People live in folk customs from birth, just like fish living in water. For thousands of years, folk custom has been closely related to people's daily life. It is like a miraculous adhesive that organizes and unites people together. Quangang folk customs are the social customs and customs passed down and accumulated by the people of Quangang from generation to generation. It contains rich cultural awareness and is the generous cornerstone of traditional culture. As an intangible spiritual heritage and vitality resource, it has cultivated a superior national spirit and cultural temperament for thousands of years, forming an important condition for the people of Quangang to endure hardships and endure hardships and gradually achieve brilliant results. Through the customs and customs of Quangang, it is not difficult to get a glimpse of the simple and rich regional cultural connotation contained in them. Bijiaban Forum 'Apzv?jJA: b

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The composition of Quangang folk customs is multi-source. Various heterogeneous folk customs have been intentionally communicated through long-term and close exchanges. Or absorb each other unintentionally and integrate and improve. Quangang folk customs are mainly formed by the fusion of four sources:

In ancient times, the geographical area of ??Quangang was classified as Qi Min and was an area inhabited by the Dongyue ethnic group. The stone bricks, pottery fibers, pottery beans and a large number of pottery shards excavated at the Yishan site in Tuling Town prove that as early as the Neolithic Period, the ancestors of Quangang were cultivating slash-and-burn cultivation on this land surrounded by mountains and seas. Proliferate. The original indigenous people lived tenaciously along the river before the Wei and Jin Dynasties. From the earliest "fishing with bare hands and gathering shells for food" to the later "building huts by the sea and cutting down trees to make boats", they had their own system of folk customs. In the Jin Dynasty, Yiguan crossed to the south, and the Quangang area located on the south bank of Meizhou Bay was one of the earliest areas developed in the Jinjiang River Basin. Later, people from the Central Plains moved into the southern Fujian area including Quangang three times in the early Tang Dynasty, the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Southern Song Dynasty. The Minyue people and the Han people gradually merged, and most of the customs of the Dongyue people in the Quangang area have now become Although it has become a historical relic, some folk customs have been inherited and become an integral part of Quangang folk customs. Ruquangang's religious beliefs have a solid folk foundation and are closely related to the Dongyue people's tradition of "believing in ghosts and practicing witchcraft." Another example is that Dongyue women generally participate in production labor. This custom was inherited by the Han people who immigrated. In rural areas and mountainous areas of Quangang, it has always been quite common for women to participate in production and engage in heavy manual labor. www.qgwy.com"u, [7gA Epk5gamp;_Yl

After the Jin Dynasty, the Han people from the Central Plains continued to migrate southward, bringing Han folk customs to Fujian and gradually becoming the main body of Fujian folk customs. Located in Fujian The folk customs of Quangang in the central coastal area of ??the country, whether it is production customs, living customs, life rituals, annual festivals, as well as folk beliefs and worship, are all in line with traditional Chinese folk customs. The Han people migrated to Quangang for more than a thousand years. Some of them came directly from the Zhongzhou area. For example, a batch of tomb bricks dated to the third year of Yongjia in the Western Jin Dynasty (309 AD) were recently discovered in Shishang Village, Tuling Town. This shows that when the clothes and clothes of the Jin Dynasty moved south, some of them came from the Central Plains. People moved to the Quangang area; however, a large part of the ancestors of Quangang were second and third immigrants. For example, the Shanshanzhuang family moved from Gushi, Henan to Taoyuan, Yongchun, and their descendants moved from Yongchun to Luoyang, Hui'an. Then he moved to the mountainside to live in Buju; the Lian family in Batuou fled the chaos in Ba Fujian during the Tang Dynasty's Zhonghe period (881-885). During the Jiatai period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1201-1204), they moved from Xianyou to Lianban to live in Zengzhanwei (today's Bazhou). Headland); the Yecuo family moved to Xianyou from the original Yexian County of Henan Province, and then moved into the country about 500 years ago. In addition, the former Huanghuang family, Tukeng Liu family, Pu'an Zhang family, Sanzhu Zhu family, The Hechi Zheng family and others were all people from the Central Plains who first moved to the Puxian area, and their descendants later moved to Quangang. These Han people were mainly from Puxian, Yongchun, Fuzhou and other areas. The specific customs were originally different. , some are even very different. After entering Quangang one after another, after long-term exchanges of life and production, the folk customs have gradually integrated.

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The folk customs of the Han people are certainly the source of spring. The main body of Hong Kong folk customs, but the Han folk customs in Quangang are actually formed by integrating the customs of other ethnic minorities.

More than 20,000 people live in Quangang, the three ethnic minority groups of Mongolia, Hui and She. Their rich ethnic customs are also embedded in the folk customs of Quangang. Due to specific historical factors and the geographical environment of the settlement areas, the ancestors of the three ethnic minorities absorbed a large number of Han folk customs and skillfully integrated them with the customs of their own nation in real life. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Mongolians fled to Quangang from Fuzhou. Although they lived in seclusion in the mountains and forests, they still remembered their hometown of Yanshan and named the temple on Yantai Mountain next to the village after Yanshan Temple. The people of the Mongolian clan still show their drinking and hospitality. Customs such as the Lantern Festival express the strong national characteristics; according to genealogy records, the Guocuo Hui people settled in Quangang and established a business in the fifth year of Jingding in the Song Dynasty (1264 AD), or because of the ethnic oppression policy of the Ming Dynasty, they were named after the Guo family of the Guo family. The descendants of the Zhi people, although they have lived in Hanization for four to five hundred years, there are still no traces of the customs of the Muslim Hui people. The She people of the Zhong family branched from Anxi in the sixth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1527 AD) and established Zhongcuo Kaiji on the mountainside today. In the feudal society, the tribesmen were afraid of being oppressed by the big families, so they kept their ethnicity secret for a long time and followed the local customs when they went to the countryside. However, they still maintained the habit of gathering in groups and building villages for a long time. They also wore white underwear when getting married to worship the heaven and the earth, and sang the national totem "Gao Huang" from generation to generation. Special customs such as "Song" also have some influence on the customs of the surrounding Han people.

The development of the commodity economy and the prosperity of overseas trade made the coastal area of ??Quanzhou open to foreign culture during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Quangang, located in a corner of Meizhou Bay, also absorbed foreign culture. and integrate them. Taking imported Buddhist beliefs as an example, Buddhism in Quangang began to flourish since the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, various traditional religions and folk beliefs coexisted peacefully with Buddhism. Buddhism in Quangang gradually became secular and took deep roots in Quangang folk customs. Since modern times, Quangang folk customs have been increasingly influenced by foreign folk customs. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, coastal residents went abroad to Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines to make a living in order to make a living. Some overseas Chinese returned to their hometowns with their overseas descendants and other family members, bringing with them exotic folk customs. For example, some overseas Chinese went abroad. He learned and borrowed the styles and advantages of foreign residential buildings. After returning to his hometown, he adapted the foreign styles to China, and gradually formed an architectural style of "Chinese and foreign". The Helong House in Qianhuang Town and the Aluosao House in Shanyao Town are examples of how modern Quangang people skillfully learned from and absorbed foreign architectural culture, adding new content to the residential culture of Quangang. With the introduction of Christianity in modern times, some European folk customs were also introduced to Quangang. In 1865, the association was introduced from Xiamen and spread to all directions starting from Yiban in the territory. Christianity opposes concubinage and maidservants, women's foot-binding, extravagance and waste, promotes abstinence from gambling, smoking and opium, and requires believers to simplify wedding and funeral ceremonies. It has played a certain role in restricting the bad customs in modern times and even today, purifying social atmosphere. Promote the civilized development of society.

Folk customs change with changes in the economic foundation and social life. Changes in folk customs often lag behind the economic foundation and social life. However, once folk customs are formed, they will be inherited from generation to generation, relying on the power of traditional habits and psychological beliefs. It affects and restricts people's consciousness and behavior, and has long-term inheritance and relative stability; in addition, folk custom also has national, class and social characteristics.

Quangang folk custom is a tributary of southern Fujian folk culture. It was formed in the background and atmosphere of traditional Chinese culture, so it has the general characteristics of traditional Chinese folk custom. At the same time, it was gradually formed and developed under the specific natural environment and social, historical and cultural conditions of Quangang, so it must have significant local characteristics in many aspects. Among the rich and colorful folk customs in Quangang, the unique features are:

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Quangang is located at the north gate of Quanzhou, with It is connected to Hui'an County and Luojiang District of Quanzhou City to the southwest, and to Xianyou County of Putian City to the northwest and north. The unique location gives Quangang Folk Customs the role and characteristics of regional transition and connection. The land area of ??Quangang is only more than 300 square kilometers, but there are three popular dialects, one is Minnan dialect, the other is Puxian dialect, and the other is "Toubei dialect".

"Toubei dialect" is the Hui'an people's common name for the dialect in the Huibei area (now Quangang area). It is a transitional language from the Puxian dialect area to the Minnan dialect area and is a dynamic language. "Toubei dialect" has transitioned from village to village in the north of Quangang. The dialects and accents of each village differ due to the different percentages of Hokkien and Puxian dialects. Some neighboring villages cannot even speak smoothly. Language exchange. For example, the two natural villages of Cengdou and Xiuxi in Tuling Town were originally under the jurisdiction of Xianyou County. During the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty, together with the seven natural villages of Nanzhuang, Gangxi, Dongqiu, Jiajietang and Kezhai, Li Kai, a native of Hui'an, Buy out and move it into Hui'an. The dialects of these two natural villages are mainly Puxian dialect, but the dialect of the village further south is mainly Minnan accent. Bijiaban Forum 2g qamp;[1y[amp;WbA'Ftamp;T

Language is the main carrier of culture, and regional folk culture is often reflected in language. The folk customs of Quangang fluctuate with the transition of dialects. The Jieshan and Nanpu areas close to Puxian and some villages in Fengwei, Houlong and Tuling have come into contact with the residents in Xianyou for farming, trade and marriage. The folk customs contain many elements of Puxian folk customs. The mountainsides near Hui'an's Luojiang River, the Qianhuang area and some villages in Tuling are geographically close to Hui'an. The folk customs are similar to the folk customs of Quanzhou. I;^N:oM(d3A*un#u

Another important reason for the regional incompatibility of Quangang folk custom is that Quangang folk custom is a kind of immigrant folk custom. Immigrants Part of Quangang was directly immigrated by the Han people from Zhongzhou during the Jin, Tang and Song dynasties, and part of it was caused by secondary and tertiary immigration by ancestors of various ethnic groups from surrounding areas after the Jin Dynasty. The original areas of residence were different. There are great differences in the folk customs and dialects of Quanzhou; even if they are in the same area and both moved from the Puxian area, the time of migration is hundreds or even thousands of years apart. Such rounds of migration make Quan Folk customs from various parts of Hong Kong are deposited on the land of Quangang like annual rings. When the ancestors of various ethnic groups moved in, most of them formed their own villages after multiplication and development. Each village had different degrees of integration with the local original residents. In addition, the regional differences in the old times. Inconvenient transportation and limited exchanges are also one of the reasons for the formation of many dialect areas with incompatible languages ??and custom areas with completely different contents. It can be seen that Quangang folk customs are not the implantation of folk customs in the Central Plains and surrounding areas in a certain historical period, but a reflection of them. The diachronic accumulation of immigrant folklore in different historical stages is like the cultural layers in geology and archeology, which are accumulated layer by layer. !Q0sSMP

The regional nature of Quangang folklore is also reflected in folk beliefs. The worship of Liu Yiniang, the Lady of Yi Lie, and Qiu Erniang, the Traveling Lady, are more popular in Fengwei and Houlong. The worship of Chen Jinggu, the Holy Mother of Shuntian, and Wu Kuo, the Baosheng Emperor, are more popular in the Tuling area. The worship of the "Holy Master" Qitian Monkey King is more popular in the Jieshan area. Popular. Another example is that each village enshrines one or several specific gods as protector gods, formerly known as realm masters, social gods, etc. The temples of the realm master gods are jointly built with donations from the people living in the region, and various religious activities are also organized by People from that region generally cannot travel beyond the borders of the region to carry out rituals.

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The formation of folk customs in a region is "conventional". Its content and form have invisible binding force on most members of society, but it has a certain degree of flexibility in specific operations. It can generally be complex or simplified, first or last, divided or merged, and people can adjust it according to their needs. Make a choice based on your own needs and possibilities. There is a huge difference in the complexity and simplicity of folk customs in Quangang. Generally speaking, in areas with relatively developed economies, various rituals are more complicated than in areas with less developed economies. Rich families are more sophisticated than poor families. Pomp. Take weddings and funerals as an example: From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the "Six Rites" were generally accepted by the people as the basic marriage etiquette, but the specific operations varied greatly. Rich families strictly followed the "Six Rites" and the etiquette was cumbersome. . But common people are not so strict, and often combine the acceptance and name asking into one, combine the acceptance and request period into one, and simplify the wedding etiquette.

Weddings in poor families are more simplified, and there are many people who only hastily share a house on New Year's Eve. Another example is birthdays. In addition to holding banquets to celebrate birthdays, wealthy families also perform plays to entertain guests. However, ordinary people's homes are unable to do much, and poor families can only cook a bowl of longevity noodles for fun. Bijiaban Forum 9P3@CF

People in China believe that the healthy growth of children is inseparable from the blessing of gods such as the "Queen Mother". Therefore, on the Mid-Autumn Festival when the child is 16 years old, he should "make a large portion" to thank God, and when his son gets married, he should also "make a small portion" to thank God. These beliefs are basically the same, but they differ in their thanksgiving ceremonies. On the mountainside and at the end of the peak, it is the day before the wedding. The groom holds the bride's red dress in his arm and bows three times to the gods, which means that the bride and the groom "invite to worship the Queen Mother" together. However, boys in Nanpu and Jieshan areas did not make big points when they were 16 years old. When they got married, they made "big points" and "small points" together. Moreover, the day before the ceremony, the bride was brought to her home and "invited to worship the Queen Mother" together with Xin Lang. According to the Confucian etiquette tradition, if there is a funeral in the family, the wedding must be held after three years of "off filial piety" (the release of mourning). However, there are some agreed and flexible practices in the country, such as marriages and weddings within a hundred days of the funeral, which is called " Marry while you are filial." Furthermore, "observance of festivals" was advocated in the old days, and remarrying a widow was considered a treasonous act. However, there are also some special customs that allow some widows with special circumstances to remarry. The marriage must be at night, and must not be publicized or hold a lively ceremony. There is no need to choose a date, usually it is New Year's Eve in the twelfth lunar month. When you go out, you should take a side door, and do not go out through the main door to wait. Another example is that in the early days, the Purdue Festival in each village was held on the same day, which often resulted in disputes and even clan fights. After consultation and agreement, each street, alley, and village took turns to perform the Purdue Festival. From these aspects, it can be seen that the scale of folk etiquette has greater flexibility and flexibility.

For the formation of folk customs to be recognized by most members of the society and willing to participate, it needs to be entertaining. The entertainment of Quangang folk customs can be seen everywhere. For example, during the Spring Festival, every village holds a ceremony to carry gods to the realm. The traveling teams are huge and include flag teams, drum teams, incense burner teams and mikoshi teams. Flags and flags are dancing and drums are played loudly; The movements of carrying the sedan chair are determined based on the characteristics of the shrine. Generally speaking, if you are a civil official, you will move forward smoothly with less shaking. If you are a military attache, you will try your best to bump the sedan chair and rock it in various patterns; some villages will also carry a dancing boy and dance when they visit and worship. Children often hold a knife and ax to chop off their shoulders and backs, cross a knife bridge, sit on a nail chair or sleep on a nail bed, or walk barefoot on hot coals. All kinds of jaw-dropping illusion performances attract villagers to watch. There are also activities such as begging for lottery tickets, jumping over fires, and swimming lanterns during the Lantern Festival, dragon boat racing activities during the Dragon Boat Festival, drumming activities during the New Year, etc., all of which are of an entertainment nature. In the old days, on the wedding day, some people would invite string and orchestra musicians to add to the fun, and various hilarious programs would be performed during the wedding ceremony, all of which created a cheerful entertainment atmosphere. In the funeral procession, it is also common to see Western bands, Southern music bands, Northern music bands and Gezixi operas. All the strings and strings are played in unison, singing and dancing, which grace the dead and lively the living.

Taking drama as an example again, religious sacrificial activities in Quangang are often accompanied by colorful dramatic performances. In the minds of the people, in order to obtain the favor and blessing of the gods, in addition to offering rich sacrifices and performing devout worship, one must also perform plays to reward the gods and entertain the gods; not only on the birthdays of gods, but also on traditional festivals, weddings, etc. Activities such as birthday celebrations, ancestor worship, temple completion, eye-candling, temple fairs, prayers for rain, harvests, fasting ceremonies, etc. all require performances to reward the gods. The most typical one is that even puppets and funerals have to perform puppet shows or city-beating plays for the ghosts. The custom of combining religious sacrificial activities with dramatic performances has been formed as late as the Northern Song Dynasty. Although it is to "reward the gods", it objectively achieves the effect of "entertaining people".

The development and evolution of folk customs has its own laws. Quangang folk customs are also restricted by these laws and develop and evolve along a certain trajectory. Generally speaking, there are the following two development trends: Bijiaban Forum B# {[.G!ffB

Civilization evolution.

The earliest folk customs originated from primitive society, full of mystery and barbaric and rough style. With the progress of society, old backward customs have been transformed and gradually become rational and refined. For example, in the early days, people lived in high-rise nests, boathouses appeared in the Qin and Han Dynasties, official mansions appeared in the Song Dynasty, as well as Western-style buildings in the Republic of China, stone houses since the founding of the People's Republic of China, and suites that emerged in contemporary urban areas. Residential customs have gradually developed from low-level to high-level. . Another example is that the marriage etiquette and customs in primitive society were extremely simple. After entering the slave society, merchant marriages appeared, and the etiquette and customs gradually became more complicated. In feudal society, the complicated "six rites" wedding customs were formed. Since modern times, this etiquette has tended to be simpler, and new weddings such as travel weddings and group weddings have appeared. Another example is that in primitive society, people were usually buried in the ground. Funeral customs were very simple, with only a few production tools or daily necessities buried with them. After the slave society, funeral customs became increasingly complicated. In the feudal society, there were red tapes such as sending off the deceased, moving the shop, announcing the funeral, attending to the funeral, enclosing the deceased, passing away the dead, sending straw, carrying out the funeral, burying the deceased, observing mourning, and reburial. Since this century, funeral customs have tended to be simplified. With the implementation of the cremation system, funeral customs have become simpler and have gradually become a fashion. There are also some unscientific folk taboos in the old days, such as children not to wear two hats, otherwise they will not grow taller; they are not allowed to hold an umbrella or wear a bamboo hat when entering other people's houses. It is said that doing so indicates that the house is prone to leaking... etc., etc. With the popularization of scientific knowledge and the development of society, the people's horizons are broadening day by day, and some taboos have disappeared on their own. Although some taboos continue to this day, most of them are no longer rigid.

Integrated development. Folklore is generally exclusive. As contacts and exchanges between ethnic groups and regions continue to increase and strengthen, the closed pattern will be broken and gradually penetrate and integrate. The dance of the Fujian-Vietnamese indigenous people is closely related to religious sacrificial activities. The form is simple and often involves dancing wildly with the body, shouting loudly, or even dancing naked. After the Jin Dynasty, after the Han people from Zhongzhou and other regions moved in, they were influenced by Han culture. This kind of sacrificial dance became either a performing art or a daily entertainment method. The Mongolian people do not believe in the folk gods of the Han people, but the Xiaoba Chu family has settled in Quangang for hundreds of years. They have followed the local customs, worshiped the Nine Immortals of the He family and the Lord of the Land, and regarded the Han generals Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan as the lords of the territory. In the past, in the first month of every year, the Han people also held the folk custom activity of "Wandering and Worshiping" like the surrounding Han people. In the early days of the introduction of Christianity, local gentry and masses of various sizes jointly opposed the church, which was called a "teaching case". It not only reflects the anti-invasion spirit of the people, but also contains elements of traditional culture's resistance to Western culture. With the in-depth spread of Christianity in the local area, Western religious customs were gradually accommodated, gradually moving from conflict to integration, promoting the improvement of local customs and the transformation of bad customs.

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Quangang folk custom also has the characteristics of wide radiation range. Quangang is one of the main ancestral places of overseas Chinese and Taiwan compatriots. There are 370,000 overseas Chinese, Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan living overseas, which is equivalent to the current total population of the entire region. Among them, there are 160,000 Taiwan compatriots; overseas Chinese are mainly concentrated in Southeast Asia, with Malaysia having the largest number, about 147,000, accounting for 69%, followed by Singapore, with 53,000, accounting for 25%. From the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the Republic of China, a large number of people from Quangang drifted across the strait, immigrated to Taiwan Island, or immigrated to some Southeast Asian countries. They also transplanted the folk customs of their hometown there and passed them on from generation to generation. For example, in order to pray for a safe journey, immigrants go to temples to pray before leaving. After arriving in a foreign land, in order not to forget their homeland and express gratitude for the grace of God, they build various temples to worship the gods in their hometown. Now every year, there are ghosts at home and abroad. Temple believers come to the Quangang Ancestral Hall to pay homage to their ancestors and offer incense. For example, the Tuling Wushi Palace is the ancestral palace of the Mei Tai Palace in Yijia, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Every year, devotees from the area come to pay their respects. The worship of the goddess Liu Yiniang in the territory has spread widely in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, Malaysia and other countries. There are Yilie temples built in and around the country to worship. The Liu family in Taipei, Taiwan also organized an "Auntie Association" to honor Liu Yiniang as the "Second Goddess of the Straits."