[Brief introduction]

Su Shi (137 ~ 111), with the word Zi Zhan and the word He Zhong, was born in Meishan, Meizhou, Northern Song Dynasty (now Meishan, Sichuan), and was a famous writer and painter in the Song Dynasty (Northern Song Dynasty). He, his father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are all famous for their literature, and they are called "Sansu" in the world. It is the same as the "Three Cao Fathers and Sons" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) in the late Han Dynasty. Besides, Su Shi, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in Song Dynasty were called "the eight great masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Together with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang, they are called the calligraphers who can best represent the achievements of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty, and they are collectively called "Song Sijia". Su's four students are: Qin Guan, Huang Tingjian, Chao Buzhi and Zhang Lei.

[Su Shi's literary and artistic achievements]

Su Shi's literary views come down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thought emphasizes "doing something promising", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "creating new ideas in statutes and putting wonderful reasons outside the bold". He believes that the composition should be "like flowing water, with no definite quality at first, but always doing what you should do and always stopping at what you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, full of postures" ("Thank you for your teacher's book"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is simple and fluent, and it is bold and unrestrained. Shi Dehong's "Postscript Dongpo (left-handed and right-handed) Pool Record" said: "Its prose is as sloppy as water, and its waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu are also called "Ou Su", which is one of the "Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".

Su Shi was the leader who presided over the literary world in the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu. He enjoyed a great reputation among the writers at that time, and many people made friends with him or accepted his guidance for a while. Huang, Qin, Chao and Zhang were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him. Therefore, it is called Sumen Four Bachelor.

There are about 4, Su's poems, which are broad in content and diverse in style, but mainly bold and unconstrained, with varied brushwork and romantic colors, which has opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Xie Zhou's "Original Poems" said: "The realm of Su Shi's poems is unprecedented in ancient and modern times, and all things in the world are inspired by the pen." Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "Taking the text as poetry, from Changli to Dongpo Yida, it was a spectacular sight for a generation. ..... especially those who can't reach it are born with a healthy pen, which is as cool as a sorrowful pear, and quickly cuts it together. There is a hidden meaning that must be reached, and there is no difficulty in showing it. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, and it is not as good as Li and Du Chu. "

There are more than 34 Su Shi's poems, which have broken through the narrow theme of writing about men's and women's love and parting, and have broad social content. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of Chinese ci. He expanded the spirit of the poetry and prose innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of ci, swept away the traditional ci style since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, created a bold ci school that stood side by side with the graceful school, expanded the theme of ci, enriched the artistic conception of ci, broke through the boundaries of poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovation and development of ci. His masterpieces include Nian Nu Jiao and Shui Diao Ge Tou, which set a precedent for the school of bold and unconstrained ci, and he was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is open and aboveboard, like poetry, like prose, like wonders of heaven and earth."

Su Shi is also good at calligraphy and regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He had studied famous artists in Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and he became his own family thanks to Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi. Ziyun: "I couldn't have made a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and not practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said that he: "In his early years, his pen was refined, and he was not as natural as the boss"; Another cloud said, "When we get to Huangzhou, the pen is very powerful." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas winds and waves. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge were outstanding everywhere, and his life was full of ups and downs. His calligraphy style was rich and innocent, and you can imagine him as a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respected each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews were taught by you, Mai and Guo, and friends Wang Dingguo and Zhao Lingzhi all learned from him. Later, historical celebrities such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong in Qing Dynasty also learned from him, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should put (Su) first."

in painting, Su Shi draws ink and bamboo, learning from literature (that is, literature and can), which is more concise than literature and has the potential to dance. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground up to the top. I asked: Why not divide it section by section? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making ancient trees and strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "Make branches of dead trees, and bend them for no reason; The stone is hard, and it is strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in his chest. " It can be seen that his paintings are very strange and want to send them far away. His theory of painting and calligraphy has outstanding ideas, and his theory of painting has a far-reaching influence. For example, attaching importance to the likeness of spirit, advocating the feeling outside painting, the painting should have sustenance, opposing the similarity of form and the restriction of program, advocating "the uniformity of poetry and painting, artistry and freshness", and clearly putting forward the concept of "scholar painting", which laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The surviving books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Chibi Fu, Thank you for your teacher's paper, and several essays in sacrifice to Huang. The surviving paintings are "ancient wood and strange stones"; The "Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Atlas" discovered in recent years is also his work.

Su Shi achieved great success in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy, painting, etc. in the Song Dynasty. He is a rare literary and artistic genius in the history of China.

[Chronology of Su Shi's Life]

The first year of Renzong Tiansheng in the Northern Song Dynasty-the eighth year of Jiayou (123-164)

On December 19, 136, the third year of Jingyou, Su Shi was born

In p>154, he married Wang Fu

In p>157, he was a scholar; Mother's funeral; Filial piety (157.4-159.6)

159 Family went to Kyoto

161 Judge Fengxiang

The first year of Yingzong Zhiping-four years (164-168)

164 Working in the History Museum

165 Losing his wife

166. Filial piety (April, 166-July, 268)

The first year of Shenzong Xining-the eighth year of Yuanfeng (168-186)

Married Wang Runzhi in 168 and returned to Beijing in p>169; Work in the history museum

171 and report to the supervisor; Hangzhou was sentenced to

174 as the prefect of Mizhou

176 as the prefect of Xuzhou

179 as the prefect of Huzhou; Imprisoned

18, exiled to Huangzhou

184, went to Changzhou

185 and went to Dengzhou; Ren Dengzhou satrap; To Kyoto; Ren Zhongshu Sheren

Zhezong (186-11) During Yuan You's reign, the Empress Dowager was in power (185-193)

In 186, he was appointed as the prefect of Hangzhou and commander of the West Zhejiang Military Region

In p>191, he was appointed as the official minister. To Kyoto; Yingzhou satrap

Yangzhou satrap in p>192; Ministry of war history; The history of rites

193 wife's funeral; The queen mother died; Adjust the prefecture satrap; Commander of Hebei Military Region

194 was demoted to Huizhou; Exiled in Huizhou

197 to Hainan; Exiled in Danzhou, Hainan

Huizong (111-1126) was in power for the Empress Dowager (11)

returned to the north in 111; Go to Changzhou; Death

The Northern Song Dynasty died in p>1126

[Sushi's anecdote]

1. Sushi "bullied" his teacher

Sushi took an examination of Jinshi, and wrote a great article in the Spring and Autumn Period called "The Theory of Punishment and Loyalty", which has the following paragraphs:

When Yao was in power, Hao Tao was a scholar and would kill people, and Hao Tao said, ". Si Yue said "Gun can be used", Yao said "No, Gun can command the clan", and then he said "Try it". He Yaozhi didn't listen to Hao Tao's murder, but took advantage of the four mountains. However, the sage's intention can also be seen.

Examiner Mei Sheng was amazed by Su Shi's article, but she was not sure about the above. When Su Shi visited him, Mei asked about the origin of the dialogue between Yao and Hao Tao. Su Shi smiled and answered, "Of course."

Actually, the above allusion comes from The Book of Rites, which happened to Duke Zhou. Su Shi wrote it down in Yao's exam, but he was fooled by his teacher Mei Sheng, which shows that his skill is extraordinary.

2, Dongpo Meat

When Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou, there was a famous doggerel in Ode to Pork: "Huangzhou is good pork, and the price is worthless. The rich refuse to eat, and the poor don't understand cooking. Slow down the fire, less water, and it will be beautiful when the fire is full. Get up and play a bowl every day, so full that you can't care about it. " Here's "slow fire, less water, it is beautiful when the fire is full", which is the famous Dongpo meat cooking method. Su Dongpo was later appointed as the governor of Hangzhou, built the Su Causeway and promoted water conservancy, and was deeply loved by the people. And this "Dongpo Meat" followed suit and became famous in Hangzhou, becoming a famous local dish.

3, Su Shi checked out

Su Shi lived in Changzhou in his later years. He spent his last savings and bought a house. He was preparing to move in another day. By chance, he heard an old woman crying very sadly. He asked the old woman why she was crying. The old woman said that she had a house that had been handed down for a hundred years and was sold by unscrupulous children, so she cried bitterly. On closer examination, it turned out that the house that Su Shi bought was what the old woman called an ancestral house. So Su Shi said to her: "The former residence of Yi was sold by me, so there is no need to be deeply saddened. Now it is time to return the house to Yi." Su Shi immediately burned the deed and just rented a house to live in. In July this year, he died in a rented house. (See Song Fei Zhou's "Poems on Liangxi Man")

Anecdotes

Poems for dinner

When Su Shi was twenty years old, he went to the capital for scientific research. Six conceited juren looked down on him, and decided to invite Su Shi to dinner for the next kind of food, intending to tease him. Su Shi went with pleasure after receiving the invitation. Before chopsticks were moved, everyone proposed a drinking order, and the contents of the drinking order must quote historical figures and events, so that they could eat a dish by themselves. The other five people cheered. "I'll go first." The older one said, "Jiang Ziya is fishing in Weishui!" Say that finish took a plate of fish. "Qin Shubao Chang 'an sells horses," the second one proudly carried away the horse meat. "Su Ziqing herded sheep in Beihu Lake," the third one took the mutton without weakness. "Zhang Yide Zhuoxian sells meat," said the fourth one, reaching for the meat. "Guan Yunchang Jingzhou scraped the bone," and the fifth one couldn't wait to steal the bone. "Zhuge Liang grows vegetables in the middle," the sixth proudly picked up the last vegetable. All the dishes were finished, and when the six juren were happily preparing to laugh at Su Shi while eating, Su Shi was unhurriedly chanting, "Qin Shihuang annexed six countries!" After that, he put all six dishes in front of him and smiled, "Please, brothers!"! “。 Six juren stupefied.

Get ahead

When Su Shi was in Beijing, the presiding officer was Ouyang Xiu, a famous literary master in the Northern Song Dynasty. When he was examining and approving papers, he was fascinated by Su Shi's gorgeous and superb writing style. In order to prevent favoritism, the examination papers at that time were all anonymous. Therefore, although Ouyang Xiu wanted to choose this article as the first, he felt that this article was very similar to that written by his protege Ceng Gong, and he was afraid of falling behind the population, so he finally rated the second. It was not until the publication of the list that Ouyang Xiu knew that the author of the article was Su Shi. After knowing the real situation, Ouyang Xiu regretted it, but Su Shi didn't care at all. Su Shi's generosity and outstanding talent made Ouyang Xiu admire: "Such a talented young man should really make him stand out from the crowd (this is where the idiom comes from)!" And officially accepted Su Shi as a disciple.

Family Reunion

After Su Shi won the second place in high school, the Su's three sons and the Su Xiaomei family, who are famous for their "Three Disasters" in Qin Shaoyou, gathered in the garden to celebrate. Su Xun, the father of Su Shi, proposed the word "cold and fragrant", and each of them wrote two poems, all of which were in line with the situation at that time. In order to take the lead, Su Laoquan walked slowly to the edge of the flower pond, chanting: "Water flows cold from the stone edge, and the wind comes from the flower." Zi You stood up and picked a fragrant wintersweet, flicked his finger, and said, "Cold words are unknown, and plum blossoms are playing all over his fingers." Little sister also went to pick flowers, but Zi wanted to laugh at him for imitating himself, but little sister said, "Make the cuckoo's throat cold and stay in Hua Hudie for a dream." Say that finish spread out the palm, a butterfly has been crushed to death. The daughter's characteristics were exposed, and everyone cheered in unison. Su Shi brushed a stone bench and rode away. Su Laoquan shouted, "My son, don't go without an answer." Before his voice fell, Su Shi had a long voice: "The clothes are cold when you brush the stone, and the horseshoe fragrance is gone when you step on the flowers"!

Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian live in Jinshan Temple. One day, they made bread to eat. The two agreed not to tell the monk Fo Yin in the temple about this cake fight. After a while, when the cake was cooked, they counted the number, first presented the cake to the Guanyin Bodhisattva, bowed down and prayed diligently. Unexpectedly, Fo Yin had been hidden in the account of God in advance, and when they knelt down to pray, they reached out and stole two cakes. After Su Shi finished worshipping, he got up and saw that two cakes were missing. Then he knelt down and prayed, "Guanyin Bodhisattva is so magical that she ate two cakes. Why didn't she come out to meet him?"

Fo Yin replied in his account:

"If I have noodles, I will join you in making some snacks. How dare I bother you?"

Su Dongpo is in Hangzhou and likes to make friends with monks in West Lake Temple. He is best friends with monk Fo Yin of the Holy Mountain Temple, and they often joke while drinking and reciting poems.

Monk Fo Yin is delicious. Whenever Su Dongpo gives a banquet, he always comes uninvited. One night, Su Dongpo invited Huang Tingjian to visit the West Lake, and many dining tables were prepared on board. When the cruise ship went offshore, Su Dongpo smiled and said to Huang Tingjian, "Fo Yin will arrive at every party. Tonight, let's take a boat to the lake to drink and sing poems and have a good time. He can't come anyway." "Who knows Fo Yin monk long ago found out that Su Dongpo wanted to swim with Huang Tingjian, so he hid under the cabin board when they didn't get on the boat.

The bright moon is in the sky, the cool breeze is refreshing, and the lotus fragrance fills the lake. The cruise ship slowly arrives at the Three Pagodas of the West Lake. Su Dongpo holds his glass and flicks his beard, and happily says to Huang Tingjian, "Today, we are quiet without Fo Yin. Let's start with a wine order. The first two sentences should be immediate, and the last two sentences should end with the word" zai ". "Huang Tingjian said," All right! Su Dongpo said first:

When the clouds are parted and the bright moon comes out, what can the sky say? What does heaven say?

Huang Tingjian looked at the lotus flowers all over the lake, and then said,

Lianping brushed aside and swam out, which was a good thing! Get what you want!

At this time, Fo Yin couldn't resist being under the cabin board. As soon as Huang Tingjian said it, he pushed the cabin board away and climbed out, saying,

When the boat board was pushed aside, Fo Yin came out, which was really depressing! Suppress people!

Su Dongpo and Huang Tingjian were startled when they saw a man suddenly crawling out from under the planking. When they looked carefully, it turned out to be Fo Yin, and when they heard him say such four poems, they couldn't help laughing.

Su Dongpo took Fo Yin to sit down and said, "You hid it well, and you were right. You ate it again today! So, the three people enjoyed the moon and swam around the lake, talking and laughing.

Dongpo fish

Su Shi is not only a great writer in literature, but also good at gourmets. Besides Dongpo elbow, Su Xueshi is also good at cooking fish, and his cooking fish is a must. Once, Su Shi was very happy. He personally went down to the cupboard to cook fish. Just after cooking, he saw Huang Tingjian come in through the window (Huang Tingjian was one of the four great fonts in ancient China, and he was a close friend of Su Shi. They often took pleasure in bickering). Knowing that it was to rub the meal card oil again, I hurriedly hid the fish at the top of the cupboard. When Huang Tingjian entered the door, he said, "Ask Brother Zi Zhan today, dare you ask Su Shi how to write Su?" Su Shi pulled a long face.