low efficiency and lack of incentives. The end of the ten-year "Cultural Revolution" gave people the courage to change. /kloc-in the winter of 0/978, farmers in Xiaogang Village, Fengyang, Anhui Province 18 households quietly signed a "contract of life and death" of "fixing production quotas to households", which opened the prelude to the magnificent reform in China. From 1982 to 1986, the central government issued the "No.1 Document" for five consecutive years, which affirmed the initiative of Xiaogang farmers, popularized the "household contract responsibility system" throughout the country, and inspired the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of farmers to get rich through labor. From 2004 to 2009, the central government issued six "No.1 documents" in succession, the core idea of which is that cities support rural areas and industries feed back agriculture. Rural areas have entered a new stage of implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and coordinating urban and rural development, and "giving more and taking less and letting go" has become the main theme of agriculture in the new era. Over the past five years, the central government has spent a total of10.6 trillion yuan on "agriculture, rural areas and farmers". It is under the correct leadership of the Party that 60 years of agriculture has made remarkable achievements.
First, the output and per capita possession of major agricultural products such as grain have increased significantly. China is a large agricultural country with a large population. The old China was invaded by foreign powers, the agricultural production level was extremely low, and 80% of the population was in a state of hunger for a long time. 1949 The national grain output was only 1 132 billion kg, and the per capita share was less than 2 10 kg. In 2008, the total grain output reached 528.5 billion kilograms, increasing for five consecutive years, and the per capita possession reached 406 kilograms, effectively responding to the global food crisis. We have solved the problem of feeding 22% of the world's population with 0/0% of the world's arable land, and the food self-sufficiency rate has reached 95%!
Second, the level of agricultural mechanization has been greatly improved, and "scientific and technological efficiency" has achieved fruitful results. In the 60 years since the founding of New China, especially in the 30 years since the reform and opening-up, the mechanical working area of wheat, rice, soybeans and other staple crops has greatly increased. The total power of agricultural machinery in China increased from 1. 1.75 million kilowatts to 765.9 million kilowatts in 2007, an increase of 5.5 times. Agricultural science and technology have made breakthroughs in a series of major core technologies such as hybrid rice, hybrid corn and transgenic insect-resistant cotton, and cultivated and popularized more than 6,000 new crop varieties and combinations. At the same time, the popularization and application of a large number of achievements such as major cultivation techniques and integrated pest control have increased the grain output from 65438+68.6 kg per mu in 0949 to more than 3 10 kg in 2008. In particular, hybrid rice breeding technology is in a leading position in the world, with rice yield as high as 800 kg.
Third, the agricultural structure is constantly optimized, and agriculture, agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing and forestry go hand in hand. After 60 years of adjustment, China has basically formed regional production of planting industry. 13 Commodity grain provided by major grain-producing provinces such as Henan and Heilongjiang accounts for more than 80% of the country; Soybean and corn belts have been formed in northeast China. Peanut and wheat belt in Huang-Huai-Hai area; Rape flower belt in the Yangtze River basin; Yellow River Basin and Northwest Inland Cotton Industry Belt. Since the reform and opening up, the "courtyard economy" benefits of planting fruit trees in front of and behind farmers' houses are obvious, and the fruit and vegetable bases for large and medium-sized cities have developed rapidly. The production capacity of animal husbandry has been significantly enhanced. At present, the total output of meat and eggs in China ranks first in the world; The per capita possession of meat, milk and eggs exceeds the world average. Fishery production has developed strongly, and the average annual growth rate of aquatic products has reached 10.5%, which is 7.4% higher than that of the world fishery in the same period, ranking among the top in the world. Ten key projects such as "preventing and controlling desertification", "returning farmland to forests", afforestation and improving the ecological environment have achieved results. The forest area in China has increased from 1949 to 82.8 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate has only increased from 8.6% to 1745438+00000 hectares. The plantation area ranks first in the world and the coverage rate has increased to 18.438+0%.
Fourth, the development of township industries has promoted the process of urbanization. 1978 The added value of township enterprises nationwide was 20.9 billion yuan, reaching nearly 1 trillion yuan in 2007. With the process of rural industrialization, the urbanization level of China has also increased from 1978 to 17.9% in 2007, which has become a strong driving force for economic growth.
If agriculture is abundant, the foundation will be strong, if farmers are rich, the country will prosper, and if the countryside is stable, the society will be safe. "Agriculture, rural areas and farmers" will be the top priority of future economic development, and the prospect of new socialist countryside can be expected!
Three major livelihood improvements: from being hungry to drinking slimming tea.
Food is the most important thing for people. However, for a long time after the founding of New China, due to natural and man-made disasters, there was a serious shortage of materials and food, and it became people's greatest wish to have enough to eat. Uncle Zhang lives in the countryside. He can talk a lot about eating. When I was a child, it was "pumpkin and pumpkin, which are eaten every day, without oil or salt, and are rare"; Now, he often says: "In the 1970s, we were full; In the 1980s, we tasted the sweetness; In the 1990s, we had quality. Today, we eat healthily. Many people are beginning to worry about losing weight and drinking slimming tea! "
Uncle Zhang's story is a microcosm of the improvement of people's livelihood in China. Over the past 60 years, China has made four major achievements in the field of people's livelihood:
First, the income level of urban and rural residents has improved significantly. In the early days of New China, according to the United Nations Human Development Index, China was a huge slum: 90% of the population's annual net income did not exceed 60 yuan RMB. After the founding of New China, the Party and the state put improving people's livelihood in the first place. Especially after the reform and opening up, China has gradually established a distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple distribution methods coexisting. The income channels of urban and rural residents have been continuously broadened, and operational income and property income have doubled. The per capita net income of rural residents increased from 133.6 yuan in 978 to 476/kloc-0 yuan in 2008; The per capita disposable income of urban residents increased from 343.4 yuan in 1978 to 1578 1 yuan; The total savings deposits of residents increased from 6543.8 billion yuan to 26543.8 billion yuan, an increase of 6543.8 billion yuan.
Second, the quality of people's lives has improved significantly. People are "not short of money", consumption is naturally prosperous, and the quality of life is correspondingly improved. Food consumption has gradually changed from food and clothing to nutrition; The catering service industry is booming, and people can enjoy delicious food from all over the world. Dress changes from "dressing warmly" to "dressing beautifully"; Now, China is not only the largest clothing consumer in the world, but also the largest clothing producer. In 2008, its export income was $65.438 billion. With the gradual modernization of household living equipment, the "three major" durable goods have changed from bicycles, sewing machines and watches in the 1980s to color TVs, refrigerators and washing machines in the 1990s, and have been updated into mobile phones, computers and private cars in the new century. In 2007, the per capita living area of urban residents reached 22.6 square meters, and the per capita housing area in rural areas was 3 1.6 square meters. In recent years, the proportion of developmental and enjoyable consumption such as education, culture, entertainment and services has increased significantly, and leisure, fitness and tourism have become an important part of life. In 2008, the Engel coefficient of urban and rural residents was 37.9% and 43.7% respectively. According to the standard classification of FAO, rural residents are now in the stage of moving from food and clothing to well-off, and urban residents are moving from well-off to well-off, and 654.38+03 billion people have achieved a comprehensive well-off society.
Third, remarkable achievements have been made in medical and health undertakings. In old China, there were 0.07 health institutions and 9.32 health technicians per 10,000 people. The mortality rate is as high as 20‰, and the average life expectancy of residents is only 35 years old. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, the public health service system has been gradually improved, and the level of medical technology has been significantly improved. By 2008, China had 2.25 health institutions per 10,000 people and 59.6 health technicians per 10,000 people. The mortality rate dropped to 7.06‰, and the average life expectancy of residents increased to 73 years, reaching the level of moderately developed countries. In order to effectively alleviate the problem of "difficult and expensive medical treatment", in April 2009, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a "new medical reform plan", which highlighted the improvement of public health service, medical service system and medical security system, and let the people see the bright future of medical treatment.
Fourth, social security has been gradually improved. Social security is an important mechanism to promote social fairness and justice. In the process of strengthening the construction of social security system, the government has made efforts to improve the rural social security system according to the characteristics of most farmers in China. Since June 2003, the new rural cooperative medical system has been piloted. By 2008, the population participating in the new rural cooperative medical system reached 810.5 million, and the participation rate reached 910.5%, which achieved the goal of basically covering all rural areas two years earlier than expected. In June this year, the State Council decided to launch a pilot project of new rural social endowment insurance in 0/0% counties (cities, districts) across the country, and eligible farmers who have reached the age of 60 can receive basic pensions. It seems that the day when there are no children to support the elderly is not far away.
In commemoration of the 30th anniversary of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, Hu Jintao described the grand blueprint of "two 65.438 million years"-by the 65.438 million anniversary of the founding of our Party, a higher-level well-off society will be built, benefiting more than one billion people; By the 0/00th anniversary of the founding of New China, we will basically realize modernization and build a prosperous, strong, democratic, civilized and harmonious socialist modern country. As long as we don't waver, slack off and toss about, our goal will certainly be achieved.
Rejuvenating the country through science and education: from 80% "illiterate" to the top of engineers
1949 In the autumn, an urgent secret letter was sent to a village head in Ning 'an County, Heilongjiang Province. The village chief couldn't read, so he asked a villager named "scholar" to read the letter. After reading the letter, the scholar ran away. It turned out that this was a secret letter to "hunt down the murderer", and the suspect in the letter monitored by the village chief was the scholar himself. Behind the true story is a grim reality: when New China was founded, the national quality was very low, the primary school enrollment rate was only 20%, the illiteracy rate was as high as 80%, "I didn't know a word", and there were very few high-end talents such as scientists and engineers. There are no more than 50,000 scientific and technological personnel in China, of which less than 500 are specialized in scientific research.
Education is backward and science and technology are naturally weak. When the western industrial revolution appeared 16 spindle spinning wheel, China was still a single spindle with three spindles; 1922, there were more than 3,000 kilowatts of power generation equipment in Britain, with a power generation capacity of10 billion kwh. It was not until the eve of the founding of New China that we made power generation equipment. Sixty years later, China has more than 4.2 million scientists and engineers, equivalent to the United States; The total amount of scientific and technological human resources exceeds 50 million, ranking first in the world. Lee Kuan Yew, the "father of Singapore", said: "China has more technicians than many countries, which is really enviable." China is realizing a "gorgeous turn" from a country with a large population to a country with a large human resources, and rejuvenating the country through science and education is becoming a reality.
The educational achievements are obvious to all. First, basically popularize nine-year compulsory education. From 65438 to 0986, China promulgated the Compulsory Education Law; In 2000, compulsory education was basically popularized and illiteracy among young people was basically eliminated; In the spring of 2007, tuition and miscellaneous fees for rural compulsory education were exempted; In the autumn of 2008, tuition and miscellaneous fees were exempted from compulsory education in cities all over the country ... Since the founding of New China 60 years ago, an unprecedented education policy has benefited people's livelihood and warmed people's hearts. At present, the net enrollment rate of primary school-age children in China has reached 99.5%, and the gross enrollment rate of junior high schools has reached 98%. The scale of basic education is huge, ranking first in the world. The second is to establish the largest higher education in the world. 1977, which was interrupted by the Cultural Revolution 1 1 year, the college entrance examination resumed, and China once again ushered in the spring of respecting knowledge and talents. During the 20 years from 1978 to 1998, the number of colleges and universities in China increased from 598 to 1022, and the enrollment increased by about 9% every year. From 65438 to 0999, the enrollment scale of higher education has been further expanded. 1977 for more than 30 years, colleges and universities nationwide have enrolled 36 million students, and the admission rate of colleges and universities has increased from 4.7% in1977 to 57% in 2008. In 2008, the total number of students in higher education exceeded 27 million, and the gross enrollment rate reached 23%. Higher education has entered the threshold of popularization, ranking first in the world. The third is the all-round development of secondary vocational education, adult education and continuing education. In 2008, the number of students enrolled in secondary vocational education exceeded 8,654,380+million, and the number of students in school reached 20,563,000. Adult vocational training has developed rapidly. Quality education and the construction of lifelong education system have become the main theme of education development in China, and an education system with China characteristics has been formed.
Scientific and technological achievements are inspiring. First, "two bombs and one satellite" has created a brilliant symbol of new China's scientific and technological undertakings. In order to break the imperialist nuclear monopoly and blackmail and break through the cutting-edge technology of national defense science and technology, China successfully developed "two bombs and one satellite", which became an important symbol of the scientific and technological achievements of the new China and greatly enhanced China's national defense and scientific and technological strength. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out: "If China had no atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and satellites since the 1960s, China could not be called a big country with important influence, nor would it have such an international status." Second, space science and technology have entered the advanced ranks in the world. On September 27th, 2008, at 16: 4 1, Chinese astronaut Zhai Zhigang went into space from the hatch of Shenzhou VII, leaving the footprints of China people for the first time in the vast space. Since then, China has become the third country after Russia and the United States to master the key technology of space extravehicular activities. 1992, China's manned spaceflight project was formally established. 17 years, from scientific research, technical experiments to engineering applications, China has been among the advanced countries in the world in the fields of satellite recovery, geosynchronous orbit satellite positioning, spacecraft development and manned space flight, creating another miracle of "China leap"! Third, independent innovation has become a new driving force for the economy and society. Some people commented that 2008 may be the first year for China to shift from "manufacturing" to "intelligent manufacturing". A strong evidence is that the number of international patent applications filed by Huawei companies engaged in R&D and communication equipment manufacturing in China reached 65,438+0,737, setting a world record. Over the years, China's manufacturing capacity accounts for 15% of the world, second only to the United States, but only three ten thousandths of enterprises have their own technology, which has led to a serious "mouse phenomenon", that is, a mouse made in China sells for $40 in the United States, while we only have $3, and most of the profits are taken away by foreign countries. In 2004, the central government proposed to build China into an innovative country within 15 years. In the past two years, the investment in science and technology has increased by more than 20% every year, which is the only one in the world. In these five years, the number of patents reached 3 million, while in the first 55 years of new China, the total number of patents was only 2 million. China has gradually entered a new stage of development driven by innovation.
Building an innovative country is a major strategic task, with education and technology as its wings and Scientific Outlook on Development as its soul, which will guide us forward with an iron rhythm!
5. Democracy and the Rule of Law: From "Don't Talk about State Affairs" to Chairman's Online Chat
Before liberation, restaurants and tea shops often posted warnings of "Don't talk about state affairs". China people were in danger of being imprisoned and beheaded even if they talked about state affairs, let alone participating in politics. After the founding of New China, people became masters of their own affairs, and there were more and more channels for political participation. On June 20th, 2008, Hu Jintao, president visited People's Network and interacted with netizens, which became the "happiest online event" for netizens in China. Premier Wen's online discussion with the people has become a unique landscape of the "two sessions" in recent years. Not only that, officials at all levels have "touched the net" and "lived in the height of the temple and stayed away from the rivers and lakes", and they can make suggestions for the country for the first time in history!
Cultural development: from learning from Lei Feng to volunteers
"People's life is limited, but serving the people is infinite. I want to devote my limited life to serving the people indefinitely. " This passage in Lei Feng Diary is widely praised, and the "Lei Feng Spirit" has influenced and touched generations of China people, although its manifestations are different in different years. In 2003, after graduating from Xu Benyu University, poor students gave up the opportunity to earn money to support their families and attend graduate school, and volunteered to teach in Guizhou mountainous areas for two years. There, there are no roads and telephones, so you can only light oil lamps at night and go up the mountain road of 18 km to post letters at weekends. Therefore, he was selected by CCTV as the person who moved China in 2004. In 2007, Xu Benyu volunteered to teach again, this time in Africa. His gift to his beloved girl is a diary of Lei Feng.
This is just one of the stories of millions of volunteers. In the Wenchuan earthquake in May, 2008, 200,000 volunteers went to the disaster area voluntarily, and100,000 volunteers from all over the country participated in disaster relief propaganda, fundraising and delivery of materials. At the Beijing Olympic Games in August, 6,543.8+700,000 volunteers participated in it, which is the highest record in the history of the Olympic Games ... In these 60 years, our spiritual and cultural life has gone from single to multiple; From rigidity to vitality, it has never been so prosperous and full of vitality as it is today.
7. National defense construction: from "generic card" to modernization
On June 6th, Mao Zedong inspected the China People's Liberation Army at the Tiananmen Gate. Among the troops being studied are cavalry and horse-drawn small artillery. At that time, the mechanization level of our army was not high, and the per capita mechanization capacity was only 0.2 horsepower, which was less than 2% of the world average at that time. Most of the weapons were "Wan Guo Brand" trophies. Sixty years later, on April 23rd, 2009, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the founding of China Navy, Hu Jintao held a military parade in the Yellow Sea. Nuclear submarines, destroyers and frigates are like moving sea castles; New fighter formations such as early warning aircraft, reconnaissance planes and fighter-bombers soar in the air. Delegations from 29 countries and 265,438+0 ships from 65,438+04 countries gathered together for common prosperity.
Looking back on modern China, a great eastern country that had led human civilization for a long time, it was invaded and humiliated by almost all imperialist countries in the world. After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong solemnly declared: "Our national defense will be consolidated and no imperialists will be allowed to invade our country again." Since then, national defense construction has begun, and remarkable achievements have been made in the past 60 years, mainly in four aspects:
1. Build a modernized and regularized revolutionary army. Shortly after the founding of New China, China put forward the general policy and task of "building an excellent modern revolutionary army", which quickly realized the transformation from a single army to a multi-service synthetic army, and established a unified command system, establishment system and formal training for the whole army. After the reform and opening up, the People's Liberation Army of China re-established the general goal of building a powerful modern and regular revolutionary army. Especially since the Gulf War, the People's Liberation Army has actively promoted the military transformation with China characteristics, embarked on a leap-forward development path based on mechanization, guided by informationization and promoted each other, and greatly accelerated the modernization process of national defense and the army.
Second, take the road of elite soldiers with China characteristics. Soldiers are more valuable than elites. Starting from 1975, Deng Xiaoping advocated "military restructuring" and successively reduced the number of military personnel by more than 2 million, but the scale of 4 million was still too large. Deng Xiaoping said worriedly, "It's very convenient to direct the war. What's useful now? Without expansion, we cannot cope with the war. " At the enlarged meeting of the Central Military Commission 1985, he decisively announced disarmament 1 10,000. After the news came out, the whole world shook. 1997, our army was further reduced by 500,000; In 2003, 200,000 people were cut, and the total size of the army was reduced to 2.3 million. Through streamlining, reorganization and structural reform, the People's Liberation Army has taken solid steps towards the goal of lean organization, flexible command, quick response and strong combat effectiveness, and its modernization level has been greatly improved.
The third is to promote the strategy of strengthening the army through science and technology and the modernization of weapons and equipment. During the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, China imported a lot of weapons and equipment from the former Soviet Union. Since then, China has gradually begun to imitate Soviet-style weapons and equipment, built more than 65.438 million large and medium-sized military enterprises, increased the number of scientific research institutions to more than 20, and the national defense science and technology industry has begun to take shape, quickly realizing the standardization and initial localization of weapons and equipment. In 1960s, China relied on its own strength to develop cutting-edge national defense technology, and the success of "two bombs and one satellite" shocked the world. After the reform and opening-up, the army established a fast-moving, three-dimensional assault equipment system; The navy has established an equipment system that integrates sea and air and adapts to offshore defense operations; The air force has established an air-ground integrated equipment system with both offensive and defensive capabilities; The Second Artillery Corps established a surface-to-surface missile equipment system with both nuclear and normal capabilities and range convergence. Electronic information equipment is developing towards comprehensive integration and integration.
4. Defended national sovereignty, national dignity and people's peaceful life. 1In June, 950, the Korean War broke out, and American imperialism burned the war to the Yalu River, which seriously threatened China's security. In June 5438+10, Chinese people's Volunteer Army crossed the Yalu River and fought side by side with the Korean People's Army, repelling the "United Nations Army" led by the United States to the south of the 38th parallel. 1953, the United States had to sign the Korean armistice agreement. The victory of the war greatly inspired the confidence of the people of China and won a relatively stable and peaceful environment for the construction of a new China. In addition, our army has repeatedly carried out counter-attacks in border self-defense and won, defending national security and territorial integrity.
Over the past 60 years, under the absolute leadership of China, national defense and army building have made great strides towards the goal of revolutionization, modernization and regularization, weapons and equipment have changed with each passing day, and the integration of logistics support has been steadily advanced; What will never fade is the soldiers who listen to the party's command and serve the people-wars, floods, earthquakes ... wherever there is danger, they are all confirming their core values of contemporary revolutionary soldiers who are "loyal to the party, love the people, serve the country, devote themselves to their mission and advocate honor".
Great cause of reunification: from mutual isolation to peaceful development
For a long time after the founding of New China, Chiang Kai-shek, who fled Taiwan Province Province, never forgot to counterattack the mainland. Hong Kong and Macao are also isolated from the motherland, and the great cause of reunification has a long way to go. After the reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping put forward the strategic concept of "one country, two systems" with superhuman wisdom, and successfully practiced it in Hong Kong and Macao, clearing away the century-old shame of the Chinese nation. The right path in the world is vicissitudes. Due to the intervention of external forces such as the United States, the road to cross-strait reunification has experienced many twists and turns. Now that the overall situation of peaceful development in the Taiwan Strait has taken shape, the future prospects can be expected. Over the past 60 years, China's road to reunification has never been seen before, and it has contributed valuable experience to the world. To sum up, two points are particularly worth sharing:
Diplomatic Brilliance: From "Sick Man of East Asia" to Oriental Giant
Over the past 60 years, China's diplomacy has completely reversed the situation of "forced opening" in old China and "forced closing" in new China in recent 30 years, and finally embarked on the road of "active opening", becoming the backbone of world peace and the "engine" of the global economy. The good play is yet to come!
Shifang construction