"People eat for the sky." Novelists who know readers' psychology have a deep understanding of this. There are many scenes of eating, drinking and feasting in Jin Ping Mei. All kinds of banquets are rich and frugal, and the expenses are also different. In addition to the family banquet hosted by Pan Jinlian, all the concubines in Ximen Qing agreed to pay five taels of silver each for the second time1time, and collected three taels of silver to invite Ximen Qing and Wu Yueniang to dinner. This price is about 600 yuan today.
On another occasion, Li Pinger lost five dollars at chess, Pan Jinlian bought an altar of Jinhua wine with San Qian Silver (60 yuan) and a pig's head and trotters (40 yuan) with two dollars, which was burned by Lai Wang's daughter-in-law, Song Huilian, and Pan Jinlian and Li Pinger split it equally, giving a copy (23rd time), totaling about 100 yuan.
In the season when crabs are getting fat, Wu Yueniang bought San Qian silver crabs and invited everyone to eat them for one day (the 58th time), about 60 yuan. At that time, the price was low, which is evident. More than one hundred years later, Cao Xueqin described a crab feast in A Dream of Red Mansions. According to Granny Liu's estimate, a catty can be called two or three big crabs, and it is worth five cents per catty, which is about ten yuan today. A total of 70 or 80 kilograms of crabs were used for the banquet, worth about 342 taels of silver (dating back to the thirty-ninth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions). Wu Yueniang certainly won't handle so many crabs, so let's count them as ten kilos or twenty kilos. The price per catty is only two or three cents (equivalent to four to six yuan today), which is only half of that in Kanggan period. This is because with the influx of silver, there was more money than things, which led to the price increase in Qing Dynasty.
The most sumptuous family banquet in Jin Ping Mei is the 16th birthday celebration of Ximen Qing's sworn brother Yingpian, and he hosted a banquet in the British home. Ten brothers drank wine for a whole day, and also called two "Little Youer" (little actors) to entertain. Plus the reward money for the young traveler, it comes to 524 yuan, which is equivalent to 1 100 yuan.
However, compared with Ximen Qing's hospitality and catering to the boss, this banquet is "shabby" again. Back to the 49th, Ximen Qing hosted a banquet in honor of the new salt patrol suggestion and Cai Zhuangyuan and Dongping Fu patrol according to the Song suggestion. At the banquet, "there are countless dishes, soups and waves, and the wine is full of gold and silver", and "Ximen Qing spent two hundred gold and silver on the wine that day". Before he left, Ximen Qing asked people to set two tables of banquets, invited Cai and Song to eat two jars of wine, and took two sheep ... a pair of golden platform plates, two silver pots, ten silver wine glasses, two silver folding pots, a pair of chopsticks ... "All these foods were put into a food box," a total of 20 elevators "-this" diet "account.
The diet of officials, gentlemen and the rich is like this, and the people at the bottom should also have an appetite. However, filling their stomachs is their more urgent desire. Ximen Qing's son-in-law Chen Jingji changed from the son of a rich man to a beggar. Hou Liner, the contractor, invited him to the "meat eater" for a drink. That's "four dishes and four dishes, two pots of fashionable olive wine ... two or three bowls of wet noodles", plus wine and vegetables, it cost a dollar and a half (the 96th time), which is equivalent to 27 yuan today. The food consumption level of the bottom society can be seen from this.
What I said above is mainly the price of food. In fact, novelists are more interested in the content of diet. Take the thirty-fourth time as an example. At first, the count accompanied Han Daoguo to Ximen Qing's house to tell stories, and Ximen Qing asked the painting boy to fetch tea. "Soon, silver spoons carved lacquer tea bells, and candied kumquat made tea to eat." After Han Daoguo left, Ximen Qing left the count for wine, and the count actually took this opportunity to mention:
I haven't thanked my brother. Brother Meng sent me two good shad yesterday. I sent one to my brother and the other to my wife. I asked her to cut it open with a knife and sent a piece to my daughter. The rest are smashed into narrow strips, cultivated with its old red distiller's grains, mixed with sesame oil, put in a magnetic jar, and kept for me to eat early in the morning and one night, or a guest came to steam a plate, which didn't disappoint my kindness.
Although it is touted, it also shows the earl's "gourmet" quality, which reveals the novelist's interest in food culture behind him. Then the table came. "First put four plates of vegetables and fruits, and then put four plates of fresh food: Taizhou duck eggs in Hongdengdeng, Quwanggua mixed with Liaodong golden shrimp, delicious fried roasted bones, bald head, fat meat, dried and steamed chicken. Followed by four bowls of rice (that is, table dishes): a steamed roast duck, a crystal hoof, a boiled meat and a roasted kidney. Backward is the blue and white plate inside and outside, holding a plate of steamed shad with red willow fragrance, which is fragrant and delicious, melts in the mouth and smells like bone spurs. Ximen Qing poured the lotus wine into the little chrysanthemum cup and accompanied the count to dinner. " .
Is still this time, extremely asked Li Pinger to speak for him in front of Ximen Qing, earn some extra money, take a few taels of silver, "bought an altar of Jinhua wine, two roast ducks, two chickens, a penny of fresh fish, an elbow of hoof, a penny of crispy fruit pie, and a penny of rubbing rolls", and set up a table again to honor Li Pinger. This table of wine, Ximen Qing also ate some, and they all followed, only the porter didn't eat it safely. So Ping An complained to Pan Jinlian, which deepened the contradiction between Pan Jinlian and Li Pinger. All this is caused by diet.
Just one book, there are so many contents related to diet, and the contents of the book are rich and colorful and can be summarized. Sometimes, ordinary meals are also described by novelists. Once, Ximen Qing left Earl and Xie Xida to eat "water" at home. The page took four small dishes with their backs to the mountains in a square box, which contained four kinds of side dishes: a dish of tomatoes with ten melons, a dish of five-sided lobster sauce, a dish of flowers and peppers soaked in soy sauce and a dish of sugar and garlic; Three plates of garlic juice, a big bowl of pork juice, a silver spoon and three pairs of chopsticks. Three bowls of noodles were served, "Everyone poured their own brine and garlic vinegar". Ying and Xie "three steaks and two swallows make a bowl" (back to 52). From their eating, we can not only see the ridiculous and contemptible appearance of helping others, but also write that the food in Ximen Qing is delicious and the diet is exquisite.
There are many close-ups about food in the book. For example, in the 27th time, Ximen Qing and Pan Jinlian were enjoying the cool in the garden, and the maid sent a fruit box for drinking. The box says "a bowl of chilled fruit". There are eight exquisite fruits and vegetables in it: a bad goose web, a shredded bacon book, a sweet clover whitebait, a dried chicken breast and a fresh one. A little silver wine, two little golden lotus bells and two pairs of chopsticks are placed on a small cool table. "It's delicious, delicate and delicate.
On another Shangyuan Festival, Ximen Qing took Count Ying and Xie Xi to the Lion Street to set off fireworks, and Wu Yueniang sent four boxes of "delicious candy and exquisite fruit": "There are kumquat, red pomegranate, sweet olive, green apple and fragrant pear in Huang Chengcheng, and pure honey persimmon, candied dates, cream muffins and sesame elephants. The book praised: "There are few endings in the world, but it is rare in the world." (the 42nd time)
The book also mentions some delicious cooking methods from time to time. For example, in the sixty-first session, Chang Ji specially asked his wife to make "crab fresh" in a box to thank Ximen Qing for sponsoring the house purchase. "All forty big crabs are peeled, stuffed with meat, wrapped in pepper, ginger and garlic, and fried in soy sauce. They are delicious, crisp and delicious. " After tasting it, Uncle Wu praised me and said, "I am 52 years old. I didn't expect crabs to be so artificial and so delicious! "
Back to the sixty-seventh novel, there is another snack called "Snail Butter", which was picked by the prostitute Zheng Aiyue for Ximen Qing. According to Wen Xiu's evaluation, "it's from the western regions, not from the world." . Wofei melts the heart. It's delicious. Ying Piaget described it this way: "The lines on the top are like snails, pink and pure white. "This thing is very rare, and not everyone will" pick "; In the past, only Li Pinger could do this. Now that Li Pinger is dead, what Ximen Qing saw and the people he thought of are very sad.
According to scholars' research, pickled snails should be a cream product. In the category of "fruit" in Ming Dynasty "shops", there was a product named "Paul", which may be named because it looks like a snail. Zhang Dai of Amin Dynasty introduced in Memories of Tao Anmeng: Suzhou people mixed cheese with sucrose cream. "The seal of the filter is abalone with bones, which is called the most delicious abalone in the world." Because cheese is a rare thing in the Central Plains, not everyone can cook it, and it tastes delicious and melts in the mouth, so it is regarded as a treasure on the table (see Cai: the social custom of Jin Ping Mei). Such things can only be tasted by rich people like Ximen Qing. Novelists have touched this thing many times in their books, which should have the purpose of showing off their miracles and bragging about their wealth. It is through these descriptions that citizen readers understand the luxury life of rich families, as if they were "addicted". In the earthquake data, this figure is 60 meters. The nature of rock determines that it can't reach such a bending degree, so there must be other forces.
Gravitational potential energy
By collecting and interpreting the data before and after the earthquake, the researchers determined that during the large-scale earthquake, the compression and collision of two crustal plates produced a lot of debris. These fragments accumulate on the loose sediments on the seabed, and when they finally fall apart, they will release a lot of gravitational potential energy, thus aggravating the impact of waves.
This statement provides a new explanation for those unusually large-scale tsunamis, and researchers will re-study the causes of tsunamis!
Food, as its name implies, is delicious food, from delicious food to street snacks. But not everyone has the same standard of food. In fact, food is neither noble nor cheap. You can call it food as long as you like. What you look forward to before eating and what you remember after eating. When food meets mood, food is not only a simple taste feeling, but also a spiritual enjoyment.