Sino-Japanese agricultural trade relations China has a very long history of agricultural economic and trade exchanges with its neighbor Japan. Since 199s, the exchanges and cooperation between China and China in agricultural trade, investment, science, education and fisheries have been continuously strengthened. Japan is not only two important markets for's agricultural products export, but also an important source of foreign investment in China's agricultural utilization. After entering the new century, Sino-Japanese agricultural economic and trade relations are facing a new situation, with the rapid growth of agricultural exports and the obvious increase in the frequency of trade frictions, and the rapid warming of Japanese agricultural investment in China. Therefore, it is necessary to study the agricultural economic and trade relations between China and Japan under the new situation. The relationship is as follows: 1. The competitiveness and complementarity of China and Japanese agriculture. The similarities and differences between China and Japan in basic agricultural production conditions, material input level, agricultural production structure, productivity, farmers' income level and food consumption determine the competitiveness and complementarity of agriculture between China and Japan. Among them, the competitiveness is mainly manifested in the similarity of exported agricultural products, and the competition in the world deep-processed agricultural products market is becoming increasingly fierce: besides the complementary advantages of agricultural resources and agricultural science and technology, China and Japan also have strong complementarities in agricultural products trade. The index analysis shows that China and Japan not only form close agricultural products trade ties, but also have significant differences in the comparative advantages of agricultural products, that is, China has strong comparative advantages in labor-intensive products such as aquatic products and horticultural products. 2. The growth and structural changes of agricultural trade between China and Japan. The analysis shows that: (1) China's agricultural exports to Japan are growing rapidly, mainly due to the growth of labor-intensive agricultural exports; The types of promotion to Japan's agricultural export growth changed before and after China's entry into WTO, that is, in the period before China's entry into WTO, export growth was driven by competitiveness effect, but in the five years since China's entry into WTO, the growth of agricultural export to Japan was mainly driven by competitiveness effect and demand effect. (2) China's exports to Japan were mainly aquatic products and horticultural products, among which fish products and crustacean software products were mainly exported to Japan. Among the fruits and meat products exported to Japan, they were deeply processed. Vegetables exported to Japan are mainly processed, preserved and frozen, and the proportion of frozen vegetables is increasing; In terms of import structure, China mainly imports aquatic products and miscellaneous foods from Japan, and the proportion of these two products is increasing; (3) China's terms of trade for agricultural products with Japan tend to deteriorate as a whole, but the quantitative index of agricultural products exported to Japan keeps rising rapidly, indicating that the increase of agricultural products export benefits to Japan mainly depends on quantitative expansion. The analysis of the growth and structural changes in the trade of agricultural means of production shows that China and Japan not only occupy a very important position in the world trade of agricultural products, but also are important trading partners of agricultural products among the three countries: China and Japan; China's agricultural products exported to Japan are mainly agricultural machinery, feed and fertilizers, while imports are mainly agricultural machinery products; the technical gap is an important reason for the above trade pattern. Sino-US agricultural trade relations Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation is an important part of Sino-US economic and trade relations. Both China and the United States are big agricultural producers and big agricultural trade countries. With the development of Sino-US economic and trade relations, Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation has been continuously expanded. Especially in recent years, with the promotion of the relevant departments of the Chinese and American governments, business circles and people of insight who care about the healthy development of Sino-US economic and trade relations, Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation has been deepening, the total trade volume of agricultural products has increased rapidly, the exchanges and cooperation in agricultural science and technology have become increasingly close, and Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation has achieved fruitful results. It is embodied in the following aspects: First, the total trade volume of agricultural products between China and the United States has increased rapidly. According to statistics, from 21 to 25, the total bilateral agricultural trade increased from US$ 4.1 billion to more than US$ 1 billion, an increase of nearly 2.4 times. During this period, the proportion of Sino-US agricultural trade in China's total agricultural trade increased from 4.5% to 17.2%. Second, the scope of Sino-US agricultural trade has been expanding. The United States has become one of the main sources of China's agricultural products imports. In 25, China imported more agricultural products such as soybeans and cotton from the United States. For example, the number of soybeans reached 26.59 million tons and cotton reached 2.65 million tons. From January to October, 25, the export of American agricultural products to China increased by 28%, and the range of navel oranges and dried fruits in the United States also increased to some extent. 3. China-US agricultural exchanges and cooperation have made positive progress. The fields of scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation between China and the United States have been continuously expanded, and cooperative projects in animal and plant genetics and breeding, soil and water resources conservation and utilization, forest resources and forest improvement have been effectively carried out and implemented. Important progress has been made in agricultural scientific research and education, processing, storage and transportation of agricultural products, prevention and control of animal and plant diseases, and research on agricultural biotechnology. In particular, cooperation in animal and plant quarantine has been strengthened in the prevention and control of animal and plant diseases, so the scope of agricultural cooperation between the two countries has been continuously expanded, and the exchange of agricultural science and technology has achieved positive results. 4. The mechanism of Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation is improving day by day. In 24, the China-US Commission for Commerce, Trade and Food established an agricultural group at the level of deputy minister, and the agricultural departments of China and the United States established a joint agricultural committee and set up a special working group to take charge of specific business exchanges. The two governments also signed a series of agreements on agriculture and agricultural products trade, such as the Sino-US Agricultural Cooperation Agreement. These working mechanisms play an important role in promoting Sino-US agricultural economic and trade cooperation. Sino-Japanese industrial trade relations Sino-Japanese trade has reached a new high for three consecutive years. China's entry into WTO has brought the economic complementarity between China and Japan into full play. The economic complementarity between China and Japan, the asymmetry of basic conditions between the two countries, and the demand for cooperation arising from the economic development of the two countries and the need to solve their respective problems are the fundamental factors that lead to the sustained development of economic and trade relations between the two countries, and this fundamental factor is increasingly highlighted by China's accession to the WTO. Sino-Japanese economic and trade cooperation will be further developed and expanded at the bilateral, regional and even global levels. Both China and Japan are "reforming countries", and the economic relations between China and Japan will further develop in the process of continuous reform and opening up. It is estimated that in two or three years, Sino-Japanese trade will exceed 1 billion US dollars, and in another seven or eight years, Sino-Japanese trade will surpass Japan-US trade. At the same time, Japan's direct investment in China will continue to grow and will remain one of the countries with the largest direct investment in China. One of the basic reasons why Japan's economic and trade relations with China may develop faster than those in Europe and America lies in the close relationship between China and Japan in geography, culture and history. Especially after 9.11, the security costs in logistics and other aspects have increased significantly, which will make Japan's geographical advantages in cooperation with China more prominent. With the deepening of general industrial cooperation, the cooperation between the two countries in the fields of human resources development, science and technology, finance, energy, environmental protection, tourism and electronics will be particularly valued. The technology transfer of Japanese enterprises to China will probably be strengthened, because Japan's technological competitiveness ranks second in the world after the United States. At the regional level, energy, environmental protection and finance have become important topics in Sino-Japanese cooperation in East Asia. At the same time, although the economic ties between East Asia and the United States will remain important, the situation that East Asian countries rely too much on the American economy will change, and it is the general trend to strengthen economic and trade cooperation within the region. As two big countries in East Asia, China and Japan will play an increasingly important role in promoting regional cooperation in East Asia. Compared with Europe, the differences and diversity of East Asian countries in development stages were once considered as an obstacle to regional cooperation. However, European integration is the integration of industrial economy, while future Asian integration is the integration of economic globalization and information technology revolution. In the era of economic globalization and information technology revolution, diversity is probably an advantage. Facts show that the better the economic complementarity, the better the economic effect and the more politically difficult it is to establish a regional or bilateral cooperation mechanism between countries. This is because the establishment of regional or bilateral cooperation mechanisms needs the cooperation of domestic reforms of relevant countries. If Japan wants to establish an economic cooperation mechanism with other countries, it cannot protect its backward industries, especially its agriculture. However, it is extremely difficult to do this politically. At the global level, deepening cooperation between China and Japan on global economic issues such as environmental protection, energy, food and the development of e-commerce will make positive contributions to world peace and development, to promoting the information technology revolution and to protecting the global environment. In short, considering the economic relationship between China and Japan in East Asia and even the world, by developing cooperation between the two countries and promoting cooperation in East Asia, and promoting the solution of global economic issues, it is possible to win not only a "win-win" but also a "win-win" effect. Sino-US Industrial and Trade Relations After the normalization of Sino-US relations, especially since the 199s, the position of economic and trade relations in the relations between the two countries has risen rapidly and has become an important strategic basis for the development of bilateral relations between the two countries in the new century. After the Bush administration took office, it took the development of economic and trade relations as one of the core contents of its China policy. The China government and trade associations have faced up to the current international trade environment and made extensive contacts with American industry. The economic contrast between China and the United States enhances the motivation of cooperation between the two countries. The economic interdependence between China and the United States has deepened. Just as the Olympic Games have been held in different countries in rotation, China has become not only the host country of the upcoming sports Olympic Games, but also the most important venue for the world economic Olympic Games. The reason is that only China, a market with a huge base, can meet the requirement of sharing and recovering capital investment in R&D in a short time. The scramble of world-class enterprises to come to China shows that the scarcest thing in the world today is not resources, but the market. In the past, the main means to compete for resources was war, but now the main means to compete for the market is competition. It is against the background that companies from developed countries and other countries have come to China to show their talents, American companies are not far behind. On the whole, American enterprises invest and set up factories in China, and some traditional industries in the United States turn to China, which plays a positive role in promoting the adjustment of the industrial structure of the whole United States and promoting the development of American industries to high value-added industries. American enterprises' production in China may temporarily lead to a decrease in the United States' GDP. However, due to American enterprises' investment in China, China will increase the import of high value-added technology and equipment from the United States, which will increase the United States' GDP. According to the statistics of China Customs, the trade of textiles and clothing between China and the United States reached 9.945 billion US dollars in 23, accounting for 7.9% of the total trade between China and the United States, of which China's exports of textiles and clothing to the United States accounted for 1.5% of the total exports to the United States. Over the years, the development of industrial cooperation and trade between China and the United States has played an important role in promoting the complementary cooperation between the two countries in the economic field and increasing the friendship between the two peoples. Textile and clothing trade is about to enter a new era of trade liberalization. With the end of the world trade system distorted by trade protectionism in the past, it will bring higher labor productivity and more adequate and higher-quality material and cultural enjoyment to producers and consumers in various countries. Looking back at the history of human economy and society, it is not difficult to find that under the condition of a unified world market, the structural adjustment of any traditional industry is not carried out in isolation. It is always accompanied by the rise of emerging industries with higher scientific productivity as the core in developed countries. Free trade based on comparative advantage will develop complementary relations and create more opportunities for countries with different economic levels. China's textile and garment industry is taking a new road of industrialization with the goal of improving quality, innovation and quick response, and at the same time, it continues to actively develop extensive cooperation with its American counterparts or related industries based on the principle of equality and mutual benefit. Sino-Japanese service industry economic and trade relations "Hollowing- Out" of service industry refers to an economic phenomenon that, due to the rapid development of overseas direct investment by multinational companies, the production and employment in the domestic manufacturing sector of the home country are greatly reduced, the competitiveness is reduced, and structural unemployment is increased. With the rapid development of Chinese mainland's economy, the huge domestic market attracts the manufacturing industry all over the world, especially the separation and transfer of Japanese manufacturing industry, which has attracted great attention from all walks of life in Japan. Many people in Japan believe that the Japanese manufacturing industry has been transferred to Chinese mainland and other Asian countries one after another, which has caused the hollowing out of domestic industries and led to social problems such as increasing unemployment. Is there really a phenomenon of "industrial hollowing out" in Japan? Our research results show that Japan, like other developed countries, is experiencing the process of industrial upgrading, but the difference is that Japan has not experienced "industrial hollowing out" and remains a big manufacturing country and a big exporter of finished products in the world. Through the World Development Index 2 issued by the World Bank, we find that: 1. Since 198s, the proportion of Japanese manufacturing industry in GDP has declined, but it is obviously higher than that of developed countries. In terms of output structure, Japan's added value in manufacturing industry as a percentage of GDP decreased from 29% in 198 to 24% in 1998; Compared with the same period, the percentage of manufacturing added value in GDP in the United States decreased from 22% to 18%; In 1998, the proportion of high-income countries was 21%. This is actually related to the industrial adjustment in various countries during this period. According to the statistics of 198 and 1998, the proportion of added value of service industry in the gross national product of various countries has obviously increased. Japan's added value in service industry as a percentage of GDP rose from 54% in 198 to 61% in 1998; Compared with the same period, the added value of China's service industry as a percentage of GDP also increased from 21% to 33%. The added value of the service industry in the United States rose from 64% to 72% of GDP; High-income countries rose from 59% to 65%. China has become the first choice for Japanese enterprises to invest overseas. According to a survey conducted by the Japan External Trade Organization on 2567 Japanese enterprises, "To meet the present situation and prospects of Japanese enterprises' overseas direct investment strategy in the 21st century", 49.1% of them will increase their overseas direct investment in 22 -24. In February this year, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan published an investigation report on Japanese enterprises transferring production overseas. The results show that one out of every seven manufacturing enterprises has transferred their production overseas in the past few years, and nearly 8% of the transferred areas are in Asia, and 4% of them have chosen China. At the same time, the survey shows that 8% of Japanese enterprises' overseas production is labor-intensive assembly and processing industry; The other part is a subsidiary or component manufacturer, which provides supporting products and bulk components for the parent company that assembles and processes locally or for related customers. Japan's R&D department has hardly moved to Asia. This shows that it is a normal market behavior for Japan to transfer production and investment to foreign countries, especially to China, in recent years, so as to reduce labor costs and transaction costs. In recent years, Japan's international competitiveness has declined, which is related to its low degree of domestic market opening and high production costs. The main purpose of Japanese manufacturing industry's transfer abroad, including to China, is to adjust the domestic industrial structure and improve the international competitiveness of domestic industries. Sino-US service trade and economic relations In the bilateral trade relations between China and the United States, the proportion of service trade is much lower than that of commodity trade, with an average annual growth rate of 8%, which is also much lower than the average annual growth rate of commodity trade of 17.5%. In this field, the United States is in an absolute advantage and a complete surplus position with China. In 1996, the United States