It’s very long, so read it slowly. It is extracurricular reading material for Korean classes.
Chapter 2 History
Section 1 Primitive Society
South Korea is a country with a long history. Starting about 500,000 years ago, humans have lived and multiplied on the Korean Peninsula. The ruins of the primitive human period discovered on the Korean Peninsula so far mainly include the Seokjang-ri ruins near Gongju in Chungcheongnam-do, the Heowu-ri ruins in Sangwon-gun, Pyongyang City, the Jeongul-ri ruins in Yeoncheon-gun, Gyeonggi-do, and the Lippo ruins in Pyongyang City. District Daehyeon-dong ruins, Seungri Mountain ruins in Decheon County, South Pyongyang, etc. Many animal bone fossils and various stone tools were unearthed in these sites.
Human skull fossils were discovered in Paleolithic ruins near Daehyeon-dong, Lippo District, Pyongyang City. They may be the bone fossils of primitive humans 100,000 years ago. They are called People from Lipu. A human scapula fossil and two tooth fossils were discovered at a Paleolithic site in Seungri Mountain, Tokugawa County, South Pyongan. They are bone fossils of a primitive human from about 100,000 to 40,000 years ago, known as Tokugawa Man.
Beginning in the late Paleolithic Age, humans on the Korean Peninsula entered a matrilineal clan society and developed in the Neolithic Age. Korean historians generally believe that the Neolithic Age began approximately 6,000-7,000 years ago. The Neolithic Age sites discovered so far include: Gyesha-ri Rock Cave along the Han River near Seoul, Dongjidong at the mouth of the Nakdong River near Busan, and the Hogokdong site in Musan County, North Hwanghae Province. Various ground stone and bone tools were unearthed at these sites. Many pottery vessels were also unearthed from these sites, and manufacturing was a new production sector that began to emerge during this period.
4,000 years ago, the Korean Peninsula entered the Bronze Age and at the same time entered a patriarchal clan society. The main Bronze Age sites discovered so far include: Huajeong-dong in Daejeon City, Chungcheongnam-do Province, Gongju and Imul-ri near Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang-do Province, Hoeryeong 5-dong in North Hamgyong Province, Najin Chodo, and Toseong in Junggang-gun, Jagang Province , Seju-ri, Yongbyon County, North Pyongan Province, and the Kimtan-ri ruins in Pyongyang City, etc. In the Bronze Age, the improvement of productivity brought about great changes in people's production and life, which changed people's mutual relations. Men played a major role in the entire production activities and entered a patriarchal clan society.
Section 2 Slave Society
1. Ancient Joseon
Old Joseon is the earliest country established in Korean history. It was originally called Joseon. In order to distinguish it from the Korean dynasty of later generations, it is generally called Ancient Korea. Korea. Regarding the founding of ancient Korea, the "Myth of Tangun" has been passed down to this day and has a profound influence. "The Myth of Tangun" is recorded in "Relics of the Three Kingdoms", "Emperor's Rhythm", "Collection of Lee Sang-guk of the East Kingdom? King Dongmyeong Chapter", "Records of King Sejong? Geography", etc. The contents of the descriptions are similar. Here we only take the records in "Heritage of the Three Kingdoms" as an example. The excerpt is as follows:
"Ancient records say: In the past, there was Huan because of his concubine Huan Xiong, who was obsessed with the world and greedy for people. ... Xiong He led three thousand disciples and descended to the sacred sandalwood tree on the top of Taibai Mountain, which was called the Divine Market. He was also called Heavenly King Huanxiong. , there are more than 360 things happening in the world. At that time, there was a bear and a tiger living in the same cave. They often prayed to the gods and wished to transform into humans. At that time, the gods left a stick of moxa and twenty pieces of garlic and said: "You guys eat." If you don't see the sun for a hundred days, you will get a human form. If the bear eats it, it will take three to seven days. If the tiger can't avoid it, you will not get a human body. The curse is to conceive, and the male is disguised and married.
After giving birth to a son, he was named Tangun Wangjian. He ascended the throne as Tang Gao in 50 Gengyin, and his capital was Pyongyang City, and Korea was first called Korea. "
("Tang Gao" refers to the legendary Tang Yao in China, a tribal leader at the end of China's primitive society. The 50th year of King Yao's accession to the throne is roughly equivalent to 2333 BC, from More than 4,300 years ago. This is just a myth. The exact founding date of ancient Korea is still an unresolved mystery. )
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The Kingdom of Jin was an ancient country established in the southeastern part of the present-day Korean Peninsula. It was formed by the three Han tribes, namely the Mahan, Jinhan, and Byanhan. According to the literature, the Jin Kingdom emerged as a state in the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC. The central area of ??the Jin Kingdom was the "Moon Kingdom". Around the end of the Chungcheongnam Province, the capital moved south to the "Guoyi", which is today. Near Iksan to the south of Jinjiang River
3. The culture of ancient Korea
Trade and exchanges between ancient Korea and China began very early. From the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC, this exchange became more active and promoted cultural exchanges between the two countries. Chinese characters were introduced to the Korean Peninsula very early. The introduction of Chinese characters and Confucianism into the Korean Peninsula undoubtedly promoted the cultural exchanges between the two countries and the further development of ancient Korean culture.
Among the literary works that have been passed down to this day, in addition to the myth of Tangun, there is also a poem called "Honghou Yin", which can be found in "Gujin Notes" written by Cui Bao of the Western Jin Dynasty.
The public should not cross the river.
The public should cross the river.
Fall into the river and die.
What should I do? ?
Section 3 Feudal Society
1. The Three Kingdoms Period
After the demise of the slave states of Korea and Chen, Goguryeo, Baekje, and New The Three Kingdoms were historically known as the "Three Kingdoms". The Three Kingdoms period was the period of formation and initial development of feudal society. Although there were strong remnants of slavery, feudalism had taken over.
1) Goguryeo Dynasty
Goguryeo is a branch of the Qi tribe. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Goguryeo was called Buyeo. The species and language are mostly the same as those of Buyeo, indicating that Goguryeo has a close relationship with Buyeo. According to legend, Ju Mong, the founder of Goguryeo, was a nobleman from Buyeo. He was ostracized by the Buyeo royal family and went south with Oui, Moli, Shafu and others. In the Zuben area (near today's Huanren County, Liaoning Province, my country), he combined with the indigenous forces and established the Goguryeo country in 37 BC. It was destroyed by the coalition forces of Silla and the Tang Dynasty in 668.
2) Baekje Dynasty
According to legend, King Onjo who established Baekje Kingdom was Goguryeo Jumong The king's son. When the Chen Kingdom was in a state of division, King Wen Zuo went south with some Goguryeo people and settled in the lower reaches of the Han River. There, it combined with the emerging local feudal forces to form a new feudal political force, which developed rapidly. By around BC, this feudal force had established the small country of Baekje, with its capital at Weiryeseong on the south bank of the Han River. After that, the Baekje Kingdom grew rapidly and became a larger feudal country by the middle of the 1st century AD. In 660, it was destroyed by the allied forces of Silla and Tang Dynasty.
3) Silla Dynasty
The Silla Dynasty was formed The area is Gyeongju in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula today.
There were originally 6 villages in the area, and the nobles of these 6 villages were the backbone of the establishment of Silla. According to the founding myth of Silla, these six village nobles jointly elected Park Hyuk Ju-se as king in AD 57 and established the country. By the first half of the 2nd century AD, it had become a larger feudal country. It was destroyed by Goryeo in 935.
4) Gaya
After the three countries each formed a country, In the 1960s, there were still independent local forces in the Nakdong River basin that did not belong to the above three countries. These were the six gayas centered on the Gimhae area. According to the legend of the founder of Gaya Kingdom, Liugaya originated from Jingguan Gaya, and a strong alliance among the tribes was formed with Jingguan Gaya as the center. It was located between Baekje and Silla, was frequently attacked, and was eventually annexed by Baekje and Silla.
5) Culture during the Three Kingdoms Period
The Three Kingdoms all used Chinese characters . Chinese characters are Chinese characters, so it is inconvenient to use them to record Korean. Therefore, the three countries all adopted the "official reading" script. The creation of Liduwen played a positive role in the development of Korean language and culture. In particular, Silla's official reading script was relatively developed and was often used to record poetry. Xue Cong, a great scholar in the mid-7th century, compiled the official readings and used them to translate Confucian classics.
The Three Kingdoms organized scholars to compile history books. Goguryeo compiled 100 volumes of "Liu Ji". In 600, Li Wenzhen, a doctor of Taixue, changed it into 5 volumes of "New Collection". Baekje compiled the "Secretary" in 375 by Dr. Gao Xing. Silla compiled the "National History" in 545 by Juqifu and other scholars.
Geography has also developed. In 628, Goguryeo drew a territorial map, Baekje compiled atlases and geographical chronicles, and Silla also compiled geography books.
In terms of medicine, Goguryeo has its teacher's prescription, Baekje has its Sinjibang, and Silla has its Silla master's prescription. Silla also opened medical schools to teach various medicines. Baekje is very famous for its pharmaceutical manufacturing. .
After Confucianism was introduced into the Three Kingdoms, the three countries attached great importance to it. They all regarded it as an ideological weapon to maintain the feudal order and strengthen the royal power, and took measures to promote it. Goguryeo established Taixue, the highest institution of Confucianism, in 372, and Baekje established a Confucian education system in the 4th century. Confucianism became widely spread in Silla in the 6th century. Many foreign students from Silla went to China to study Confucianism. As a result, famous Confucian scholars such as Kim Dae-wen, Kang Shou, and Seol Cong emerged.
The three countries attach great importance to Buddhism, build monasteries one after another, and spread Buddhism widely. Buddhism was introduced to the Three Kingdoms through China. The introduction time is 372 years for Goguryeo, 384 years for Baekje, and 518 years for Silla.
The main literary works of the Three Kingdoms period include ballads such as "Tushita Song", "Comet Song", "Shu Tong Song", "Tathagata Song" and other songs recorded in official readings, and "Tathagata Song" written in Chinese characters. "Yellow Bird Song", "Song of the Solitary Stone" and other Chinese poems. The prose works include "Biography of Eulji Mundeok", "Biography of Yeongae Somun", "Biography of Myeonggyeon Dabu", "Biography of Ondal", "Jiasi Biography", "Nine-Storied Pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple", "Biography of Rabbit", etc.
2. Unified Silla Period
1) Silla unified the Three Kingdoms
In the middle of the 7th century, the conflicts among the three countries intensified and they could no longer maintain the previous state of unity. After Silla expanded its territory, in order to annex Goguryeo and Baekje, it strengthened its military power and established a close military alliance with the Tang Dynasty.
In 660, Silla King Taizong Wuyeolwang Jin Chunqiu took advantage of Baekje's extremely weak national power and united with the Tang army to attack Baekje. Less than 10 days into the war, the Baekje Dynasty declared its demise.
The allied forces of Silla and the Tang Dynasty took advantage of the internal strife in the Goguryeo court and attacked Goguryeo again. In mid-668, the Luo-Tang coalition invaded Pyongyang City, the King of Goguryeo surrendered, and the Goguryeo Dynasty was declared destroyed.
After conquering Baekje and Goguryeo, the Tang Dynasty set up the Andong Protectorate in Pyongyang City to administer the former Baekje and Goguryeo territories, but Silla wanted to occupy the Baekje and Goguryeo territories. There was a conflict between Tang and Tang. After several years of fighting, in 676, the Tang Dynasty moved the Andong Protectorate to Liaodong (today's Liaoyang), and Silla occupied the original Baekje territory and the original Goguryeo territory. This was the unified Silla.
2) Peasant Uprising and the Later Three Kingdoms
Entering the 8th century , due to the vicious expansion of land privatization by big landlords, it triggered a struggle for power within the ruling class. These contradictions and struggles within the ruling class will inevitably lead to the weakening of centralized power, seriously damage social production, and especially plunge farmers into the whirlpool of war, exacerbating their suffering. The broad masses of peasants had no choice but to take desperate measures and launch a resistance struggle. By the first half of the 9th century, peasant uprisings developed rapidly, and in the second half of the 9th century, a nationwide peasant war broke out. According to relevant documents, the peasant army is active in 20 places across the country.
Under the heavy blow of the nationwide peasant war, the Silla Dynasty, which lasted for more than 1,000 years, existed in name only. At this time, Zhenxuan's power in the southwest region expanded rapidly. Zhenxuan took advantage of the people's dissatisfaction with the rule of Silla in the original Baekje area, vigorously promoted the revival of Baekje, and finally established the post-Baekje in 900. On the other hand, Gongyi took advantage of the people's sentiments in the original Goguryeo area against the Silla ruling group and used the banner of rebuilding Goguryeo, thereby gaining the support of the local people and finally establishing post-Goguryeo in 901. In 911, the name of the country was changed to Taifeng Kingdom. In this way, three more kingdoms appeared on the Korean Peninsula, namely the later Baekje, the Taifeng Kingdom (the later Goguryeo) and the original Silla.
3) Culture of the Unified Silla Period
Due to inheritance While absorbing the excellent culture of the Three Kingdoms period, it also absorbed the advanced culture of the Tang Dynasty, and achieved fruitful results by unifying the culture of the Silla period. The most prominent feature is the wide spread of Buddhism and the in-depth study of Buddhist philosophy. The Silla court regarded Buddhism as the state religion and advocated the widespread dissemination and research of Buddhism. Due to the widespread spread and research of Buddhism, many monks went to study in the Tang Dynasty, and some went to India and other countries west of India to learn Buddhist scriptures.
Huichao is one of the representatives. He went to the Tang Dynasty in the early 8th century and later to India. Huichao was an eminent monk who was proficient in Sanskrit and Chinese. He translated many Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures into Chinese in Chang'an. His works include three volumes of "Biography of the Five Tianzhu Kingdoms". This book is extremely valuable information for studying the history, geography and cultural exchanges between the East and the West in India and various countries in West Asia at that time.
Yuanxiao is a Buddhist philosophical thinker. The highest category in his philosophy is the absolute spiritual entity-"one heart". He was a famous academic monk of noble origin, the founder of Haidong Sect, and a master of eight sects. His works include "Qibi Lun Shu (Haidong Shu)", "Vajra Samadhi Sutra", "Lotus Sutra" and more than 99 volumes in more than 240 volumes.
Yixiang was also an influential Buddhist philosophical thinker at that time. He is the founder of the Huayan sect of Silla and is the author of "Illustration of the Dharma Realm of One Vehicle", "Da Huayan Ten Gates of Dharma", etc.
Confucianism continued to develop during the Silla period. In 682, Silla established Chinese studies in the central government, and in 747, it established doctors and teaching assistants from various professions, and recruited aristocratic children aged 15-30 to study and study Confucian classics, with a nine-year education system. In 788, the third level of reading was established. From the end of the 8th century to the 9th century, many aristocratic children stayed in the Tang Dynasty to study and study Confucianism. Among them, more than 50 people passed the Bingongke Examination of the Tang Dynasty. The most representative figure is Cui Zhiyuan. He was a progressive litterateur and philosopher at that time. He wrote 30 volumes of "Collected Works", 1 volume of "Four-Liu Collection", 20 volumes of "Guiyuan Bigeng", etc. Only 20 volumes of "Guiyuan Bigeng" have been handed down to this day.
The literature of the Silla period inherited and developed the excellent literary tradition since the Three Kingdoms period. Literary works include ballads, Chinese works and various stories. Ballads were written using Xiangzha notation and reached their peak in the 8th-9th century. Representative works include "Song in Praise of the Elder", "An Folk Song", "Song to Commemorate the Dead Sister", "Song to Encounter a Thief", etc.
Chinese literature has also developed. Representative works include "Hwarang Century", "Eminent Monk Biography", "Hanshan Chronicle", "Leben" and so on. One of the important characteristics of literature in this period is the rise of story literature created by the people themselves. Representative works include "The King's Ears Are Like Donkey's Ears", "The Story of Tumor", "The Story of Ruyi Pearl", "Amani Bell", "Shadowless Tower", etc.
3. The Goryeo Dynasty
1) The establishment of the Goryeo Dynasty
918 In June 2006, after long preparations, Wang Jian, the minister of Taifeng Kingdom, launched a palace coup with 10,000 troops, proclaimed himself king, changed the name of the country to Goryeo, and moved Kyoto back to Songak. This was the Goryeo Dynasty that maintained its rule for nearly 500 years. of establishment.
After Wang Jian established the Goryeo Dynasty, he took various measures to stabilize the country, strengthen the armed forces, and prepare to unify the three countries. In 934, Wang Jian launched a general attack on Houbaekje and captured more than 30 cities north of Ungjin, threatening Houbaekje in an all-round way. At this critical juncture, internal strife broke out within the Baekje regime. Zhenxuan's son Shenjian placed his father under house arrest and proclaimed himself king. Zhen Xuan, who was deeply dissatisfied with this, surrendered to Goryeo. This incident shocked the Silla royal family, and King Gyeongshun of Silla officially surrendered to Goryeo in November 935. In September 936, Goryeo mobilized 87,500 troops to launch a general attack on Baekje, and Shenjian surrendered. From then on, Goryeo unified the latter three kingdoms and established a unified Goryeo Dynasty on the peninsula.
2) Culture during the Goryeo Dynasty
Buddhism, as the ideology of the ruling class, enjoys special protection in the country has been greatly developed. The kings of the Goryeo Dynasty believed in Buddhism, and even the princes and the king's immediate family members became monks. The most famous monk and scholar in the Goryeo Dynasty was Yicheon, the master of the Daekaku Kingdom. Yicheon was the fourth son of King Munjong.
Confucianism, like Buddhism, received the attention of the Goryeo Dynasty. In 958, Goryeo "initiated the establishment of the imperial examination" and included Confucian classics as examination subjects. In the later period of Goryeo, Zhu Zi was introduced to Goryeo. The imperial court attached great importance to Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and cultivated many talents. Among them, the most famous scholars include Li Yi, Zheng Daozhuan and others. Li Zhu was a famous scholar and politician in the late Goryeo Dynasty. He wrote 55 volumes of "Mu Yin Ji". Zheng Dochuan was a famous scholar and politician from the late Goryeo Dynasty to the early Li Dynasty. He wrote 14 volumes of "Sambong Collection".
The literature of the Goryeo period inherited the literary tradition of the Silla period, with new developments in content and form. Chinese poetry and Chinese literature dominated the literature of the Goryeo Dynasty. The representative figure among the early Goryeo Chinese poetry writers is Zheng Zhichang, whose representative works include "Poetry on the Datong River" and "Poetry on the West Capital". Chinese poetry further developed in the late Goryeo Dynasty, and the representative author was Li Gu, who wrote "Acorn and Chestnut Poems" and so on. The representative figures of Chinese literature in the Goryeo Dynasty were Yi Kyubo, Yi Qixian, etc. The representative works of Li Kuibo include "Collection of Li Xiangguo of the Eastern Kingdom", and the representative works of Li Qixian include "Izhai Chao Manu". During the Goryeo Dynasty, the people created many poems in their labor. Representative works include "Farewell to Qingshan", "Farewell to Xijing", "Gaxili", "Dongdong", etc.
Historical research on the Goryeo Dynasty has also achieved fruitful results. In the 12th century, Jin Boushi compiled "Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms" and in the 13th century, Seng Yiran compiled "History of the Three Kingdoms". The famous writer Yi Chengxiu compiled "Emperor's Rhymes" describing China and the Goryeo Dynasty, as well as previous dynasties and emperors. From the 13th to the 14th century, the actual records of the kings of Goryeo were compiled. This is the "History of Goryeo".
Science and technology developed significantly during the Goryeo Dynasty. According to relevant documents, Goryeo had invented metal movable type in the first half of the 13th century, and the first book printed with metal movable type was "Songjingliwen".
4. The Joseon Dynasty
1) The establishment of the Joseon Dynasty
North Korea The founder of the dynasty was Li Chenggui, who served as the commander-in-chief of the right army of Goryeo's troops attacking Liao Dynasty. In the spring of 1388, the relationship between Goryeo and the Ming Dynasty became tense surrounding the issue of Tielingwei. After debate, the Goryeo Dynasty organized nearly 40,000 troops to attack the Liao Dynasty based on the opinions of its servant Cui Ying. The general commander was Cui Ying, the commander-in-chief of the left army was Cao Minxiu, and the commander-in-chief of the right army was Li Chenggui. In May, the troops attacking the Liao Dynasty arrived at the Yalu River. Li Chenggui believed that this was a risk and might delay major events, so he proposed to return to the army on the grounds that "there was a large river in front of him and it was swollen due to rain", but Cui Ying refused. Li Chenggui forced Cao Minxiu to change his mind and return decisively from Waihua Island. After Li Chenggui returned to Kaicheng, he purged Cui Ying and others, expelled King You, and established his youngest son as King Chang. Later, on the pretext that King Chang was not a king, he expelled King Chang and established his distant relative as King Gongrang. These kings were nothing more than puppets, and the real power was entirely in the hands of Li Chenggui and his faction. After Li Chenggui came to power, the Goryeo Dynasty existed in name only. In 1392, Li Chenggui established a new dynasty and announced the country's name as Joseon the following year. The most prosperous period in the history of the Joseon Dynasty was the 15th century. During this period, people's lives were relatively stable and the economy and culture developed rapidly. The feudal ruling class called it the "Peaceful Age".
2) Culture during the Joseon Dynasty
(1) The creation of "Hunminjeongeum"
In the 15th century, Korea created the national script, "Hunminjeongeum". This is an event of great significance in the history of the Korean nation.
Before the creation of "Hunminjeongeum", the Korean people had always used Chinese characters. However, because Chinese characters are pictographic and ideographic characters, they are difficult to master and even more difficult to express Korean. During the Three Kingdoms period, Liduwen was created, but it was also difficult to understand, was not suitable for the phonetic system and grammatical structure of Korean, and could not accurately mark Korean. Therefore, the broad masses of the people are eager to have a language that is easy to learn for the people. On the other hand, the feudal ruling class also deeply feels the need to create a language that is easy for the people to learn in order to facilitate the implementation of its ruling policies among the people. These urgent social needs promoted the emergence of "Hunmin Zhengyin".
In order to create a national script, King Sejong set up a Zhengyin Hall in the palace and conducted in-depth research for many years with outstanding scholars such as Seong Sam-wen, Zheng Linzhi, Shen Shuzhou, Cui Heng, Park Pengnian, and Jiang Xiyan. Using the phonology of Korean and some foreign scripts, a national script consisting of 28 letters, namely "Hunminjeongeum", was finally created in January 1444.
"Hunminjeongeum" is a phonetic script composed of 17 consonants and 11 vowels. It is not only easy to understand, but also very expressive. The creation of "Hunminjeongeum" played a very important role in the development of Korean national culture.
(2) Science and technology
In the early years of the Joseon Dynasty, science and technology had developed considerably. There have been many inventions and creations in the field. First of all, it is worth mentioning the agricultural manual "Nongshi Zhishuo" written in 1430. The book summarizes agricultural technology experience in detail and provides many farming and cultivation methods.
At the same time, astronomy and meteorology, which are closely related to agriculture, have also developed greatly. The best example is the rain gauge made in 1442, which was more than 200 years earlier than similar instruments invented in the West. .
With the advancement of astronomical knowledge, calendar research has also greatly improved. The internal and external chapters of "Seven Political Accounts" compiled by Li Chunzhi and others are relatively complete almanacs.
In terms of medicine, the "Xiangyaojijifang" was published in 1433, the medical encyclopedia "Medical Prescriptions" was published in 1445, and the landmark medical skill "Donguibojian" was published in 1610 .
(3) Literature
The literature of the 15th to 16th centuries inherited the achievements of the previous period and further enriched it. It has defined its ideological content and artistic form and laid a solid foundation for the future development of practical school literature and progressive literature. In particular, due to the creation of "Hunminjeongeum", the past tendency to be limited to the form of seasonal tunes gradually disappeared, and a new form - "gee" began to appear. The literature of this period is characterized by the creation of a large number of literary works of barnyard theory. Zheng Che's lyrics and Hwang Jin-i's rhythm had a huge impact on the development of poetry and literature after the 17th century.
The main characteristics of literature after the 17th to 19th centuries are the rise and development of progressive literature that reflects the collapse of the feudal system, the occurrence and development of new modern factors, and the people's opposition to the feudal system. Among the progressive literature of this period, the literature of the Practical School represented by Park Ji-won, Jeong Yak-yong and others occupied an important position. Park Ji-won's "Yangban Zhuan", "Heo Sheng Zhuan", "Tiger's Cry", etc. are all masterpieces in the history of Korean literature.
(4) History
Historians studied the history of previous generations and compiled the history book "History of Goryeo" ", "Goryeo History", "Dongguk Tongjian", etc. The rulers of the Li Dynasty also compiled the "Records of the Li Dynasty" according to the practice of later generations of kings compiling the actual records of the previous kings. It records the actual records of the 26 generations of the Joseon Dynasty, with 888 volumes in 1893. It is a precious document for studying the history of the Joseon Dynasty.
(5) Fine Arts
The paintings of the early Joseon Dynasty were based on the inheritance of the excellent traditions of the previous generation. There are new developments. Representative works include An Jian's "Sleepwalking in Peach Land" and Jiang Xiyan's "Landscape and Figures". The paintings are characterized by depictions of majestic nature and resolute and romantic characters.
By the 16th century, Li Yan's "Pictures of Flowers, Birds, Cats and Dogs" and the female painter Shin Saimdang's "Eggplant", "Teal", "Grapes", etc. were all lyrical and A work with a strong local flavor.
Paintings from the 17th to 19th centuries abandoned the antique and formulaic painting styles and created a new style of realism. For example, Jin Mingguo's "Hell Picture" and "Chess Fighting Picture", Zheng Shan's "Comprehensive Picture of Mount Kumgang", "Ten Thousand Waterfall Cave", etc. In particular, Kim Hong-do's "Blacksmith Picture" and "Wrestling Picture" truly and powerfully depict the people's yearning, simple and optimistic life, and beautiful natural scenery.
(6) Education
There were two forms of early education, one was official school and the other was private school. Official schools are schools founded by the state, which use official fees to train the backbone of the country's governance. In the official school system, there is Sungkyunkwan in the center, which is the highest school; Seoul has four schools: middle school, Dongxue, Xixue and Nanxue. Each province and town has a rural school as a local educational institution. The curriculum of these schools is mainly Confucianism. "Elementary School" is the basic curriculum, and there are also "filial piety", "Mingxin Baojian", "Three Cardinal Guidelines" and so on. In addition to Confucianism, there are also martial arts, translation studies, yin and yang feng shui, medicine, calligraphy, law, arithmetic, and music studies in the central and some regions.
The founder of the private school was Ji Zai, the surviving minister of Goryeo. After the fall of Goryeo, Ji returned to his hometown, Gyeongsang Province, and founded a bookstore. He devoted himself to educating future generations and became a pioneer in private education. Private schools are increasingly prosperous and have become an important part of North Korean education. Private schools also mainly teach Confucianism.
In order to select talents and appoint officials, the North Korean government implemented the imperial examination system. The imperial examination is divided into liberal arts and martial arts. Liberal arts passed three examinations, the first at the local level and the second and third at the central level. Most of those who passed the exam three times were hired as corresponding civil servants. There are also three examinations for martial arts, and most of those who pass the three examinations are hired as corresponding military attachés.
Chapter 3 Modern History
Section 1: The Struggle against Capitalist Aggression
1. Daewon-gun's "bad government reforms" and the aggression of European and American powers
1) Daewon-gun's "bad government reforms"
Daewon-gun He took power when the feudal system was on the verge of collapse. In 1864, Gaozong, who was only 12 years old, ascended the throne after Zhezong. His father, Heungseon Daewongun, took control of the real power of the country and proposed "bad government reforms" in an attempt to rectify the corruption and chaos of the feudal system, save the country from crisis, and consolidate feudal rule.
He advocated "selecting officials based on talent" and "four colors of equality", and implemented the policy of recruiting talents based on merit, breaking the dictatorship of the Andong Kim family.
He changed the military cloth tax that had previously been levied only on civilians into the household cloth tax that was also levied on the two classes.
In order to improve the dignity of the royal family, he ordered the reconstruction of Gyeongbokgung Palace regardless of financial constraints, and completed the project two years later.
Da Yuanjun also resolutely closed the academy. There were hundreds of academies at that time. These academies not only eroded the country's economic foundation, but also became a serious political problem. It had become a nest for creating public opinion and inciting factional struggles. Except for the 47 scattered academies preserved by Da Yuanjun, all others have been closed.
Daewuanjun vigorously promoted measures to strengthen national defense, such as abolishing the Border Preparation Department, restoring the Three Military Offices, and strengthening border defenses on the west and south coasts and the north.
In Daewonjun’s view, only by preventing capitalist aggression and permanently isolating North Korea from capitalist countries can it maintain its rule. Therefore, he strengthened his policy of seclusion, which he called "national ban" at the time. The policies pursued by Daewongun were aimed at consolidating the feudal dynasty. He did not understand the development trend of world history. Therefore, his policies could not reflect North Korea's requirements for developing capitalism and could only be a reform of a feudal nature. Despite this, his reforms played a certain role in adjusting the feudal system, consolidating national defense, and resisting foreign aggression. Some policies objectively promoted the disintegration of the feudal system.
2) Invasion by European and American powers
The Joseon Dynasty closed its door tightly to all interactions with European and American countries Even contact with Japan was considered dangerous, as Japan had established diplomatic relations with the Western powers and was only allowed to interact with China. The Western European powers felt that it was impossible to establish commercial relations through peaceful negotiations with North Korea under the rule of Daewongun, the architect of the seclusion policy. So they tried to force North Korea to trade with them through the threat of force, which caused two major "foreign disturbances", that is, military conflicts with Western countries. The first time was "Bingyin (1866) foreign interference", and the second time was "Xinwei (1871) foreign interference".
The anti-aggression struggle in the 1860s and 1870s kicked off the Korean people’s modern national liberation struggle.
2. The signing of the "Ganghwa Island Treaty"
1) Daewon-gun's resignation and the "Unyang Incident"
Daewon-gun brought down the Andong Kim family as soon as he came to power The power of politics, but failed to pay attention to the rise of the party's power after Concubine Min. In October 1873, Concubine Min seized the opportunity and forced Da Yuanjun to give up the regency, thus ending his monopoly on power. With the departure of the most stubborn defender of the "national ban", North Korea's policy of seclusion and self-restraint was inevitably abandoned.
After Concubine Min came to power, she criticized Daewonjun for his tough policy towards Japan. They plan to introduce Japanese forces on the one hand to improve relations between North Korea and Japan, and at the same time introduce European and American forces to contain Japanese aggression.
In August 1874, Zhao Ningxia secretly wrote to Moriyama at the Japanese Embassy, ??stating that once the political situation in North Korea changed, North Korea would work hard to improve relations with Japan.
The Japanese government was aware of the changes in North Korea and seized the opportunity to impose a trade treaty on North Korea aimed at advancing Japan's aggressive plan. For this purpose, Japan created a military conflict with North Korea in 1875, the so-called "Yunyang Incident".
2) The signing of the "Ganghwa Island Treaty"
Japan used this incident as an excuse to delegate the Kuroda Kiyotaka was the plenipotentiary ambassador and Inoue Kaoru was the deputy ambassador, leading 7 ships and 1,000 marines to North Korea.
After Kuroda landed at Cape Kakusu on the east coast of Ganghwa Island, he asked North Korea to negotiate a treaty. The Japanese negotiators were unreasonable and resorted to threats. At the negotiating table, they held North Korea accountable for "insulting the national flag." At the same time, they fired naval guns indiscriminately to show their tyranny. Faced with the threat from Japan and the instigation of Park Gyu-soo and other forces advocating trade, the North Korean government finally concluded the "Articles of Amendment between Korea and Japan" with Japan in 1876, the "Treaty of Ganghwa Island."
Japan claims that the treaty contains recognition of North Korea's sovereignty, which proves that Japan has no aggressive intentions. However, the real purpose of this treaty was exactly the opposite. The treaty vetoed China's request to exercise suzerainty over Korea, excluded China's interference, and cleared the way for Japanese aggression. Moreover, this treaty was an unequal treaty, opening ports only to Japanese merchants but not to Korean merchants. The location for the opening of the port was forcibly selected based on Japan's political and economic needs. The demarcation of concessions in the open city was exclusively managed by Japanese officials, and North Korean officials were not allowed to interfere. Clearly, this is a "state within a state." Consular jurisdiction does not apply to the parties. In short, the "Ganghwa Island Treaty" is the first unequal treaty concluded between the North Korean government and a foreign capitalist country. Since then, North Korea has gradually become a semi-colonial country.
Section 2 Jiashen Coup
1． Kaihua Thought and Kaihua School’s Reform Activities
Kaihua Thought based on practical learning thought was founded in the early 1870s before the opening of Hong Kong. Jeong Yak-yong, the master of practical learning, and the practical scholars of the Northern School had a great influence on the formation of enlightened thought. However, enlightened thinking and practical thinking are fundamentally different. Pragmatic thought is a reform thought within the feudal framework, while enlightened thought is a reform thought in the modern category.
The founders of enlightened thought were Wu Qingxi and Liu Hongji who were born in China. The Enlightenment School accepted the influence of Wei Yuan, a pioneer of reform thought in early modern China, and advocated enlightenment reform.
Pu Jishou, the direct grandson of Park Ji-won, had a deep cultivation of practical learning thoughts, and naturally played an intermediary role in the formation of Kaikai thoughts and the Kaihua school based on practical learning thoughts.
Jin Yu, who was born in both groups, inherited the ideas of civilization and reform from the former; they accepted the theory of independent founding of the country from the latter. After that, he further sublimated his enlightened thoughts in his activities against the "theory of defending righteousness and rejecting evil" that maintained the feudal ruling order, forming the modern enlightenment?