Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat is a geographical indication certification trademark. Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat is a geographical indication product of agricultural products.
Shuozhou is rich in buckwheat. In recent years, with the enhancement of farmers' market economy concept, the planting area of buckwheat has increased year by year. Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat, which ranks first in the country in selenium content, weighs 38.8 grams per thousand grains and contains .73mg/g selenium. It is favored by Japan and Southeast Asian countries and has been selected for state banquets many times. Buckwheat is an ancient crop originated in northern China. Because of its short growth period, it can be sown in spring, summer and autumn, and a certain harvest can be obtained by replanting and replanting buckwheat in disaster years. It is an ideal crop for disaster relief and preparedness. Buckwheat is a dicotyledonous plant, belonging to Polygonaceae in botanical classification. It is far from monocotyledonous, gramineous wheat, barley and other wheat crops, and has few close relatives among common field crops, and it is also unique in many aspects. There are four kinds of cultivated buckwheat, they are sweet buckwheat, bitter buckwheat, winged buckwheat and rice buckwheat. Buckwheat, also known as common buckwheat, has nectaries in its flowers, which can emit fragrance, attract insects and cross-pollinate; Tartary buckwheat, also known as tartar buckwheat, has small floral organs and no fragrance, and is self-pollinated, so artificial hybridization is extremely difficult to succeed; As for wing buckwheat and rice buckwheat, they are named because their achenes are thin and winglike, or the achenes are full and splitting between the two edges, which is easy to expose the "rice" in the fruit. In short, no matter what kind of buckwheat, the seeds they produce have a hard shell and are triangular achenes, which are extremely rare in other crops.
regional scope
according to the provisions of the administrative measures for the registration of geographical indications of agricultural products and the specific human history and natural ecological environment conditions of Hongshan buckwheat, the Pinglu District Agricultural Bureau decided to study and extensively solicit opinions from relevant parties, and it is planned to delimit the regional protection scope of geographical indications of Hongshan buckwheat: mountainous areas in the northwest of Shanxi Province and some hilly areas, including: Zuihu Township, Gaoshizhuang Township, Shuangnian Township, Xishuijie Township, Fenghuang Town and Xiashuitou Township. The protection range is located between 111 52 ′-112 41 ′ east longitude and 39 21 ′-39 56 ′ north latitude. The highest point in the territory is 1458 meters above sea level and the lowest point is 1234 meters. It borders Youyu in the north, Shanyin in the east, Shuocheng District in the south, Qingshuihe and Linger counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region along the Great Wall in the northwest, and Pianguan and Shenchi under the jurisdiction of Xinzhou in the southwest. The total production area is 49,5 mu, and the total annual production is 2, kg.
Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors
(1) Soil landform: Due to the great differences between natural conditions and climatic factors, the soil distribution is complicated, which can be roughly divided into the following three soil types: mountain meadow soil: the distribution range is narrow, and the area is small, mainly concentrated in the areas of Heituo Mountain and Hutou Mountain, with an altitude of more than 1,8 meters and an area of 3,5 hectares. Grey cinnamon soil: mainly distributed in Hutou Mountain and Heituo Mountain, with a large area of about 47, hectares. Chestnut soil: It has the widest distribution range and the largest area, mainly distributed in the east of Hutou Mountain and north of Mashan Mountain. It is the main soil type in our region, covering an area of 133, hectares. The pH value is between 8. and 8.5, which is weakly alkaline.
the average soil organic matter is .895g/kg, the average soil total nitrogen is .62g/kg, the average available phosphorus is 7.7ppm, and the average available potassium is 77.6ppm, so the soil is poor.
landform and geomorphology The landform outline of Pinglu District was formed by the internal and external forces after the Himalayan tectonic movement. There are 143 large peaks in the whole area, including 4 at an altitude of over 2, meters, 134 at an altitude of 1,5-2, meters, and 5 below 1,5 meters, with different peak sizes. Among them, 41 have a square perimeter of more than 5 kilometers, 91 have a square perimeter of 2.5-5 kilometers, and 11 have a square perimeter of less than 2.5 kilometers. 6% of the mountains are north-south. There are a small amount of cultivated land, pasture slopes and forests in the mountains. The whole terrain inclines from northwest to southeast. The average elevation is 14-16 meters, with the highest elevation of 217.1 meters. The highest point is Heituo Mountain, the lowest elevation is 116.8 meters, and the lowest point is in the riverbed of Gaoyangpo in the southeast. Because of the difference in topography, it can be clearly divided into three geomorphic units: bedrock mountain area, loess hilly area and mountain stream basin.
(2) Hydrological situation: Pinglu District is located in the Loess Plateau in northwest Shanxi, and the Yellow River and Haihe River are divided. The drainage system of the Yellow River mainly includes Cangtou River, with a drainage area of 291 square kilometers, a total length of more than 2 kilometers and a peak flow of 11 cubic meters per second. The other is Tangxi River, with a total length of 15 kilometers, which originates from Liudun, Jiudun and Heijiayao villages in Huzhu Township, the main buckwheat producing area, with a drainage area of 53 square kilometers and a peak flow of 75 cubic meters per second. There are mainly Dashagou in Haihe River Basin, which originates from Yangjiayao, Panjinggou and other villages in the northern mountainous area, with a total length of 15 kilometers, a basin area of 1,35 square kilometers and a peak flow of 23 cubic meters per second.
In addition, the Haihe River Basin is also a collection of large and small springs in the whole region, such as the River, Qili River and Xiemaguan River, with an annual runoff of 46.41 million cubic meters, and the total groundwater reserves are calculated based on the outflow, which is 2 million cubic meters per year. The average annual precipitation in the whole region is 41 mm, and it is concentrated in July, August and September. The underground water level is deep, so it is difficult to mine, and the utilization rate is 1.26%, and that of flood irrigation is 5.5%. There is no pollution source in buckwheat planting area. In October 27, it was accepted by the provincial environmental protection bureau as a national ecological demonstration area, and the water quality in our area reached the standard and met the requirements.
(3) Climate: Pinglu District has a temperate and semi-arid continental climate. Under the interaction between the northwest cold current and the southeast monsoon, combined with the complex terrain in the territory and the large relative temperature difference between regions, it has formed a unique climate feature, with four distinct seasons, long winter and short summer, strong monsoon and simultaneous rain and heat. It is dry and windy in spring, with concentrated rainfall in summer, short autumn and long and little snow in winter.
the annual average temperature is 5.8℃. It is cool in summer, and the average temperature in the hottest July is 2.3℃, which is suitable for crop growth and development. High temperature is less harmful, and the weather above 3℃ is rare. It is cold in winter, < P > which is not conducive to planting overwintering crops. The average temperature in the coldest January is -1.7℃, and that in annual range is 3℃.
during the frost-free period, most crops can grow actively when the daily average temperature is above 1℃, and the duration when the average temperature is stable above 1℃ for several days is called the active period of crop growth. The average frost-free period in the whole region is about 115 days, the frost-free period in the west is 115 days, and the frost-free period in the north is 95 days (in the towns of Zuhu and Gaoshizhuang). The frost-free period in the southeast is 125 days, and the active period of crop growth in our region generally begins on April 27 and ends on October 2. The accumulated temperature that stably passes through 1℃ is 2514℃.
The temperature difference between day and night is average in every month for many years, with the largest daily difference of 13.3℃ in May and the smallest of 1.2℃ in August. The annual temperature is 11.5℃. High temperature during the day and sufficient sunlight are beneficial to crop photosynthesis, while low temperature at night reduces crop respiratory consumption and is beneficial to the accumulation of organic matter.
precipitation: the average precipitation in western and central China is 37-41mm, 41-43mm in the north and 33-37mm in the southeast.
wind direction and speed are influenced by monsoon, topography and surrounding environment, with southeast wind in summer and northwest wind in winter. The diurnal variation of wind direction is obvious, and it also turns at night or during the day when it is controlled by the same air mass. The annual average wind speed is 3.4m/s and the maximum wind speed is 21m/s.. In general, the wind speed is the highest in April and May and the lowest in August. The wind force is generally 4-5, with strong monsoon force in winter and spring. The average number of windy days above 8 is 4 days in several years, with the longest 8 days and the youngest 1 days. Gale mostly occurs from April to May, accounting for 5% of the annual gale days. August and September have the least windy weather, accounting for only 3%. In summer, there will be strong winds of 7-8 or above accompanied by thunderstorms, which is very harmful to crops.
According to historical records, the history of planting buckwheat in Pinglu Hongshan is more than 8 years. It is famous for its large grain, thin skin, high quality and good color. The 1-grain weight is 38.8 grams, and the eight amino acids necessary for human body are similar to those of eggs. The trace element selenium content is .791ug/g, ranking first among similar products in the world. The most precious thing is that the flavonoid "rutin" is extremely rich, second only to ginkgo biloba.
In the early 197s, when former Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei and former French President Pompidou visited China, they named Hongshan buckwheat noodles. At present, there are more than 1 varieties of buckwheat processed in Hongshan, among which "Boiling Wowo" and "Cat's Ear" are unique and lifelike, which are called folk food crafts by ordinary people. Eating buckwheat food has formed a unique food culture.
Technical requirements for production
(1) Selection of producing area and special contents: Buckwheat is drought-resistant and barren-resistant, with strong adaptability and high consumption of soil fertility.
land with medium fertility or above should be selected for planting. However, it is not suitable for continuous cropping, and the soil with heavy alkalinity should be avoided. Sandy loam with loose soil and good air permeability is suitable, and it is best to choose after beans, potatoes and intertillage crops. Require a good environment and stay away from pollution sources.
(2) Variety selection and specific requirements: Hongshan buckwheat and Japanese "Zaoheihei" which are suitable for local climatic conditions, have wide adaptability, high quality, high yield, disease resistance, strong stress resistance and good commodity are selected as main varieties, screened to remove impurities and bad, and then planted in the sun for 1-2 days to improve the germination rate.
(3) Production process management: The ability of fine soil preparation for buckwheat seedlings is poor, the root system development is weak, and the requirements for soil preparation are high. Therefore, we should do a good job in farming and soil preparation as much as possible.
the sowing time is from June 5th to June 2th (around the summer solstice); Methods: machine sowing or plough ditching and hand sowing seeds; Depth, 1.5-2 inches; There are 6,-8, seedlings per mu, and the sowing amount is 3-4 kg per mu.
on the basis of applying sufficient basic fertilizer, adding 1-2 kg of plant ash and 1 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu to buckwheat, and adding a proper amount of high-quality organic fertilizer as seed fertilizer can significantly increase the yield. From flowering to fruiting stage, .5 kg urea and 2 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate are sprayed with 6 kg water for 1-2 times per mu. Artificial pollination in full bloom, pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases.
timely intertillage: combine fixed seedlings with shallow hoeing at seedling stage and intertillage at bud stage.
pest control: prevention first, comprehensive control, giving priority to agricultural control, physical control, biological control, and scientific and rational use of chemical control.
(4) product harvest: generally, the best harvest time of buckwheat is when 2/3 of the whole plant turns black and 1/3 is in the milk ripening stage, so it should be harvested and piled up in time to promote its later ripening. In order to reduce the pellet loss. Harvesting should be carried out before 11: am, and the seeds should be put into storage in time when the water content is below 14%.
(5) production record requirements: to establish the production file of geographical indication agricultural product Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat, the specific measures taken in various links such as production environment, production technology, pest control and harvesting should be recorded in detail.
Typical product quality characteristics and product quality and safety regulations
Buckwheat from Hongshan belongs to Buckwheat of Polygonaceae, with erect stems, sharp edges and corners, few branches and soft texture. The leaves are broad halberd-shaped, green to dark green, and the leaves are round. Racemes, solitary, sparsely flowered, small, white and pink, odorless, cross-pollinated. The grain is large and thin, triangular, with blunt edges and sharp edges, and the surface is smooth and brown.
Buckwheat seed is composed of pericarp, seed coat, endosperm and embryo. The thickness of pericarp accounts for 25-3% of the whole grain weight; The seed coat is very thin, closely attached to the endosperm and yellow-green; Embryo is very developed, accounting for a large proportion, closely surrounded by endosperm, located in the center of the grain, thin and twisted, with a slightly S-shaped cross section. When buckwheat awn seeds are sown, the color of the food made from its powder is white, and the 1-grain weight of buckwheat in Pinglu Hongshan is 38.8 grams.
Compared with other main grains, buckwheat has higher protein and fat than wheat flour and rice. Vitamin B2 is 2-1 times higher than that of rice and corn flour. Rutin and chlorophyll are not found in cereal grains. As for inorganic salts and trace elements, they are also higher than other grains to varying degrees. In particular, amino acids, picrin, lysine, tryptophan and arginine are higher than those of wheat flour, rice, corn and soybeans.
(1) High-quality protein: The protein of buckwheat flour contains both water-soluble protein and salt-soluble globulin, and these two kinds of protein account for more than 5% of the total protein, which is not the same as the protein composition of general cereals, but close to beans. Eight essential amino acids that the human body can't synthesize are very complete in buckwheat. In addition, the 18 amino acids of buckwheat protein also contain histidine and arginine which are essential for adults and children. The proportion of essential amino acids in buckwheat is appropriate, which is the closest to that of eggs (the balanced essential amino acids closest to human needs), while other wheat flour, corn flour and soybean flour are not as good as buckwheat flour. In addition, the data from the national database of crop variety resources show that the content of aspartic acid, which can relieve fatigue, is also high in buckwheat.
(2) Easily digested and absorbed sugar: most of buckwheat endosperm is starch (sugar). A polygonal single grain, similar in number to rice starch.
(3) Rich selenium: Selenium is an essential and extremely important trace element in human body, and it is known as the "life" functional element, and it is the only anti-cancer and anti-cancer substance recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is known that more than 4 diseases in human body are related to the lack of selenium in diet. The content of selenium in buckwheat in Hongshan, Pinglu ranks first among similar products.
(4) Unique vitamins: buckwheat vitamins are unique, and the content of r_ tocopherol in buckwheat flour vitamin E is the highest, which shows that it has strong antioxidant capacity, which is not only effective in preventing pregnancy, but also effective in preventing cell regeneration in the elderly, and can maintain the endurance of strengthening exercise. It has preventive and therapeutic effects on almost all adult diseases such as arteriosclerosis, heart disease, hypertension, liver disease and diabetes, and has a periodic effect on diseases caused by lipid peroxide. VE has anti-oxidation and anti-aging effects in human body, and has preventive and therapeutic effects on all middle-aged and elderly < P > diseases, especially coronary heart disease. VPP is an important substance to maintain the normal function of brain nerve cells and develop language ability, and it is also the main raw material for manufacturing nerve endings and transmitting nerve impulse chemicals. Buckwheat is also rich in chlorophyll and rutin that other cereals do not have. Rutin (VP) is one of flavonoids and a polyphenol derivative. Its basic structure is 2-1 chromone, and rutin is 3--rutin glycoside. It has many physiological activities, such as relieving cough, relieving asthma, eliminating phlegm, dilating coronary vessels and reducing vascular fragility. It can be used as an adjuvant therapy for preventing and treating hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage, and for treating capillary fragility. Eating 2 Liang therapeutic powder every day is equivalent to eating 1-15 tablets of rutin with a dosage of 2 mg.
(5) A complete range of trace elements: buckwheat is very rich in trace elements, among which potassium, magnesium and copper are the highest, 2-4 times higher than wheat flour and rice; The content of magnesium is the highest, which is four times higher than that of wheat flour and more than three times higher than that of rice. A variety of trace elements in buckwheat can protect liver, enhance renal function, hematopoiesis and increase immune function, and achieve the effects of strengthening body and brain, caring skin, improving intelligence, maintaining normal operation of cardiovascular system and lowering cholesterol.
Pinglu is a famous buckwheat producing area in China and even in the world. Hongshan buckwheat won the silver prize in the Third International Agricultural Expo in 1995 and the silver prize in Shanxi Miscellaneous Grains Fair in 1985. Former Japanese Prime Minister tanaka kakuei and former French President Pompidou visited China in the 197s.