Asia

Palestine, also known as the State of Palestine, is a country in the Middle East, which was founded by Arabs living in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza.

Palestine has a subtropical Mediterranean climate and mainly believes in Islam. The main mineral reserves in Palestine are: natural gas, oil, coal, iron, bauxite, a large number of chrome ore, marble and precious stones.

Palestine was called Canaan in ancient times.

Around the 2th century BC, Sumerian Canaanites settled in the coastal areas and plains of Palestine.

in the 13th century BC, the Philistines established a country along the coast. At the end of 13th century BC, Hebrew tribes invaded Canaan and settled there.

from 12 BC to 923 BC, Jews established the Hebrew kingdom, and later Assyria, Babylon, Persia and other foreign nationalities occupied Palestine.

The Roman Empire invaded in the 1st century BC, and most of the Jews fled to all parts of the world.

in 622 ad, Arabs defeated the Roman empire, took over Palestine and became a part of the Arab empire. With the continuous migration of Arabs and assimilation with local indigenous people, modern Palestinian Arabs have gradually formed.

Palestine has been a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 16th century.

in p>192, Britain divided Palestine into east and west parts with the Jordan River as the boundary. The east part was called Outer Jordan, and the west still called Palestine a British mandated territory. At the end of 19th century, under the instigation of the Zionist Movement, a large number of Jews moved to Palestine, and bloody conflicts constantly occurred with local Arabs.

founding history

main terms: Palestinian-Israeli conflict, Palestinian-Israeli peace talks

After the Second World War, with the support of Britain and the United States, the United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 181 in 1947, stipulating that Palestine should establish a Jewish state (about 15,2 square kilometers) and an Arab state (about 11,5 square kilometers) after ending the British mandate in 1948, and Jerusalem (about 1, square kilometers).

Israel supported the resolution and established the State of Israel on May 14th, 1948. Arab countries opposed and rejected the resolution and declared war on Israel on May 15th, the day after the founding of the People's Republic of China. As a result, they were defeated and occupied most of the land in Albania as stipulated in the above resolution. In addition, Jordan occupied 4,8 square kilometers of land in the West Bank; 258 square kilometers of the Gaza Strip were occupied by the Egyptians.

In May p>1964, the first Palestinian National Committee meeting held in Jerusalem decided to establish the PLO.

On June 5th, 1967, the third Middle East War broke out. In this war, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza, that is, the whole of Palestine. Many Palestinians have been forced to flee to neighboring Arab countries and other parts of the world and become refugees.

In p>1969, Arafat became the chairman of the PLO Executive Committee.

In September p>1978, Egypt, Israel and the United States signed the Camp David Agreement, and the Palestinians in the occupied territories gained limited autonomy, while the PLO refused to accept autonomy.

The 19th special session of the Palestinian National Council held in Algiers on November 15th, 1988 adopted the Declaration of Independence, announcing the establishment of a Palestinian state with its capital in Palestine as Jerusalem. The declaration made it clear that Pakistan accepted resolution 181 (partition resolution) adopted by the General Assembly on November 29, 1947. The border issue between Pakistan and Pakistan will be settled through negotiations in the future.

In December p>1988, Arafat recognized Israel's right to exist. After secret negotiations, Israel and Palestine signed a peace agreement and put forward a Palestinian autonomy plan.

On May 4, 1994, Palestine and Israel signed a historic agreement on limited autonomy in the Gaza and Jericho, and on May 12, the Palestinian National Authority was established. On July 12th of the same year, Arafat returned to Gaza after 27 years of exile.

In May p>1994, according to the agreement reached between Palestine and Israel, Palestine implemented limited autonomy in Gaza and Jericho. Since 1995, according to the agreements signed between Palestine and Israel, the Palestinian autonomous region has gradually expanded, and Pakistan has gradually recovered and controlled about 2,5 square kilometers of land including Gaza and the West Bank.

On May 12th, 1994, the Palestinian National Authority was established.

The Palestinian-Israeli peace talks failed to reach agreement on such thorny issues as the ownership of Jerusalem, Jewish settlements, the return of Palestinian refugees and the demarcation of the Palestinian-Israeli border, and the conflict continued.

In June p>27, Hamas seized the Gaza Strip in the conflict with Fatah. Since then, the two factions have gone their own way. Among them, Hamas occupies Gaza, while Fatah governs the West Bank and is supervised by the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Palestine has been an observer entity of the United Nations since November 1974. At that time, Palestinian activities in the United Nations were carried out in the name of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

After the establishment of the Palestinian State was declared on November 15th, 1988, the General Assembly passed a resolution on December 15th of the same year, and decided to formally replace the original title of PLO with the name of Palestine in the United Nations [3].

Although Pakistan's declaration of statehood has been recognized by the overwhelming majority of United Nations Member States, it is not a full member of the United Nations and has no voting right, but only observer status. Since the announcement of the establishment of the State of Palestine, Palestine and Arab countries have repeatedly asked the General Assembly to upgrade Palestine's observer status in the United Nations to the status of a Member State, but both Israel and the United States have resolutely opposed it [3].

in December p>1997, according to the new situation in the middle east peace process, Arab countries formally submitted a draft resolution to the general assembly, demanding that Pakistan's status in the United nations be upgraded to a non-voting member second only to a full member state.

In July p>1998, the General Assembly adopted resolution [3] by an overwhelming majority. Although the resolution did not fully meet the requirements of the above draft resolution, Pakistan's position in the United Nations was improved [3].

At the beginning of September p>21, the resumption of the Palestinian-Israeli peace talks was interrupted soon, and Pakistan subsequently decided to seek membership in the United Nations as a diplomatic strategy to promote the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.

On September 23rd, 211, Pakistan submitted an application to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, seeking to become the 194th full member of the UN, but failed to get the support of the Security Council due to the opposition of the United States and Israel [3].

The Palestinian State has never been officially recognized by the United Nations after World War II. However, Pakistan has always adhered to the founding movement and has actively promoted its membership since 211.

According to the regulations, to join the United Nations as an independent country, relevant proposals must first be passed by the Security Council and put forward to the General Assembly, and then two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly will agree. According to the current 192 Member States of the General Assembly, Pakistan needs the support of at least 128 countries to become a full member of the United Nations.

In June p>211 [4], Mansour, Pakistan's permanent observer to the United Nations, said that nearly 12 countries had indicated that they would support Palestine and Israel to join the United Nations as independent countries.

On October 31st, 211, the General Conference of UNESCO voted to adopt the proposal that Palestine should join the organization as a member state. This is the first time that Pakistan has been allowed to join the United Nations as a member state, which also provides a favorable factor for Pakistan to finally join the United Nations [3].

in September p>212, Pakistan announced that it would seek to become an observer of the United nations during the 67th session of the general assembly. On November 29th, the General Assembly adopted a resolution with 138 votes in favor, 9 votes against and 41 abstentions, and decided to grant Palestine observer status in the United Nations [3]. Germany, as a country that mainly persecuted Jews in World War II, abstained. Britain's attitude of assisting Jews to return to Palestine and establish an Israeli state is also abstention. The reason for its abstention is that the Palestinians will vote in favour only if they promise in the future that they will not send Israel to the International Court of Justice. The United States-led Israel and some small countries in the South Pacific, including the Czech Republic, the only EU country, voted against it.

On November 29th, 212, in Ramallah, a city in the West Bank, people took to the streets to celebrate Palestine's becoming an observer of the United Nations.

The General Assembly has decided to grant Palestine observer status in the United Nations, hoping that the Security Council will actively consider Palestine's application for full membership in the United Nations submitted on September 23rd, 211. The resolution also urges all countries and specialized agencies and organizations of the United Nations system to continue to support and assist the Palestinian people in realizing their right to self-determination, independence and freedom at an early date. On the same day, Palestinian President Abbas led a delegation to attend the meeting. Before Pakistan was upgraded, the only observer country was the Vatican.

On April 1, 214, Pakistan restarted the application procedure for joining the UN agencies and resumed seeking further recognition from the UN.

On September 3th, 215, the Palestinian flag was raised for the first time at the United Nations Headquarters in new york, USA. [7]

On December 13th, 217, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation announced in Istanbul, Turkey that it recognized East Jerusalem as the capital of the Palestinian State.

Palestine consists of two parts, of which Gaza is located in the southwest of Israel and the northeast of Egypt, Gaza has a coastline of 4 kilometers, Gaza has an area of 365 square kilometers, and the other part is the West Bank, which is located in the middle-east of Israel and the west of Jordan, with an area of 5,8 square kilometers. At present, Palestine consists of Gaza and West Bank, of which Gaza is completely controlled by Hamas and the West Bank is actually controlled by the Palestinian National Authority. After the Madrid Peace Conference, Pakistan recovered about 2,5 square kilometers of land through peace talks with Israel. [1]

Climate characteristics

Palestine has a subtropical Mediterranean climate, with hot and dry summers, the hottest month is July-August, and the highest temperature is about 38℃. It is slightly cold, humid and rainy in winter, with an average temperature of 4-11℃, and the coldest month is January. The rainy season is from December to March of the following year, and the rainfall between the north and the south is very different. The average rainfall in the northernmost part is 9 mm, and that in the southernmost part is only about 5 mm.

The main mineral reserves in Palestine are: 492 billion cubic meters of natural gas, 184 million barrels of oil, 185 billion tons of coal, 43 million tons of iron, 74 million tons of bauxite, and a large number of chrome ore, marble and precious stones.

Palestine is divided into two parts: the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. According to the map drawn by the Palestinian Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation in October 1997, the West Bank is divided into 11 provinces: Jenin, Tulkarem, Tubas, Nablus, Jericho, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Calzia, Hebron, Sarfert and Ramallah-Erbal.

Gaza is divided into five provinces: Northern Province, Gaza, Deir Baaleh, Hanyounis and Rafah. [1]

At present, all Palestinian government agencies are located in Ramallah, but Palestine advocates that the future capital is located in Jerusalem, which is the holy city of Christianity, Islam and Judaism. In November 1988, the 19th special session of the Palestinian National Council adopted the Declaration of Independence, declaring Jerusalem as the capital of the Palestinian state. [1] The Palestinian Presidential Palace and other major government departments are located in Ramallah. [8]

Ramallah is the economic, cultural and commercial center of Pakistan and the administrative center of the Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank of the Jordan River. The city has Arafat's official residence, branches of the autonomous government, headquarters of the Palestinian Council (legislature), official television and radio stations and other important departments. The offices of some countries accredited to the Palestinian National Authority are also located here

Jerusalem (English: Jerusalem; Hebrew:, Latinized: Yerushalayim or Yerushalaaim; Arabic:, Latinized: al-Quds, Sinicized: Goodes, or, Latinized: Bayt-al-Muqaddas) is a city with a long history in the Levant region of the Near East, geographically located in the mountains of Judah, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea.

Gaza

A city in western Palestine (now controlled by Hamas). Gaza is located in the northeast of Gaza, and Gaza is the administrative center of Gaza. It is in the Gaza zone between the Egyptian border and the Mediterranean Sea and communicates with the coast through a gap in the sand dune zone. It is an important maritime gateway in southern Pakistan. It was once the main port of Pakistan, with industries such as pottery, food and textile. Hamas has repeatedly clashed with Israel here.