Humanism refers to various cultural phenomena in human society.
As the name implies, humanistic photography takes people or people's activities as the shooting object.
At present, this term is usually used for artistic photography activities. Humanistic photography obviously refers to works that can reflect the advanced, excellent and healthy content of human culture. These works can touch readers' hearts and make readers resonate with the author in love, care and reverence.
still-life photography
Still life photography, contrary to figure photography and landscape photography, shoots inanimate objects (this concept of inanimate objects is relative, such as fish and shrimp caught from the sea, melons and fruits picked, etc.). ) and artificial objects that can move or combine freely as performance objects. Mostly take industrial or handmade products, natural inanimate objects and so on as the shooting theme.
On the basis of truly reflecting the internal characteristics of the subject, the subject is represented as a photographic work with artistic beauty through creative conception and photography means such as composition, light, tone and color. This is called still life photography.
Still life photography has a vast world in material selection. After selecting the materials, we can deal with these objects at will, because the objects are inanimate and can move many angles at will to realize the creative intention. Still life photography has two advantages: first, it is a deepening process to further understand artistic vision.
When some ordinary objects are taken into fascinating photos, it is actually a process of in-depth study and observation of these objects. Secondly, shooting still life can gain more practical photography knowledge. For photographers, the difficulty of still life photography lies in its unique picture composition.
When arranging the subject, we must choose the shooting angle and use the light creatively, and then apply the practical photography knowledge and basic principles learned from still life photography to daily photography.
Portrait photography
Portrait photography is different from ordinary portrait photography: portrait photography takes the description and expression of the specific appearance and expression of the subject as its primary creative task. Although some portrait photography works also contain certain plots, they still focus on the appearance of the subject, and quite a few portrait photography works only explain the image of the subject without specific plots.
Figure photography focuses on the events and activities that the subject participates in, and its main task is to express the specific plot, rather than expressing the appearance and behavior of the subject with vivid images. The important difference between them is whether they describe the appearance of the characters in detail.
Whether it is a single person or a group of people, whether it is captured in a scene or posed in a photo studio, whether it is a plot or not, as long as it mainly shows the specific appearance and mental state of the subject, it belongs to the category of portrait photography.
Those photographic works that mainly show the activities and plots of the characters and reflect a certain theme of life, but the appearance of the subject is not very prominent, whether it is close-up or full-body, can only belong to the category of character photography.
Of course, in a broad sense, portrait photography is about people and also belongs to character photography. Portrait photography takes the description and description of the appearance and manner of the subject as its performance task, and the characters should have a distinct manner. It can be divided into three categories: indoor portraits, indoor portraits in specific environments and outdoor portraits. Portrait photography requires both form and spirit.
Documentary photography
Documentary photography refers to photo photography that takes recording as the first purpose and reflects the true image of objective things.
Photography was born for recording. Its great vitality after its birth lies precisely in its recording function. This is incomparable or irreplaceable by other technologies or arts.
Therefore, in a broad sense, photography is recording. The result of recording photography is an image recording work. Correspondingly, video works include video news works and video documentary works.
The purpose of recording photography (perhaps not the only one, but it is the primary purpose) lies in recording; The premise is to respect the objective truth; Object is the representation of objective things; The recording method is to reproduce the image by photography. Recording photography can be divided into news photography and documentary photography according to the different ways of recording images and the different values pursued.
artistic photography
With the development of the times, people continue to add artistic elements to photography and begin to produce artistic photography. The difference between it and documentary photography lies in the artistic level, but there is no absolute boundary.
For example, let's take a photo as an ID card or leave a souvenir. The photos taken by a general photo studio have at most some information or record value. However, 50 years later, Mr. Zheng Jingkang's portrait of Mr. Qi Baishi is still one of the 20 best portraits in the world. The difference lies entirely in the artistic level.
The effect of artistic photography is more beautiful, because it requires not only technology, but also the time, place and angle of shooting.
Photo photography
Portrait photography has always been an important form of portrait photography with its beautiful picture language and beautiful design connotation.
/kloc-In the second half of the 0/9th century, British photographer Landa took photos of two life paths, which were predicted as "a new era of photography is coming". At a time when photography was still despised, this work was highly praised by Queen Victoria for its inspiring theme and oil painting composition. It can be said that Lanzhou University has contributed a lot to the development of photography.
Since then, photo photography has gradually become an important genre of photography.
Commercial photography
Commercial photography, as its name implies, refers to photography activities for commercial purposes. In a narrow sense, it is commercial photography, and in a broad sense, it is a type of photography used to publish goods or write stories. This type is an extremely important one in current photography activities.
This kind of photography exists for commercial interests, and shooting according to the requirements of enterprises is relatively restricted.
Ink photography
Like traditional ink painting, ink photography works appearing on the market now can be divided into three categories according to the subject matter, namely, landscape painting, flower-and-bird painting and artistic conception, which correspond to landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting in Chinese painting. According to techniques and artistic conception, it can be divided into abstract and concrete, which corresponds to freehand brushwork and meticulous painting in Chinese painting.
Although it is inevitable to use Photoshop and other software to post-process the ink-wash photos, this does not mean that the original photos can be distorted at will. Good ink and wash photography works should modify the original photos as little as possible, which tests the photographer's composition and ability to capture light and shadow.
Holography
Holography refers to a new photography technology, which records all the information of the amplitude and phase of the reflected wave of the photographed object. Ordinary photography records the light intensity distribution on the surface of the object, but it can't record the phase information of the reflected light of the object, so it loses its three-dimensional sense.
Holography uses laser as the illumination source, and divides the light emitted by the light source into two beams, one of which is directly directed at the photosensitive plate, and the other is reflected by the subject and then directed at the photosensitive plate. When the human eye directly looks at this photographic negative, it can only see interference fringes like fingerprints, but if it is irradiated by laser, the human eye can see the three-dimensional image of the original object through the negative.
Even if only a small part of the holographic image remains, it can still reproduce the whole scene. Holography can be applied to nondestructive testing, ultrasonic holography, holographic microscope, holographic memory, holographic film and television and many other aspects in industry.
Photography type:
1. Painting photography
Painting photography is a popular art school in the field of photography in the early 20th century, which originated in Britain in the middle of19th century.
Photographers of this genre pursue the effect of painting or the realm of "poetic" in their creation. It has gone through three stages: imitation stage; An elegant stage; Art stage.
The painter put forward that "Raphael in photography and Titian in photography should be produced."
Painting photography has experienced a long period of development. The first painting photographer was British painter Shiloh (1802- 1870). He is good at portrait photography, and his works are rigorous in structure and elegant in shape. 185 1 year to
1853 is the growing period of painting and photography.
1869, British photographer HP Robinson (1830-1901) published a book about the picturesque effect of photography. He proposed: "A photographer must have rich emotions and in-depth artistic understanding to become an excellent photographer.
There is no doubt that the continuous improvement and invention of photography has inspired higher goals, because photography itself, no matter how exquisite and complete, is only a way to higher goals. "This laid a theoretical foundation for the school.
1857, Og Relander (1813-1875) created a Renaissance-style work composed of more than 30 negatives: Two Lifestyles, which marked the maturity of painting and photography.
Most of the works in this period are full of religious colors and contain certain metaphors. When shooting, make a sketch in advance, then use models and props to organize and arrange the scene, and deal with it through the darkroom. Pursue the painting effect of the photo screen.
Subsequently, the content of painting photography has expanded, but the style still advocates classicism, and the modeling and composition still have academic rules, so it is implicit, calm and elegant.
When the genre develops to the painting stage, it is still characterized by the pursuit of emotional beauty, artistic conception beauty and formal beauty.
Because the painter emphasizes artistic accomplishment: "To make photography have a place in art, photographers must first cultivate their aesthetic ability and artistic accomplishment." Therefore, its historical achievement is to guide photography from the initial mechanical imitation object to the field of plastic arts, which promotes the development of photography art.
Because the creation of painting is mostly divorced from real life, and the photographic equipment is becoming more and more perfect, people's aesthetic taste is constantly developing and is impacted by naturalism. Nevertheless, it still occupies a place in today's photography art hall.
The main photographers and works of this genre are: Pledge (? -1896) Baron's banquet, Robinson Crusoe, pagoda scene; Robin Hood's At the End of the Day, autumn, two little girls, dying, Juliet with poison bottles, dawn and sunset;
Relander the Baptist, the leader of Sunglow Covenant, Evy, Virginia, You Dite and Holofernes; Thomas Carlyle and Nida of Mrs Cameron (18 15- 1897) (1820- 19 10) were dying.
2. Impressionist photography
From 65438 to 0899, the first exhibition of French impressionist painting was held in England. Under the influence of the painter Robinson, he put forward the aesthetic standard that "soft tone photography is more beautiful than sharp tone photography" and advocated "soft tone" photography. This school is the reflection of painting impressionism in the field of photography.
At first, they shot with soft focal length lens, developed and printed with woven paper, in order to pursue a vague artistic expression effect. With the appearance of "silver bromide developing method" and paper developing method with dichromate glue in pigment, impressionist works developed from controlling lens imaging to darkroom processing.
They put forward that "works should look completely unlike photos" and "if there is no painting, there will be no real photography."
Under the guidance of this theory, impressionist photographers also use brushes, pencils and erasers to process pictures, deliberately changing their original light and shade changes and pursuing the effect of "painting". For example, La Croia's The Park Sweeper, written in 1900, is like a charcoal pen drawn on a canvas.
Impressionist photographers have completely lost the characteristics of their own photography art, so some people call them "imitators". It can be said that it is a branch of painting photography.
The artistic characteristics of this school are gloomy tone, rough shadow lines and rich decoration, but lack of sense of space. Its famous photographer is Du Masi (? -1937), Puyue (1857- 1933), Qiu En (1866- 1944), Watsek (1848-/)
Hoffmeister brothers (1868-1943; 187 1- 1937), Durkheim (1848- 1965438), Evre (1874- 1948).
3. Realistic photography
Realistic photography is a school of photography with a long history, which continues to this day and is still the basic and main school of photography. It is the reflection of realistic creation method in the field of photography art.
Photographers of this genre insist on the documentary characteristics of photography in their creation. In their view, photography should have the loyalty of "equality with nature itself". Only when every detail in the picture has "mathematical accuracy" can the work exert its appeal and persuasiveness that other art media do not have.
A. Stiglitz once said: "Only by discussing loyalty is our mission."
On the other hand, they reflect objects as coldly and purely objectively as the mirror of objects, and advocate that creation should be selective and artists should have their own aesthetic judgment on what they reflect. The famous realistic photographer Lewis Hein once said such a famous saying: "I want to expose those things that should be corrected;" At the same time, we should reflect on what should be praised. "
It can be seen that they advocate that art should "reflect life". They dare to face up to reality, and most of their creative themes are taken from social life. The artistic style is unpretentious, but it has strong witness and appeal.
The earliest hobby of realistic photography is the collodion documentary filmed by British photographer Philip Delamotte in 1853. Later, it was Ross Fenton's battlefield photography and the Yellowstone Wonder in willian jackson in the late 1960s.
After 1870, realistic photography gradually matured and began to turn its lens to society and life. For example, the then photographer Dr. Barnard photographed the tragic situation of street children, which was shocking.
Subsequently, a large number of realistic photographers emerged, and their works were famous for their strong sense of reality and profundity in the history of photography. For example, British Brandt's "Coal Miner"; American R. Kappa's French women who collaborated with the enemy were shaved and paraded through the streets; French Weiss's "Girl" and so on, too numerous to mention.
4. Nature photography
In 1899, photographer Peter Henry Emerson published a paper entitled "naturalistic photography" in view of the weakness of painting creation, attacking painting photography as fragmented photography, and advocating photographers to return to nature to find creative inspiration.
He believes that nature is the starting point and end point of art, and only the art closest to nature and similar to nature is the highest art. He said that no art reflects nature more accurately, meticulously and faithfully than photography. "Emotionally and psychologically, the effect of photography hobby lies in the unmodified lens scenes recorded by photosensitive materials."
Another master of this school, A.L. Pacho, put it more clearly: "Art should be left to artists. As far as our photography is concerned, there is nothing to rely on art, and we should create independently. "
It can be seen that this artistic concept is a kind of reaction to painting, which urges people to liberate photography from the shackles of academic school and promote the full play of its own characteristics.
The creative themes of this school are mostly natural scenery and social life.
Because naturalistic photography is satisfied with describing the surface truth of reality and the "absolute" truth of details, it ignores the excavation of the essence of reality and the refining of surface objects. In short, it does not pay attention to the typicality of artistic creation and artistic image. So it is essentially the vulgarization of realism. Sometimes it can lead to the distortion of reality.
The famous photographers of this genre are Dwieson (1856- 1930) and Wilkinson (1857- 192 1), and Geer (? -1906), scratches (1856-? ), Sutcliffe (1859-1940), etc.
5. Pure photography
Pure photography is a genre of photographic art, which matured in the early 20th century. Its founder is American photographer Stie Griese (1864- 1946).
They advocate that photography should give full play to its own characteristics and expression, get rid of the influence of painting, and pursue the unique aesthetic effect of photography with pure photography technology-high definition, rich tone levels, subtle changes in light and shadow, pure black and white tones, meticulous texture expression and accurate image description.
In short, this school of photographers deliberately pursues the so-called "photographic quality": accurately, directly, subtly and naturally expressing the light, color, lines, shapes, textures and quality of the subject, without using any other modeling art media.
Overlooking new york exhibited in class 19 13 is a masterpiece of pure schools.
The photographer overlooks a square in new york from a height. Although there is no processing and decoration, the novel composition and unique shape are refreshing. Another example is Frank K. Sandberg of E., who used the method of multiple exposures to avoid the space and time limitation of a single work, and described the poet's emotional change, the combination of colors and the change of composition in a painting, which was very rhythmic.
From a certain point of view, some thoughts and creations of purists are a mixture of formalism and naturalism, and later evolved into "new objectivism". However, this school has promoted people's exploration and research on the characteristics and performance skills of photography to a certain extent.
The famous photographers of this genre are strand (1890- 1976) and photographers in F64 group photography organizations, such as Adams and Cunningham.
The works in the late period of Pure School developed to the abstraction of lines, patterns and distorted images, and its influential photographers included Yabo, Steiner, Steven and Evans.
6. New objectivism photography
Neo-objectivism photography is also called "dominant photography" and "neo-realism photography". It is a school of photography that appeared in the 1920s.
The artistic feature of this school is to seek "beauty" in ordinary things. By means of close-up and close-up, the subject is "separated" from the whole, a certain detail of the subject is highlighted, and its surface structure is accurately and truthfully described, thus achieving dazzling visual effects.
It does not think that the essence of art lies in the essence of objects, so its aesthetic thought belongs to naturalism. For example, in 1923, photographer Pacho took a close-up shot of the rotating shaft of the locomotive, showing the state of the rotating shaft when the locomotive was running. Because the picture abandoned other details, it left a strong visual impression on the audience.
The theoretical pioneer of neo-objectivism is strand, who made the following provisions on the artistic characteristics of objectivism: "Neo-objectivism is the essence of photography, as well as the product and boundary of photography." He believes that photography "has a strong expressive force of life, and it needs the eyes to observe the right things."
Therefore, it is not based on perfunctory process and operation method, but must use pure photography. The pioneers of neo-objectivism photography are Ajie and Steichen. The actual founder is Pacho mentioned above.
The achievement of neo-objectivism photographers lies in urging people to study and explore the characteristics of photography itself, and pulling photography back from the aesthetic fantasy world to real life. However, due to the over-emphasis on the description of the surface structure of detailed materials, it provided the germination soil for later abstract photography.
Around 1925, due to the appearance of large-caliber small cameras, the performance field of neo-objectivism has made new development, resulting in many portrait works and works reflecting social life and natural scenery.
Famous photographers of neo-objectivism are Sander (1876- 1964), Lasky (1871-956) and Haig (1893-/kloc-0). ), Eft (1874- 1948), Weston Adams (? -1902), etc.
7. Surrealism photography
Surrealism photography is a genre that appeared in the field of photography art during the decline of Dadaism, and rose in the 1930s.
This school has a strict artistic program and theory. They believe that it is a task that classical artists have already completed to express the real world with realistic creative methods, while the mission of modern artists is to explore the new and unexplored "spiritual world" of mankind.
Therefore, human subconscious activities, accidental inspiration, psychopathy and dreams have all become the objects of surrealist photographers' deliberate expression.
Surrealism in photography, like Dada photographer, takes scissors, paste and darkroom technology as the main modeling means to create a surreal "artistic realm" between reality and fantasy, concreteness and abstraction. Therefore, the effect is strange, absurd and mysterious.
The founders of this genre are British photographer Winston and American Bruggaier (1880- 1945). The real terminator is British stage photographer Kyle Bing (1905-? ), in his own creation, he combined the virtual reality of "surrealism" with the real reality, creating a realm that is both illusory and real.
For example, his self-portrait of Kyle Bing, created in 1946, is a typical surreal work, which was shot by four exposures-one front, two sides and one eye at a time.
Famous photographers of this genre include Paerhan, a painter engaged in surrealist highlights; Deformed human photographer Brent; Portrait and publicity photographers Carson, Blumenthal, Lorraine, Halsman, Lion, etc.
8. abstract photography
Abstract photography is a school of photography art that appeared after the First World War.
Photographers of this school deny that plastic arts reflect life and express artists' aesthetic feelings with observable artistic images, and declare that photography should be "liberated from photography".
At the beginning, the detailed texture and rich color of the "main body" were omitted by bottomless amplification method, and a "light picture" showing only its shape was made.
Later, it developed or used light, or edited highlights, or exposed in the middle, or vibrated the camera to blur the image of the subject in the negative when shooting, or repeatedly exposed it to make it ghosted, until the surface structure of the picture was changed, and the original shape and spatial structure of the subject were changed, trying to use the so-called "absolute abstract language" of form, tone (color) and material.
Turn the subject into an unrecognizable combination of lines, spots and shapes.
Show the so-called most authentic and essential subconscious world of human beings that artists of this genre regard as the standard. In the work, the object being photographed is only a note borrowed by the artist to produce a "melody" that expresses his imagination and personality at will.
The originator of abstract photography is Talbot (1800- 1877). At the beginning, the picture of the work still maintained a certain identifiability.
By 19 17, photographers had been trained (1882-? ) Bordeaux Pictorial, shot with sawdust and transparent glass fragments, is completely unrecognizable. 1922, Hungarian abstract painter Moholinaki (1895-? ) in Manrui (1890-? ) and others, and established in theory.
Subsequently, abstract painters Kandinsky and Koehler introduced microphotography and X-ray photography, which greatly expanded the expression range of abstract photography, enriched the language of photography art and established their own artistic system, which was popular in Europe and America.
In addition to those mentioned in the article, there are other representatives of this school, such as Scott, Fenninger, An Zhenlan, Fraytet, Winkler, Grumenbo, Friedrich Hirth and Bruggaier.
9. comparable photography
Kanpai photography is a major photography school that opposed painting photography after the First World War.
Photographers of this school advocate respecting the characteristics of photography, emphasizing truth and nature, not manipulating or interfering with the subject when shooting, and grasping the instantaneous modality of the subject in the natural state.
Henri cartier bresson, a famous French photographer, said: "For me, photography is to record the meaning of an event and the precise organizational form that can accurately express it in an instant." Therefore, the artistic characteristics of this school are objective, true, natural, cordial, casual, unpretentious, vivid and full of life breath.
As far as their aesthetic thoughts and creative tendencies are concerned, the situation of "Kan" photographers is more complicated. Although they all advocate the expression of human nature, most people are engaged in news photography, but some people are naturalists, and some people are realists.
The work that gave birth to this genre was "Winter on the Fifth Street in new york" filmed by photographer Alfred Stiglitz in 1893, which was really completed by German photographer Dr. ehrlich salomon. The Political Conference of Rome, which he shot with a small camera at the end of a night meeting held by the Prime Ministers of Germany and France, has become a classic in the history of this type of photography because of its vividness, truthfulness, simplicity and naturalness.
In photography aesthetics, they believe that "a photo based on the basic characteristics of photography cannot be imitated by painters or etchers." It has its own inseparable self, has its own special expressive force, and even has characteristics that other media can't express. "
Secondly, for the expression of objective things, they attach importance to and emphasize originality, thinking: "(Photographers should see the world with their own eyes, not through other people's eyes, and this is the standard to distinguish whether photos are mediocre or brilliant, valuable or worthless."
The famous photographers of this genre are Thomas Dau Weil Mavoy of the United States; Sailite Modal in England; Victor Hoffman of France; There are Louis Dahl Wolff, Peter Starkpier Bruvic and so on.
10. Dadaism photography
Dadaism is a literary trend of thought that appeared in Europe during the First World War. "Dada" was originally an incoherent word of "pony" or "toy horse" in French children's language.
Dadaism artists deny rationality and traditional culture in their creation, claim that art is divorced from aesthetics, advocate "abandoning painting and all aesthetic requirements" and advocate nothingness, which makes their creation almost playful, so people call this art school "Dadaism".
Since Dadaism's photographic works do not meet people's general aesthetic taste and requirements, they have been gradually impacted by the surrealist art school with clear and complete artistic tofu and scheme since 1924. However, its influence can still be seen in the later modernist photography art.
Famous Dadaist photographers include Philip Halsman, Morgan, laszlo Molina Feng Jingen and Listsky.
1 1. Subjective photography
Subjective photography is a school of photography art formed after the Second World War, which is more "abstract" than abstract photography, so it is also called "postwar school".
It is the reflection of existentialism philosophy in the field of photography. Its founder is German photographer Ott Steiner. He believes that "photography is a vast field that originally had the ability to play its own role, and it also has a high degree of subjective initiative.
But now it has become a kind of mechanical realism. So he put forward the artistic idea of "subjectivization of photography art", and strongly advocated that the ultimate of photography art should be to remind photographers of their vague ideas and express their unspeakable inner state and subconscious activities. Subjective photography is personalized and personalized photography.
This is the art program of this school. Subjective photographers attach great importance to their creative personality and despise all existing artistic rules and aesthetic standards. The theorists of this school openly said: "Subjective photography is not only an experimental image art, but also a free and unrestricted creative art." "We can use technology to create photos at will."
The evolution of western body photography in the history of world art, there was a glorious period of body art in the Renaissance of Greece and Europe. After experiencing the initial shocking artistic expression to reproduce the objective reality, photographers with exploration spirit and creativity began to make breakthroughs in the field of human photography.
1857, Swedish photographer Radalan, who later lived in Britain, took a picture of two roads in life, which was regarded as a classic in the history of photography. This painting is rich in plots and scenes, and uses a lot of human works. The theme is to observe good and punish evil, with emphasis on the elderly with white temples. The two groups of characters on both sides embody two different moral concepts, life ideals and life processes.
However, it has also been attacked by a few people, saying that it uses so many naked women, and its posture is rude and obscene, which is a pornographic thing. Visible, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, body art, no matter how positive its ideological significance or how brilliant its artistic treatment is, will be criticized and attacked by some people, which has probably become a routine reaction.
The development trend of western body photography is very obvious. While developing conventional traditional body photography, it is also popular to express strong subjective feelings and modern photography language, and to create works of various genres and styles, even leading to deformed, cut, reorganized, mysterious, absurd and ugly artistic conception.
For example, Jerry Youseman's iconic human body photography, roger martin's leisure human body photography, Todd Walker's original giant human body photography, Robert Hennes Chin's and Kai Tak Su Okhama's cutting and recombination human body photography, Lee's absurd human body photography, and Ningda and Conrodoni Mitchell's sexy human body photography.
Baidu Encyclopedia: Photography