Jiangxi province, referred to as Jiangxi. In 733 AD, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty set up a west road in the south of the Yangtze River, which was designated as a province, called Ganjiang for short. "From the north to the south of the Yangtze River, Jiangdong is on the left and Jiangxi is on the right." Don't call Jiang you. Since ancient times, Jiangxi has been rich in humanities and products, and has the reputation of "the country of righteousness, the country of white cranes and the abundance of rice".
Jiangxi Province is located in the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the southeast of China, bordering Zhejiang and Fujian in the east, Guangdong in the south, Hunan in the west and Hubei and Anhui in the north. Jiangxi is the hinterland of the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Minnan Delta, and the straight-line distance from Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Nanjing, Wuhan, Changsha, Hefei and other major towns and ports is mostly within 600 to 700 kilometers. In ancient times, Jiangxi was called "Wu Tou Chu Wei, Guangdong Humin Pavilion", which was a "victory zone".
Nanchang City, Ganzhou City, Shangrao City, Xinyu City, Jingdezhen City, Pingxiang City, Ji 'an City, Yingtan City, Yichun City, Fuzhou City and Jiujiang City are 1 1 districts and 99 counties (cities, districts). Nanchang is the largest city in Jiangxi Province. By 2006, the population of the whole province was 43.39 million, and the population density was 257 people/km? , higher than the national average, lower than neighboring provinces, the birth rate is 13.80‰, the mortality rate is 6.0 1‰, the urban population ratio is 36.68%, lower than the national average, and the male-female ratio is 105. 13 (female =/kloc-) Han nationality accounts for 99.7% and She nationality accounts for 0.2%. The total land area is166,900 square kilometers, accounting for 1.74% of the total land area in China, ranking first in all provinces and cities in East China. The northern part of the territory is relatively flat, surrounded by Mufu Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain, Huaiyushan Mountain, Jiulian Mountain and Jiuling Mountain on the east, west and south, with rolling hills in the middle, becoming a huge basin inclined to Poyang Lake and open to the north as a whole. There are more than 2,400 rivers in the whole territory, among which Ganjiang, Fushui, Xinjiang, Xiushui and Pujiang are the five major rivers in Jiangxi. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and the largest migratory bird habitat in the world. The province is close to the Tropic of Cancer, with a warm climate and abundant rainfall, with an average annual precipitation of 134 1 mm to1940mm. The frost-free period is long, belonging to subtropical humid climate, which is very beneficial to crop growth. The province has a good ecological environment, with a forest coverage rate of 59.7%, ranking first in the country. Rich in mineral resources, copper, tungsten, uranium, tantalum, rare earth, gold and silver are known as the "seven golden flowers" in Jiangxi.
In the long history of Chinese civilization, there are many talents in Jiangxi. Xu Zhi, Tao Yuanming, Qi, Lai Hu, Lin, Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, Yan Shu, Yan, Huang Tingjian, Jiang Kui, Yang Wanli, Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan, Jing Tang, Shi Xiaoyou, Wen Tianxiang, Yu Ji, Xie Lisi and Jie Jin.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical origin
Textual research on unearthed cultural relics shows that the development history of Jiangxi can be traced back to 1 10,000 years ago. Jiangxi, as a clear administrative regional system, began in the early years of Emperor Gao of Han Dynasty (about 202 BC). At that time, there was a county, which governed Nanchang, and under its jurisdiction were Nanchang, Luling, Pengze, Poyang, Chaisang, Jiangxi, Xingan, Yichun, Ai, Anping, Haiyinghou, Liling and six counties, and the distribution area was Ganjiang and. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty divided the whole country into 13 monitoring areas, called 13 prefectures and counties. At this time, Jiangxi belongs to Yangzhou prefecture.
In the first year of Yuankang in the Western Jin Dynasty (29 1), Jiangzhou was changed, and the main body was the original county of Jiangxi. During the Sui Dynasty, the administrative divisions were adjusted, and the level of the state was the same as that of the county, so there were 7 counties and 24 counties in Jiangxi in the Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it increased to 8 states and 37 counties, namely Hongzhou, Raozhou, Qianzhou, Jizhou, Jiangzhou, Yuanzhou, Fuzhou and Xinzhou. In the first year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong designated 10 surveillance zones throughout the country, which increased to 15 in Xuanzong. Hong, Rao, Qian, Ji, Jiang, Yuan, Fu and Xin are under the monitoring area west of the Yangtze River.
During the Five Dynasties, Jiangxi was under the jurisdiction of the Southern Tang Dynasty (called Wu in the early period of the Southern Tang Dynasty). During this period, new administrative divisions equivalent to lower-level states appeared: 6 states, 4 armies and 55 counties. In the first year of Jiaotai, the Southern Tang Dynasty decided to build Nandu in Hongzhou, so Hongzhou was promoted to Nanchang Prefecture. In the Song Dynasty, it changed to the road above the state, and Jiangxi was located in 9 States, 4 armies and 68 counties, most of which belonged to Jiangnan West Road and some belonged to Jiangnan East Road.
The Yuan Dynasty began to establish a provincial book system (province or province for short) in banks. The provincial jurisdiction of Jiangxi is far greater than that of today's Jiangxi provinces and regions. In addition to the vast majority of today's Jiangxi Province (formerly the northeastern part of Jiangxi Province belonged to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces), it also includes most of today's Guangdong Province. Yuanxing province consists of Lu, Zhili, Zhou (with county-level administrative agencies) and county. Jiangxi Province governs Longxing, Ji 'an, Nankang, Ganzhou, Jianchang, Jiangzhou, Nan 'an, Ruizhou, Yuanzhou, Linjiang, Fuzhou, Raozhou, Xinzhou, etc. 13 highways, 2 Zhili States such as Nanfeng and Qianshan, and 48 counties and 16 county-level states.
Although the Ming Dynasty basically retained the organizational system of provinces and autonomous regions in the Yuan Dynasty, it changed Zhongshu Province to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (traditionally still called the province), changed the road to the government and changed the state to the county. Jiangxi Provincial Administration Bureau governs Nanchang, Ruizhou, Raozhou, Nankang, Jiujiang, Guangxin, Fuzhou, Jianchang, Ji 'an, Yuanzhou, Linjiang, Ganzhou, Nan 'an 13, and governs 78 counties, which is basically the same as that of today's Jiangxi provinces and regions. At that time, the legal inspection department, the inspection department and the inspection department were the highest administrative organs of the inspection department of Jiangxi Province, and the three departments were directly controlled by the central government and dispersed and managed each other.
In the Qing Dynasty, Jiangxi was changed to Jiangxi Province, and the administrative region basically inherited the system of the Ming Dynasty. In addition, three county-level halls, such as Ji 'an Lotus Hall, Nanchang Tonggu Hall and Ganzhou Qiannan Hall, were added, and Ningdu County was promoted to provincial Zhili Prefecture. The Governor became the chief executive of the province, and there are two departments, namely, the department that undertakes propaganda and decision-making bureau, and the department that submits judgments and formulates judges, and is responsible for civil affairs, finance and judicial supervision.
During the Republic of China, the government, prefecture and hall of the Qing Dynasty were all changed to counties. Jiangxi Province governs 8 1 county. Nanchang was formally established when the Northern Expeditionary Army entered Nanchang in 1926. Wuyuan county was transferred from Anhui to Jiangxi in 1934, back to Anhui in 1947, and back to Jiangxi in 1949.
During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, * * * * people in China successively established large revolutionary base areas in Jiangxi. Among them, the famous ones are Jinggangshan revolutionary base areas in western Jiangxi (including Ninggang, Yongxin and Lianhua counties and parts of Ji 'an, Anfu, Suichuan and Lingxian counties in Hunan), Hunan-Jiangxi revolutionary base areas, Northeast Jiangxi revolutionary base areas (including Yiyang, Hengfeng, Guixi, Dexing, yujiang county, Wannian, Shangrao and Qianshan counties, and later developed into Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi revolutionary base areas) and bronze drums. At that time, the central revolutionary base was located in 2 1 county in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian (including Ruijin, Anyuan, Xinfeng, Guangchang, Shicheng, Lichuan, Ningdu, Xingguo, Du Yu, Huichang, Xunwu, etc. 1 county in Jiangxi), and the temporary central government of chinese soviet republic was located in Ruijin, so Ruijin was called the red capital.
[Edit this paragraph] Jiangxi Humanities
Overview:
Jiangxi is known as a country with rules and righteousness, and the essence of Jiangxi culture is here. The core meaning is "text, chapter, section and meaning". It can be said that since ancient times, paying equal attention to literature and meaning is not only one of the judgments on the spirit of Jiangxi culture, but also the life creed and pursuit goal that Jiangxi people follow.
Before the Song Dynasty, the talents produced in Jiangxi were not outstanding. Except for Tao Yuanming, there were almost no other cultural celebrities with weight, but they rose rapidly in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty and completely replaced Henan's position as a cultural center (as far as poets are concerned, in the Tang Dynasty, "everyone in the Tang Dynasty left Zhongzhou", but in the Song Dynasty, it became "everyone in the Song Dynasty left Jiangxi", and in the Tang Dynasty, there were "Du Libai Han" and "San". Besides, the Song Dynasty was the heyday of China culture, and the Song and Ming Dynasties were the second era in the academic and cultural history of China, in which Jiangxi intellectuals were undoubtedly the protagonists. During the Song Dynasty, many cultural masters emerged in Jiangyou, who were all-powerful, formed their own school and led the trend. Yan Shu, Yan Daoji, Ouyang Xiu, Li Gou, Ceng Gong, Wang Anshi, Huang Tingjian, Lu Jiuyuan, Yang Wanli, Jiang Kui, Zhou Bida and Wen Tianxiang. Is the most outstanding representative, this period is undoubtedly the brilliant and brilliant period of Jiangxi humanities. From the Yuan Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, Jiangxi literati inherited the legacy of the Song Dynasty. In the field of orthodox culture, their achievements and status are still second to none, and then they also operate at a relatively high level. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Jiangxi has produced cultural celebrities such as Ma Duanlin, Yu Ji, Xie Si, Liu Shizhong, Wu Cheng, Luo Qinshun, Tang Xianzu, Song, Wang Youding, Wei, Jiang Shiquan, Chen, Wen Shiting, Li Ruiqing, Chen Yinke, Xiao Gongquan, Fu Baoshi and Mei Ruqian. Such a province that achieved the highest achievements in the heyday of Chinese culture should occupy a seat.
Academics and Culture of Jiangxi School;
A cultural school that originated in Jiangxi, directly named after Jiangxi or its ancient names Jiangyou and Zhang Yu;
Jiangxi Xin Xue was founded by Lu Jiuyuan, a philosopher in the Southern Song Dynasty. Because he is from Jiangxi, he is called Jiangxi Mind. It is the first typical subjective idealism philosophy system in the history of China's thought. This philosophical system was later expanded and developed by Wang Shouren and reached its peak. It played an important role in China's academic thought and political thought. Among the seven schools of Wang Men in Ming Dynasty, there are three schools with the greatest influence, namely, Jiang Rightists, Wang Ji School and Taizhou School in Wang Gen. Among them, Jiang Rightists insisted on the basic view of "teachers say and maintain", so they are also called Wang School.
Jiangxi Poetry School was written by Lu Ben-zhong from the first year of Chongning (1 102) to the second year of Chongning. The poems of 25 people, including Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao, were selected into it, and they were called Jiangxi Poetry School because they all originated in Zhang Yu. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Du Fu, Huang Tingjian and Chen were called "three ancestors". In the school of poetry, people oppose Quincy style. They learn from Du Fu, Han Yu and Meng Jiao in the Tang Dynasty, emphasizing imitation, advocating the spirit of artisans, and paying attention to thinking, but demanding that every word has no source, and advocating the methods of "turning the stone into gold" and "reinventing itself". By the end of Qing Dynasty, Tongguang was divided into three major factions, and Jiangxi School was one of them, with Chen as the leader and Han Yu and Huang Tingjian as the students. Jiangxi School was directly inherited in Song Dynasty, and its successors were Xia Jingguan, Hua Zhuo, Hu, Wang Jue, Wang Yi and Wang Hao. , or in and out of Yao Chen and Chen Shidao.
Jiangxi Ci School of Feng Yansi in the Southern Tang Dynasty, Yan Shu in the Early Song Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu in the Five Dynasties broke the romantic and soft style of Ci represented by Huajian School from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Five Dynasties, and endowed Ci with deeper ideological connotation and more sincere emotional sustenance. The introduction of poetic metaphors in art and the absorption of nutrients from folk songs have played a pioneering role in the future prosperity of Song Ci, thus forming an important school connecting the past with the future in the field of Ci, which is the Jiangxi Ci School in the Northern Song Dynasty with Er Yan and Yi Ou as the backbone. At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, there was another school of Jiangxi Ci headed by Liu Chenweng. Li Yi wrote a quatrain: Send a message to Liu for complaining about spring, and sing it to Hu Qiu instead of reading LAM Raymond.
The Jiangyou Poetry School in Jiangxi in the early Ming Dynasty, represented by Liu Song (a native of Taihe, Jiangxi), flaunted Tang Yin. In fact, it was Fan, Xie Si and others who had the deepest influence on Tang Yin. Later, Taige style was a direct product of Jiangxi School. Liu Song was "inspired by the pure and elegant voice, and later, Yang Shiqi and others became heirs and became a broad-minded person," according to the Summary of Sikuquanshu. As the pioneer of Taige style, Yang Shiqi was a cabinet minister in the Four Dynasties and a prime minister during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Jiangxi's simple and natural poetic style is suitable for works that praise saints and peace. Therefore, Qian said: "Jiangxi faction, from the middle road down to Dongli, towards Taige, its flow in the world is humble and slow."
Zhang Yu society: "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Central Plains was disturbed by clouds, but the literary society south of the Yangtze River was extremely prosperous. The most important author is Ai Nanying, who advocated Zhang Yu society and developed Gui Youguang's theory, which enabled it to develop smoothly "(see Summary of Sikuquanshu). They opposed the "Seven Scholars" and praised Gui Youguang, the "Tang and Song School". There are four masters in society: Chen, Ai, Zhang and Luo. They also devoted themselves to writing eight-part essays and competed with Lou Dongpai of Zhonghe Zhou Taicang Zhang Pu in Jintan, Jiangsu Province for the leading position in the domestic judicial paradigm.
Jiangxi Painting School is called "Jiangxi School" for short, also known as "Xijiang School". One of Chinese painting schools. Represented by Luo Mu, a painter in the early Qing Dynasty. Luo Mu is a native of Ningdu (now Jiangxi) and lives in Nanchang (now Jiangxi). His landscape painting was first studied by Wei Shicheng and later by Huang. His brushwork is ethereal and he has learned a lot in Jianghuai area.
Gan opera
Gan Opera is a multi-voice opera in Jiangxi Province, with high-pitched, random-playing and Kunqu operas. It has two schools, commonly known as Raohe Class and Xinhe Class, which merged in 1950, then entered Nanchang, the provincial capital, and formally established Jiangxi Jiangxi Opera Troupe in 1953. Changed its name to Gan Opera. Gan Opera originated from Yiyang Opera in Ming Dynasty.
The accents of Jiangxi opera include [Gao Qiang], [Fan Er], [Xipi], [Wennan Ci], [Qiang Qin], [Laobozi], [Zhejiang Tune], [Pujiang Tune], [Kunqu Opera] and [Bangzi].
After liberation, the repertoires of Yiyang dialect include Pearl, Weichi Gong, Zhang San Borrowing Boots and Sending Clothes to Cry for the City. Qingyang Opera "Double Yue Bai" and "Let a Hundred Flowers Blossom Sword"; Tan Qiang Opera, Butterfly Lovers, Women's Celebration, Legend of the White Snake, Playing the Mad, Cursing the Temple, Meng Jiangnv, etc. Kunqu Opera "Wukong Borrows a Fan" and "Xiang Liang Stabs the Beam". Yiyang dialect also includes The Journey to the West adapted from Historical Records and Shen Huan Ji adapted from Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu. Qingyang Opera has been adapted from the first and second episodes of The West Chamber. His modern plays include Mu Qun, Red Propaganist, Raiders of the Border, Stealing Seeds, Iron Shoulder and Red Heart, and Monument to War. Among them, "Returning the Pearl" and "Returning the Soul" were made into stage art films; Celebrating by a Girl was made into a cartoon. The Romance of the West Chamber is adapted by Shi Linghe, Dong Jieyuan and Wang Shifu, and is called "Ten Fragrances". ?
The oral dialogue of the play is mainly based on Zhongzhou rhyme. Performing arts can be divided into three categories: old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students, old students.
Famous actors in Gan Opera include Yan Youyuan, Yang Guixian, Zhuo, Tong, Xiao Guixiang, Chen, Zhu Yuexian, Duan Rili and Wan.
Attachment: Yiyang Opera, the first of the four southern operas: Yiyang Opera is a bright pearl in the history of China opera. Yiyang Opera was born in Yiyang, Jiangxi. As soon as Yiyang Opera was born, it quickly penetrated into the stage of China opera with its unprecedented artistic charm, leaving an indelible mark on the stage of China opera, playing the highest melody in the history of China opera, creating a new form of China opera and opening a new chapter in the history of China opera. Yiyang Opera's free performance style and high-pitched melody are condensed from the harsh social reality. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, since the Yuan Dynasty entered the Ming Dynasty, Yiyang and its surrounding areas have almost been in war and famine. In the twenty-four years of Hongwu, the number of households in Yiyang was19,718, and the population was 5 1 653. In the sixth year of Qing Shunzhi, the population of Yiyang County was only 1 1 80 1, which dropped by four fifths. It is the serious survival crisis that forged Yiyang cavity into a "high cavity". Yiyang dialect is the expression of Yiyang people's tenacious vitality. Yiyang people "strive for self-improvement, cherish benevolence and righteousness", are honest and frank, and advocate religion. Yiyang dialect casts the character of Yiyang people. Through the aesthetic activities of traditional Chinese opera, I got the artistic enjoyment of self-release, self-decompression and self-intoxication, and finally got the spiritual liberation and the affirmation of self-value. In the Ming Dynasty, the population of Yiyang decreased sharply. "Those who are left behind will die and move, and they will live in the world without leaving the land." Therefore, there should be a deeper understanding and explanation of the "Yiyang tune" during Jiajing period.
Porcelain culture
Jingdezhen is famous for its rich porcelain and porcelain capital.
"Xinping smelting pottery began in Han Dynasty". Jingdezhen has been making porcelain since the Han Dynasty. According to the literature, Jingdezhen has been making porcelain for nearly 1700 years. In this long history of porcelain making, the essence of famous kilns and porcelain making techniques from all over the world has been brought together, forming a unique Jingdezhen porcelain, which is famous for its wide variety, rich decorative patterns, beautiful shape and excellent production.
Jingdezhen was called Xinping Town in ancient times, and it was renamed Changnan Town in the first year of Tang Tianbao. Jingdezhen is one of the first 24 famous historical and cultural cities in the State Council. Since the Song Dynasty, after thousands of years of wind and rain, the production and sales of porcelain are still enduring. Jingdezhen porcelain is a product with a long history of 1700 years and a strong ceramic culture atmosphere. The world knows China because of porcelain. In English, China stands for China, which is also the name of porcelain. Jingdezhen is also famous for its porcelain. In 1004, the first year of Song Jingde, Song Zhenzong ordered the words "Jingdezhen Year System" to be written at the bottom of the imperial porcelain. According to songji (vol. 190? In the twelfth year, it was recorded that "Jiangdong Road in Jingdezhen, Fuliang County and Raozhou (Song Dynasty) were set in the first year of Jingdezhen." It is clearly recorded that Jingdezhen was set in the first year of Jingdezhen, namely 1004.
Jingdezhen porcelain has been the imperial porcelain of the royal court since the Song Dynasty. After the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen further established the "Fuliang Porcelain Bureau" to supervise the production of imperial porcelain for the imperial court and to burn egg white glazed porcelain with the inscription "Shu Fu" for the Privy Council, a government agency. Jingdezhen made a new breakthrough in porcelain-making technology in Yuan Dynasty, which occupied an extremely important position in the history of China ceramics. First of all, the progress of raw materials for tire manufacturing. By adopting the "binary formula" method of porcelain stone and kaolin, the firing temperature is increased and the deformation of the vessel is reduced, so that large vessels with great momentum can be fired. It is fired in reducing flame, which fully shows the characteristics of Jingdezhen porcelain and makes the combination of Chinese painting skills and porcelain making technology more mature. With the appearance of underglaze colored porcelain with strong China style, Jingdezhen's porcelain-making technology has developed to a new stage. The successful firing of colored glazed porcelain such as egg white glaze, red glaze and blue glaze at high temperature indicates that Jingdezhen mastered all kinds of colorants skillfully, thus ending the situation that the glaze color of porcelain was mainly jade-like before Yuan Dynasty. The porcelains produced in Jingdezhen in Ming Dynasty are large in quantity, variety, good in quality and widely sold. Song Yingxing's Tiangong describes the output of Jingdezhen porcelain at that time, saying, "Several counties were merged and lost to Rao Jun County, Jiangxi Province. Four generations of China people, Ruofu, are famous hunters, all of which are produced in Jingdezhen, Fuliang County, Rao Jun County. " After the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court set up a royal kiln factory in Jingdezhen, and the porcelain burned was exclusively used by the imperial court. Porcelain production was divided into official kilns and private kilns, which formed a prosperous situation of "competition between officials and people" at that time. At this time, the production place of Jingdezhen porcelain is a majestic small town in the south of the Yangtze River, where "kilns gather in the world, thousands of mountains vibrate, sparks blow up the sky, and you can't sleep at night". Jingdezhen became a world-famous porcelain capital during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. At that time, Jingdezhen was in the position of China porcelain industry center. It is not only responsible for the production of all the palace vessels and all the official kiln porcelain rewarded and exchanged by the Ming government at home and abroad, but also meets the needs of the domestic and foreign markets.
The pottery-making facilities in Jingdezhen in the Qing Dynasty generally followed the legacy of the Ming Dynasty. Porcelain production is divided into official kilns and private kilns, and a pottery supervisor has been set up to supervise porcelain production. During the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, Jingdezhen porcelain production advanced by leaps and bounds, reaching the peak of history. Porcelain-making technology has become more complex and exquisite, and its varieties are particularly rich and colorful. Colored glaze is "crystal clear and pure" at high temperature, and its enamel color and pastel color are exquisite and elegant. The blue and white, tricolor and multicolor styles in Kangxi period are unique, the ink painting in Yongzheng period is simple and elegant, and the blue and white exquisite antique porcelain carving in Qianlong period is ingenious.
Jingdezhen porcelain has made great progress and improvement in modern times, and has been innovated and developed on the basis of comprehensively inheriting historical and traditional characteristics in modern times. Nowadays, porcelain has become one of the most recognizable landscapes in Jiangxi in China and even in the world. The porcelain culture formed since the Millennium can be described as a delicate and gorgeous chapter in Jiangxi culture.
Jiangxi gourmet
As a wonderful flower in China's food culture, Gancai has accumulated food culture for thousands of years. Zhang Yu in the Later Han Dynasty called Jiangxi "a good vegetable and polished rice, good at all directions". At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Bo attended a banquet in Wang Teng. He excitedly praised Jiangxi for its "rich products and outstanding people". In Ming Dynasty, Yuan Mei recorded the famous Jiangxi dish "Steamed Pork with Powder" in Suiyuan Food List. Today's Jiangxi cuisine is a "hometown cuisine" with strong local flavor, which is developed on the basis of inheriting the "literati cuisine" of previous dynasties.
Nuo culture
Nuo culture is an ancient primitive culture and an important part of China traditional culture. The ancient ancestors' desire for survival and reproduction in the conquest of nature needed the help of religion (natural religion) to surpass themselves. The descendants of the dragon created a splendid witchcraft culture with great romanticism. "promise" means that people avoid their difficulties and means "scare away the ghost of the epidemic." Witchcraft activities meet the psychological requirements of the majority of believers for life consciousness. For a long time, the inheritance and spread of witchcraft has been integrated into customs. Even in modern times, it still exists among the people in the form of traditional culture.
The witchcraft Nuo activities in Jiangxi can be traced back to the Yin and Shang Dynasties. After three thousand years' development, Jiangxi Nuo culture has formed distinctive features of rich historical accumulation, primitive form, numerous cultural remains and complete cultural system. The exorcism activities in Jiangxi are widely distributed, and many of them have been preserved and influenced to this day. According to the investigation of 1995, there are 25 counties (cities) in the province with 247 kinds of Nuo dances and Nuo operas. Jiangxi Nuo is regarded as the "living fossil" of ancient culture by academic circles, which has attracted much attention. He has been invited to perform and communicate in French, Japanese, Korean, Singaporean and Hongkong and Taiwan Province provinces for many times, which has had a certain influence.
Jiang's help to enterprises
Jiangyou Commercial Group, one of the top ten commercial groups, was famous for attaching importance to Judd in its heyday.
After the Song Dynasty, Jiangxi became an advanced economic and cultural area in China because of its unique advantages and outstanding people. Throughout the ages, Jiangxi has continued to maintain this economic advantage. In the Ming Dynasty, the population of Jiangxi was second only to that of Zhejiang, and ranked second among the thirteen chief secretaries in China. Because of its rich real estate, it is rich in grain, tea, ceramics, paper, cloth and wood ... From the reign of Hongzhi in Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty to Wanli in Ming Shenzong, the tax paid by grain has always ranked first in the country.
The rise of Jiangyou merchants in Ming Dynasty was a shrewd Jiangxi man. On the basis of favorable economy, they took advantage of the favorable geographical and economic environment and benefited from the maritime ban policy of the Ming Dynasty at that time. In the Ming Dynasty, the refugee movement in Jiangxi was essentially an economic expansion, which enabled Jiangyou merchants to develop at that time, which led to the saying that "there would be no market without Jiangxi people".
The rise of Jiangyou merchants made great contributions to the economic development of Jiangxi, and the prosperity of trade created the glory of Jiangxi at that time: Jingdezhen, the "porcelain capital", was famous in Wan Li; Cinnamomum camphora has no medicine, but it has become a "medicine capital". Jiujiang, located on the bank of the Yangtze River, became an influential commercial port at that time. At that time, in Jiangsu, there was a saying in the market that "if we don't see Jiangxi grain ships for three days, the market will be short of grain." So that Jiujiang later attracted the envy of foreign powers; Commercial prosperity has promoted the rapid development of various industries in Jiangxi. Jiangxi, known as the "granary in the south of the Yangtze River", is really prosperous.
Ganpai architecture
The architectural culture of Jiangxi School, represented by ancient villages in Jiangxi, such as Liukeng in Le 'an and Luotian in Anyi, is characterized by simple layout, simplicity and elegance, and is a residential building of Jiangxi School with strong local characteristics. From the appearance, they are mostly rectangular planes, surrounded by empty and semi-brick walls. All the blue bricks and gray tiles, a high horse head wall and a half-covered and half-exposed double-layer roof are hidden behind the overlapping horse head walls. Horsehead wall has various shapes. Looking up at the sky, it can prevent fire and wind. Internally, its pattern is mostly two in and three out, one hall, three wide rooms, one bright hall and the second ministerial room, which is symmetrical. The wooden structure passes through the bucket beam frame. According to the different purposes of use, the front eaves are often made into various pavilions with beautiful and changeable shapes. The bedroom building is one and a half stories high, with the lower floor for living and the upper floor for storing things. The hall is not layered, it looks tall and spacious, and its momentum is extremely magnificent. Paving evergreen bricks in horizontal staggered joints on indoor ground. The shrine is located above the side doors on both sides of the treasure wall of the main hall. There is a narrow courtyard in front of the hall, which is not only used for lighting and ventilation, but also takes the meaning of four waters returning to the hall, invisibly connecting people with the sky, reflecting the situation of "harmony between man and nature".
Interior decoration mainly includes wood carving (carving), brick carving (carving), stone carving (carving), color painting and ink painting. Its distinctive style, exquisite craftsmanship, rich patterns and profound connotations reflect Jiangxi people's yearning for a better life, respect for "the unity of man and nature" and respect for ethics. The former residence of the "Master of Neo-Confucianism" and the red stone lion in Yuan and Ming Dynasties in front of the site of the Grand Ancestral Hall, and the Paintings of Ming Dynasty on the six caissons in the museum are rare works of art.. The brick mural of "Que (Jue) Deer (Lu) Bee (Feng) Monkey (Hou)" on the zhaobi of Huaide Hall in Ming Dynasty and the mosaic sculpture of "Kirin Looking at the Sun" on the zhaobi of Yongxiang Hall are rich in themes and exquisite in skills, which are unique in China and can be called the quintessence of China.
Mountain village environment, unique and unique village layout, elegant and ancient architectural community, perfect and practical drainage system, exquisite architectural decoration, unique emotional plaque couplets, fascinating family relics, rich family relics, simple and innocent folk customs and colorful local culture all constitute an environmental space with a high degree of harmony between man and nature and a harmonious combination of natural beauty and artistic beauty.
It can be said that the architecture of Gan School is not only a magnificent chapter in the ancient architectural culture of China, but also an important representative of the culture of Gan School in Zhang Yu.
Academy culture
Ancient academies once occupied an important position in the history of education development in China. Jiangxi is known as the "hometown of humanities", and the construction of academies started early, with a large number and great influence.
The name of the academy began in the Tang Dynasty. Tang Xuanzong founded Li Zheng Academy and Jixian Academy in Chang 'an, published school journals and collected classics. Academies engaged in teaching activities began in the middle Tang Dynasty, from Zhenyuan (785-804) in Tang Dezong to Yuanhe (806-820) in Tang Xianzong. Jiangxi Guiyan Academy was founded in this period. Guiyan Academy is located in Gaoan County, Hongzhou, Tang Dynasty, and Guiyan in Hongcheng, 60 miles north of the county seat, which is now Hualin Township, Gaoan County, Jiangxi Province. The founder of Guiyin Academy is Gao 'an Renrong. Fortunately, Nan Rong was a scholar in the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793) and served as an official to provide drinks to imperial academy. In August14, he retired in his later years and founded Guiyan Academy, which was an "open education". This is the earliest academy in the history of Jiangxi Academy, and it is also one of the earliest academies in China where students gather to give lectures. Besides Guiyan Academy, other academies built in the Tang Dynasty in Jiangxi include Huangliao Academy, Huxi Academy, Libo Academy, Dongjia Academy and Jingxing Academy.
Since then, Jiangxi Academy has been added. According to the statistics of Tongzhi Academy in Jiangxi published by Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, there are 368 academies in Jiangxi, including 5 in Tang Dynasty, 2 in Southern Tang Dynasty, 13 1 in Song Dynasty, 36 in Yuan Dynasty, 166 in Ming Dynasty and 28 in Qing Dynasty. According to the Records of Jiangxi Tongzhi Academy in Guangxu of Qing Dynasty, there are 526 academies in Jiangxi. According to other historical records, local chronicles, notes and inscriptions, some scholars believe that there are more than 1,000 ancient academies in Jiangxi.
Gan dialect
Gan dialect, also known as Gan dialect, was called Lisu in ancient times. It belongs to Sino-Tibetan Chinese, and is mainly used in most areas of Jiangxi, eastern Hunan and southwestern Anhui. The number of users is about 5.65438+0.48 million, which is one of the seven major dialect areas in Chinese.
More than 60 counties and cities in Jiangxi Province speak Gan dialect.
Including Nanchang, Jingdezhen (urban area), Pingxiang, Yichun, Fuzhou and Jinggangshan: Nanchang, Xinjian, Anyi, Jing 'an, Fengxin, Gao 'an, Yifeng, Tonggu (some people think Hakka is popular), Shanggao, Wanzai, Fenyi, Xinyu, Qingjiang, Fengcheng, Jinxian, Dongxiang and Linchuan. Most counties and cities in Shangrao and Jiujiang: Poyang, Yugan, Wannian, yingtan, Guixi, yujiang county, Yiyang, Hengfeng, Lead Mountain, Leping, Yongxiu, Dean, Xing Zi, Duchang, Pengze, Wuning and Xiushui; There are also towns and villages using Gan dialect in Guangchang, Shicheng, Ningdu, Xingguo, Du Yu, Ruijin and Huichang counties in Ganzhou.
In addition, there are 13 counties in the eastern border of Hunan Province: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Youxian, Chaling, Lingxian, Guidong, Rucheng, Changning, Zixing, Anren, Yueyang and Yongxing. Four counties and cities in northwest Fujian: Shaowu, Guangze, Jianning and Taining; Eight counties bordering Jiangxi Province in the southeast of Hubei Province: Tongcheng, Puyin, Chongyang, Tongshan, Yangxin, Xianning, Jiayu and Daye; Wangjiang, Dongzhi, Susong, Huaining, Taihu Lake, Buried Hill, Yuexi, Tongcheng and other counties in Anqing City, southwest Anhui Province.