The smallest unit of all "matter" is "particle or quark". The following are some sayings of various schools of Buddhism, that is, "everything is born from the mind." At the end of the research, I think the following words have nothing to do with the theme, but they are helpful to understand thinking. Although a little wordy, it may be helpful to the landlord's question after reading it:

(1) All opinions.

All departments agree that all rough materials, such as mountains, rivers, land, houses and bodies, are made of dust. The so-called dust in Buddhist scriptures is like the basic particles discovered by science at present-protons, neutrons, photons, mesons, hyperons and so on. Is a tiny unit of matter. They think that all coarse substances are made up of tiny dust. Although there are many different terms for the very tiny and smallest material structure in the theory of harmony: tiny, tiny dust, iron dust, water dust, rabbit hair dust, wool dust, elephant hair dust, sunshine dust and so on. It is enough for us to know that it is "tiny dust" for the time being. Dust is made up of the smallest tiny dust. This kind of tiny dust is too small to be divided, or it has been divided to the point where it cannot be divided, so it is called irregular tiny dust. This tiny dust is real, it is the basic element of matter, and all rough matter is just the product of tiny dust.

In other words, heavy materials such as mountains, rivers, soil, human body, houses and so on. Are made up of many tiny dust, except for tiny dust, these substances do not actually exist. The accumulation of many tiny dust can make people hallucinate. The so-called illusion is that matter does have shape, color and so on. However, mountains and rivers, human bodies, houses and so on. It doesn't exist in these visions, but just some tiny dust without shape and color.

There is a space between dust and dust. Although the gap between tiny particles is very small from the macro-world perspective, there is still a considerable distance in the micro-world.

People think that spirit can also split, but it can't split in direction like matter, but in time. For example, a person's mind has an instantaneous idea. Although the thought of this moment is very short in the macro world, from the perspective of the micro world, the thought of this moment can also be divided into many stages before and after, until it is finally divided into real and inseparable moments.

In addition, everything will also choose time, space, speed, direction and other methods as reality.

By dividing the spirit into inseparable moments in time and combining them with the smallest unit of matter, these two elements constitute human beings. Besides, neither I nor all beings are established. Everything has its place, that is, to choose whether a person has me or not through dust, and then take this as a theoretical basis, thus proving the positive and negative status of Lohan.

Views of the Ministry of Economic Affairs

The view of the Ministry of Economic Affairs on the micro-world is basically similar to that of all ministries. The difference between the two is that the Ministry of Economic Affairs' further judgment on time, space, speed and direction is untrue.

What is space? The so-called space is a position within a range that is not occupied by any object. This unoccupied position is space. Besides, there is no room. If something occupies a certain position, then there is no space in this position; When an object is removed, the vacant position is space. It can be seen that the so-called space is actually false and unreal.

Besides, time, whether it is a minute or an hour, a month or a year, is just a process of material change. Besides, there is no such thing as time. We can only judge time according to the changes of everything in the world, such as establishing the concept of time in spring, summer, autumn and winter according to the process of climate change. This process of material change is called time.

We can imagine, if there are no planets in space, can we calculate time? I can't. Therefore, time is just a method based on material changes, which is added by human consciousness.

Although modern physics also has different views on time, whether time exists and what it is is is a heated topic in academic circles, theorists of the Ministry of Economic Affairs believe that time is only a concept of human beings, and there is actually no independent time essence except material changes.

So what's the speed? This is just the process of matter moving, except that matter has no speed. For example, when an object is at rest, it is in a zero position; At the first moment, it entered the first position; At the second moment, enter the second position ... this forms the so-called "speed". As can be seen from the above, no matter whether an object is at the zero position or enters the first, second and third positions, there is no substantial speed except the nature of the material itself.

Although from a macro point of view, we can see the speed of an object migration with the naked eye; But from a microscopic point of view, it has no real migration. Because a tiny dust has just been produced, it disappeared before it could move. This view is close to the "uncertainty principle" of German physicist Heisenberg.

The same is true of the direction. For example, if we point out the southeast and northwest directions around a basic point, these so-called directions are relative, not absolute. Because if you move a distance to the east and reset a base point, the original East will become the present West ... There are many similar examples, so I won't state them one by one.

The above content is the difference between classics and ministries.

What they have in common is that the Ministry of Economic Affairs also believes that coarse matter does not exist independently, and the so-called existence is only occupied by many tiny dust. But why do tiny dust gather in a certain space and not disperse? They explained that this is because every grain of dust can be divided into four parts: soil, water, fire and wind. Please note that the earth, water, fire and wind mentioned here are not what we usually see, but some kind of ability.

The so-called "water" refers to the ability to gather dust together without letting them disperse. Because there is water in every dust, that is, the attraction between them, it will not disperse, but in some works of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, it is classified as the power of the wind. In physics, it is called "gravity between particles"; The so-called "ground" does not refer to the ground in the macro world, but refers to all hard substances, such as bones, metals and other hard components belong to the ground; In addition to the Big Four, there is an invisible force, that is, the cooperation of all beings, which cannot be proved by modern science.

The above is the view of the Ministry of Economic Affairs on the micro-world.

As early as the fourth century BC, western scientists put forward the atomic theory. They believe that the most basic component of the world is the smallest fragment of matter, which is called atomos in Greek, meaning inseparable. The English writing of atom comes from this. For thousands of years, human beings have always thought that atoms are the smallest unit of everything in the universe, but it turns out that atoms are not solid and inseparable substances at all, but extremely tiny energy storage rooms. It was not until the beginning of the twentieth century that scientists got a new understanding of the structure of atoms and began to explore the huge energy hidden in atoms. At the center of each atom is a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons, and electrons revolve around the nucleus.

The introduction of quark theory has reduced the world's understanding of the micro-world to one billion (relative to atoms) and one ten thousand (relative to nuclei) respectively. However, even quarks, leptons and propagators (that is, particles that transmit force), the more basic particles discovered by modern science at present, are still far less fine than the tiny dust mentioned by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Everything.

The more important difference is that through the discovery of dust, the classic department and all departments choose no self, thus moving towards liberation; However, the research results of elementary particles in physics are unfortunately used in the innovation of modern weapons. Obviously, the two sides take different routes.

(3) only know the views of sects

Only know that if you don't observe it in detail, external substances exist on the surface; If we look deeply, the existence of external substances cannot be established. Why can't it be established? Because, if we observe matter with the simplest decomposition method, we can't find the ultimate existence of matter at all, that is to say, there are no basic particles at all, and the existence on the surface is just an illusion. This is also one of the unique arguments of Buddhism, and other theories have not yet reached this level.

In the micro-world of only knowing Sect, there is no real matter, and all matter is an internal phenomenon after observation. Some parts of this view are a bit like Becker's "empiricism", but there are many differences between them. However, just because they are similar, we can't think that only Zhizong is idealism. It's like cattle and sheep have horns on their heads, but we can't think that cattle are sheep and sheep are cattle. Since all sects are founded by people, there must be something in common, but subtle commonalities are not enough to identify one or the other.

In a word, the micro-world of only knowing Sect is a very internal spiritual world, and the external material world does not exist for them.

Middle school point of view

There are two views in middle school, the most important one is emptiness. From the perspective of emptiness, there is no so-called micro or macro world, and everything is emptiness. But middle schools also talk about secular truth, which is a conclusion drawn from the senses such as eyes, ears, nose and tongue.

From the perspective of secular truth, there are two kinds of middle views: one is similar to the know-only school, that is, the micro-world without matter; However, most secular views can also be called world outlook. The so-called world outlook means that under normal circumstances, if you can perceive a substance with your eyes, ears, nose and tongue, you will admit its existence. For example, if you can see or hear something, you will admit that it exists.

The Buddha once said, "People in the world will argue with me, but I won't argue with people in the world. What people think exists in the world, I also admit that it exists; What people in the world think does not exist, I also admit that it does not exist. " From a secular point of view, the external mountains, rivers, land, etc. They can't exist, but they certainly exist, but this is the view of secular people and the conclusion drawn from eyes, ears, nose and tongue. This is the view of the world, and so is the field of secular truth in many middle schools.

In the secular world view, there is also a microscopic material world. This view is very similar to that of the Ministry of Economic Affairs: the external coarse material is composed of many tiny particles, which are piled up into different shapes, and people give different names to these different shapes, such as houses and cars. But in fact they are just piles of tiny particles.

Summarize the arguments of the four basic sects as follows: (1) Because the knowers think that there is no material micro-world, they will not discuss it for the time being; Most viewpoints of the other three schools also acknowledge the microscopic world of matter.

On the other hand, middle school has decomposed all unorthodox particles that the Ministry and the Ministry of Economic Affairs think are inseparable, and there is nothing-a hole. The deeper you look for matter, the less you can find it, and finally you reach the boundless emptiness. Just like the cloudless clear sky in Wan Li, there is no universe, no joy and sadness, which is the emptiness in the middle view.

Hinayana's microscopic worldview is somewhat similar to the atomism of early natural philosophy or the discovery of material structure by classical physics. However, middle schools and the only schools cover up this argument and think that there are no elementary particles at all. But at present, the research results in the scientific field have not reached this level. Although quantum mechanics is close, it is only close.

I have discussed this problem with several mathematicians and authoritative quantum physicists. They all think that matter will not become empty in the end. Even if mass can be converted into energy, energy cannot disappear. At present, the scientific viewpoint only ends here, but from the perspective of Buddhism, it is not deep enough.

In the past two years, I have read some books on physics, consulted physics experts many times and learned something, but it is not new to me, because many of them are consistent with Buddhism and have been thoroughly explained in the classics. It's just that their conclusions are based on instrument experiments, while ours are based on reasoning or the enlightenment of predecessors, and the difference is nothing more than that. I don't think Einstein's theory of relativity or Bohr's quantum mechanics is particularly new. On the contrary, I think these theories haven't reached the peak yet, and it is necessary to continue to develop.

In a word, the meso-micro world outlook has surpassed the most advanced physics theory. As for tantra, it has a very mysterious, accurate and practical view of the micro-world, but there is no need to talk about it in a hurry now, just talk about the views of famous sects first.

As far as the demonstration of the micro-world is concerned, there is no theory in the world, whether religious, scientific or philosophical, which can be more thorough than Buddhist scriptures. We can say with certainty that the microscopic world outlook of Buddhism has gone far beyond all other theories known at present. If quantum mechanics can continue to develop and progress, it may also reach part of the realm of the Buddhist micro-world, but even after thousands of years of development, it will not surpass the real realm of Buddhism.

Numerous examples can prove that scientific theories in the world will never come to an end and will eventually be replaced by new ideas. As we all know, although classical physicists have also announced that the research results of physics have reached its peak! However, with the appearance of Einstein and others, the viewpoint of classical physics fell into an embarrassing situation and had to be overthrown.

This is not the case in the micro-world of Buddhism. In this realm, the material world has been decomposed into an empty state, so there is no possibility of surpassing it.

Some people can't accept the above view because they don't understand the inference method of Buddhism, so it doesn't matter if they don't accept it. This is a personal question, and whether they can accept it usually depends on their understanding. You may be proficient in the point of view of quantum mechanics, but you may not know the point of view in Buddhist scriptures very thoroughly, so you will naturally have such a point of view, but in any case, it is not because I am a Buddhist that I brag so much. If we say this just because we are Buddhists, it is a one-sided view and untenable. Unreasonable exaggeration is meaningless; If the viewpoint is well-founded and logical, it can stand the test under any circumstances. In short, it is an undeniable fact that Buddhist teachings are impeccable. We only need to compare several books of other religions or disciplines with Buddhist scriptures, and it will be clear at a glance.

Closer to home, why does the micro-world outlook of Buddhism choose materials like this? Its purpose is to break our attachment to people, things, money, fame and fortune. As for other theories, they are completely different from the purpose of Buddhism.

Third, the macro world outlook of Buddhism

The biggest misunderstanding of Buddhism in the world is mainly in the macro world. For example, some people think that the theory of giving up everything does not say that the earth is round; "Time Wheel King Kong" did not mention that the world is round; The descriptions of Mount Sumi, the moon, the sun and the four continents in Buddhist scriptures are also quite different from what scientists see from the moon or space. Also, the view that the sun revolves around four continents in Buddhist scriptures is just the opposite of the facts discovered by modern science; In addition, when describing the moon in the scriptures, the heaven and man on the moon and the palace of heaven and man are mentioned. But as we all know, on the afternoon of July 20th, 1969, Apollo XI officially landed on the moon. Three astronauts explored the moon for 2 1 hour, but they didn't find any heaven or palace ... These facts are inevitable, because it is called the present quantity in Buddhist scriptures, which means they can be clearly seen.

Is it the fault of Buddha? Why is there such a contradiction? Is it because there is a new world view after the development of modern science, so we need to find the answer? All these are the topics to be discussed today.

In fact, Sakyamuni had already answered this question when he was alive. As we all know, the history of modern science is only over 300 years. Although the Buddhist scriptures collected more than two thousand years ago can't contradict the achievements of modern scientific research, they have their own questions and answers in the Buddhist scriptures at that time. Buddhist scholars at that time questioned the different descriptions of the universe and the world we live in between Buddhist scriptures. For example, the descriptions of the composition of the universe in Dushe and Shi Lun Kong are quite different, and there are so many statements about solar eclipse and lunar eclipse that later Buddhist scholars have many questions about it: Are there two worlds? Or are there several different descriptions of a world? So scholars went to the Buddhist scriptures to find the answer, and they found the answer. So, how do Buddhist scriptures explain these differences? Let's explain it separately:

First of all, the different descriptions of the universe have the following explanations:

1, this problem is obvious in a large sparse time wheel king kong. This "Time Wheel King Kong" was written by the former Shambala people, with a history of about 2 18 1 year. Later, Tibetans also wrote many books on this subject, about seven or eight hundred years ago. Therefore, it is impossible to passively think about how to interpret these books in response to the development of the moon landing or physics.

In view of the great difference between the descriptions of the universe structure in Dushe and Time Wheel King Kong, Uncle Da tells us the truth with just the right reason: the crux of the matter is that the content preached by the Buddha is not based on his own realm of enlightenment, but depends on the audience's acceptance. The main consideration is whether the other party can benefit.

If it can benefit all beings, even if what is said is not true, the Buddha will say so for the time being, and then slowly guide it; If it is harmful to all beings, even if it is true, the Buddha will not tell the truth. Only the Buddha knows how much the audience can bear. Because the Buddha is connected with others, it is clear that only in this way can the audience accept and benefit those sentient beings under the social and cultural background at that time. It can be seen that the Buddha said that the earth is flat, with Mount Sumi in the middle. , is a kind of strength and convenience for all beings.

Not only "The Tree" and other works are explained in this way, but even the Buddha himself has made a similar answer. For example, in view of the difference between how Sakyamuni Buddha initiated bodhicitta on different occasions and how he began to extricate himself, a disciple once asked: Why did you say that you initiated bodhicitta before one Buddha, but now you say that you initiated bodhicitta before another Buddha? The Buddha replied: the content of my dharma depends on the foundation of all beings. For those people before, they have to say this to accept it; For these later people, only in this way can they benefit. The only measure is the interests of all beings. It can be seen that the content of Buddha's teachings changes with the foundation of all beings.

Does this mean that the Buddha will never tell the truth, but only speak according to the foundation of all beings? Not exactly. This can only show that because the foundations of all beings are very different, the ways to enter Buddhism are also different. After gradually introducing all kinds of sentient beings through different methods, there is still only one way to get rid of them.

This is why there are many different descriptions of the same thing or phenomenon in Buddhist scriptures. As for the difference between the description of Buddhist scriptures and modern scientific discoveries, it is not difficult to understand.

2. The description of the structure of the universe, whether it is "Du She" or "Time Wheel King Kong", is an illusion of all beings from the perspective of emptiness and cannot exist; But from the perspective of secular truth or sentient beings, both can be described. That is to say, in some people's realm, the structure of the universe is just a theory of giving up; In other people's realm, the structure of the universe is the same as that in Time Wheel King Kong. Therefore, there is more than one kind of enlightenment to all beings with different karma.

In addition, it is also mentioned in The Great Sparse of King Kong that in a cave five cubits deep and five cubits wide, the king and his four armies can be accommodated. In other words, from an ordinary person's point of view, this is just a small cave; But for another conscious creature, it can accommodate the wheel king and his tribe.

"Big Book" also said: A mouth-watering sumptuous food does not exist in the realm of hungry ghosts and sentient beings; For all living beings in hell who commit serious crimes such as murder, there will be steep mountains on the dust with a big needle tip.

How to explain these seemingly contradictory descriptions? The main reason is that different beings will have different cognition or "professional sense", because these scenes are not external, but an internal origin. It's like the venerable Milarepa got into the horn, and the horn didn't get bigger and Milarepa didn't get smaller, but this is a fact that no one can erase.

According to the Buddha, different beings will see different shapes when they look at the same planet, because differences in internal origins will affect external origins. These wonderful phenomena mentioned by Buddhism contain truths that have never been touched by modern science and philosophy, and they will not be fully known in the future.

When the practice is insufficient, the external temptation will become so strong that the internal ability cannot compete with it; When the practice reaches a certain level and the mind is at ease, the inner ability can change the external situation at will. Modern science cannot explain this. Even though Einstein put forward the theory of relativity, from the perspective of Buddhism, its depth and breadth are far from enough.

Although the Buddha described the world as many different shapes, this does not mean that there are so many different shapes in the world at the same time, but it shows that a world will show different faces in the eyes of different beings. The reason lies in the difference of internal factors, and only the Buddha can know the mystery. All kinds of descriptions of the world in Buddhist scriptures come from this.

Some people may ask: why is there no description of the "truth" of the world in a Buddhist scripture that conforms to the discovery of modern science?

Because, in people's minds at that time, the earth was flat and the sun revolved around it. Although these ideas are wrong from the perspective of modern people, the Buddha will not argue with the world on these relatively unimportant issues. No matter whether the earth is round or flat, it is not important to those who want to get rid of it, and it will not have any influence on their practice. Because these are minor issues, the Buddha does not need to argue with the world, but on important key issues, the Buddha is very serious and tries to overthrow the wrong view of the world. For example, we always believe that there is an "I", and the Buddha spares no effort to refute it. The principle of Buddha's statement is to grasp the roots rather than the branches.

The Buddha's preaching of Buddhism only lasted for more than forty years, and the interval between preaching "all things" and "time wheel king kong" was only more than thirty years. In such a short time, with the vast wisdom of the Buddha, how can you forget what you said before and then talk about different views again? Even ordinary people will pay attention to the consistency before and after speaking, and it is impossible to talk nonsense upside down. Therefore, the Buddha's preaching of Buddhism in this way has a secret significance that the world cannot measure.

In fact, don't say that we live in this small world, even if the movement of all members of the solar system, the Milky Way, and even the whole universe, the Buddha knows clearly. In this regard, we only need to compare some data of "Time Wheel King Kong" astronomy with modern astronomy, and the truth can be revealed. I won't go into details here.