the prototype of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden

Text /CHAMPION DUNE Deng Ganbin

The prototype of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden is in Sangluozhou, which is well-founded.

Yuan Hong of the Jin Dynasty saw in his Ode to the East that "I was born at the end of the luck and entrusted a leaf to Deng Lin", which was originally an allusion in Kuafu's story of chasing Japan. Kuafu died day by day, leaving his staff and turning it into a peach tree forest called Deng Lin. Later generations used Deng Lin more than Taohua Lin. From this, we can see that there were indeed many peach trees in Sanluozhou at that time. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, peach blossoms remained on the continent. There is a poem to prove it: "Clearing Jiangxi Province" Peng Yulin, "Peach blossoms are old and red rain, and mulberry leaves are new and green." Peach Blossom Cen refers to the old base where Zeng Guofan fought Taiping in the Qing Dynasty in Sangluozhou. Peng Yulin was Zeng Guofan's chief of staff who camped in Sangluozhou for quite a long time in Qing Dynasty. Have a good understanding of local culture. Few people know the name Taohuacen now, but when it comes to Taohuayuan, I'm afraid everyone knows it. However, few people really know where the Peach Blossom Garden is, and the specific location is also controversial. In fact, Taohuacen and Taohuayuan are the same place, namely Muluozhou. At the beginning, Tao Yuanming wrote "Peach Blossom Garden" based on Sangluozhou.

In 411 A.D., Tao Qian took shelter from the wind in the Guiling Forest in Sangluozhou (Guiling Forest is another name of Zhou Yu Jiu Liu Bagua Array in Sangluozhou, and Tao Qian took shelter in Guiling Village, Huikou Town, susong county, Anhui Province at that time), and wrote two poems, "Two Poems of Gengzi's Mid-May Resistance to the Wind in Guiling Forest", which shows his ambition of seclusion. Later, people called this place "Gui Lin" because Tao had the meaning of seclusion in the mountains and forests. This is also the prototype of its Peach Blossom Garden. Tao Yuanming watched on the continent. Zhou Yu's training point was in place, but now the peach blossoms are still the same, but there are only five willows left in nine willows. Seeing the hundred-year-old willows, Tao saw its vicissitudes and remembered the world and his own life. Just like these five hundred-year-old willows, he named Mr. Five willows one by one.

in 414 ad, Liu Yi and Huan Xuan fought in sangluozhou. War is raging. Liu Yi won. Muluozhou is still standing on the river in the baptism of blood and fire. The setting sun is like blood, and a few people return, and the old trees on the shore send new willows. Smoke fills the air and goes with the wind, and the river flows eastward silently.

in a.d. 415, Tao Qian became Peng zeling, that is, Gupengze included the part of pengze county in Jiangxi province today and Hukou county in Jiangxi province today. According to historical records, there was a strong earthquake in the Gongting Lake area this year, and the water of Gongting Lake invaded south. Many storage cities in Shuyang County (ancient Shuyang is in most areas of Duchang, Jiangxi Province today and near Poyang Lake), including Wulin, sank in the Poyang Lake formed at that time, and refugees crowded into Pengze. According to 1986' s "Toponymic Records of duchang county", as Duyang Lake Basin has fallen many times, Guyangyang County, Haihun County, Shuyang City, Changyi City, Baisha, Wulin, Wuyang, Gold Mining and other military, economic and transportation towns have all fallen into the lake. Tao Yuanming placed the refugees on the mulberry continent where he took shelter from the wind. Tao Yuanming placed refugees on Sangluozhou, built a forest farm and planted mulberry trees. All these Tao Yuanming briefly recorded in his poem "Imitating the Ancient" that "planting mulberry along the Yangtze River can be harvested in three years. The branches begin to flourish, and suddenly the mountains and rivers change. " Because these immigrants are all Wulin people in Shuyang County, later generations called the original settlement Wulin Island. According to the record of Tongdian Zhoujun Dian Zhoujun Seven Ancient Yangzhou, Susong Hanwan County. The beam is placed on the high pond. There is thunder water. The river water is divided into nine factions from Erling, and it will meet on the boundary of this county for more than 311 miles, which is called Jiujiang Estuary. East Wulin Island, that is, the lower tail of Muluozhou. Don Du You said: Sangluozhou is in duchang county, Jiangzhou, and pengze county, the Han Dynasty. Tao Qian's ancestral home is also Shanyang. This resettlement created a psychological and realistic background for him to write the article Peach Blossom Spring. It's just that the ancients liked fake words, and the stress was not heavy, and so was Tao Yuanming. He wrote Wu Lingren for the Wulin people, which led to the misunderstanding of today's people. Wu Lingren was actually a Wulin person. As you can imagine, Wulin people and Tao Yuanming walked down the river from their hometown of Shuyang County after the earthquake, and their eyes should be bright when they walked on the water to Sangluozhou at the mouth of Poyang Lake. Isn't this water oasis Sangluozhou a resettlement place? After the refugees were resettled in Sanluozhou, the good times did not last long, and finally the war broke out in Sanluozhou. Muluozhou became a military arena.

In 411 AD, it was Liu Yi again, but the opponent was Lu Xun, the leader of the Pentecostal Sect. Liu Yi suffered a crushing defeat this time. Sangluozhou is full of blood. That is, this year, Liu Yubing went to Muluozhou. In the war, what is more serious is that in the following years, most areas of Shuyang County completely sank into Poyang Lake. This is the foreshadowing buried at the end of Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden": no one cares about it later. Tao Yuanming briefly recorded in his poem "Imitating the Ancient" that "planting mulberry along the Yangtze River can be harvested in three years. The branches begin to flourish, and suddenly the mountains and rivers change. " Later, according to this experience, Tao Yuanming wrote "Peach Blossom Garden" by borrowing ancient metaphors. In fact, the Peach Blossom Garden is located in Sanluozhou. In addition, the allusion that Tao Yuanming didn't bend his back for Wudou Road also came from this.

Let's analyze and interpret Tao Qian's Peach Blossom Spring:

(The origin of Peach Blossom Spring means that the ancient source not only means water source, but also means plain in water. We can see the hint from the word "tableland", which means plateau. And the source also means that the water is an island. We can see from the Peach Blossom Garden that the land is flat and wide. Why do you add a wide word to the already flat land, and you can see a flat and wide continent exposed from the water when you go down the river, while the Poyang Lake area and its vicinity in Tao Qian are mostly like this. Therefore, the Peach Blossom Garden is the Peach Blossom Island on the water. )

In the Jin and Taiyuan Dynasties, Wu Lingren fished for a living, walked along the stream, and forgot the distance of the road. Suddenly, when I met the peach blossom forest, I caught the shore for hundreds of steps. There were no miscellaneous trees in it. The grass was delicious and the English was colorful, which made the fishermen very different.

if you go forward again, you want to be poor. If the forest runs out of water, you will get a mountain, and the mountain has a small mouth. It seems that if there is light, you will leave the boat and enter from the mouth. At the beginning, it was extremely narrow, and it was only after a few steps that people were enlightened. The land is flat and spacious, and the houses are just like it. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry and bamboo. Traffic in buildings, chickens and dogs hear each other. Among them, men and women are dressed like strangers. Yellow hair droops and enjoys itself.

when I saw the fisherman, I was shocked and asked what I had never done. Answer it. You have to go home and set up wine to kill chickens for food. The village heard of this man, and Xian came to inquire. Since the cloud ancestors avoided the chaos of the Qin Dynasty, they led their wives to this desperate situation and did not return, so they separated from outsiders. When you ask what this world is, you don't know whether there are Han people, no matter Wei and Jin Dynasties. This person is full of words and sounds, and all of them are sighing.

the rest of them went back to their homes, and all of them spilled food. Stop for a few days and resign. There is a cloud of words in this story, which is not enough for outsiders to be humane. When you get out of the boat, you will help the road and be determined everywhere. And the county, notions of satrap said so. The satrap sends people to follow him, looking for what he wants, and then he loses his way. Nanyang Liu Ziji, Gao Shangshi also, heard of it, readily planned to go, but failed. Seek the end of illness. After that, no one cares.

(Translation: In the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a Wulin man in Shuyang, Jiangxi Province (Wu Lingren Mausoleum Tongfake Forest) who took fishing as his occupation. One day he rowed along the stream (Poyang Lake) and forgot the distance. (After leaving the mouth of Poyang Lake) I suddenly came across a peach blossom forest, with peach trees sandwiched between the banks of the stream for hundreds of steps. There were no other trees in the middle (it wasn't wild, was it planted and managed), and the herbs on the ground were bright and beautiful, with many falling petals. The fisherman was amazed at the beautiful scenery. Go further and want to walk through the peach grove. Taolin disappeared where the stream originated, and then I saw a mountain (a mountain is just a dam or mound, if it is really natural, any mountain should be much higher than the peach tree. Why didn't I see a mountain until I got near), and there was a small mouth on the mountain (a small mouth on the mountain is not a complete hole, but a gap where water flows out, and the mouth gap is a mouth, and the intersection is a mouth, which can be a gate, and the mouth is just a convenient place to enter and exit) The fisherman threw down the boat and went in through the entrance. At first, the entrance and exit were very narrow, allowing only one person to pass through. After dozens of walks, it suddenly became open and bright. (After crossing the entrance and exit, I found that) the land here is flat and open (flat and open land can only be called continental plains, and most of the mountains are narrow, which can't be explained), the houses are neat and tidy, and there are good and fertile fields (what is good farmland, of course, high crop yield can be called good farmland, and how can mountainous areas be called good farmland, not to mention the Eastern Jin Dynasty of farming), beautiful ponds and mulberry and bamboo (which are common things in continental areas). The paths in the fields are intertwined, and the crowing of chickens and dogs can be heard between villages. People in the village come and go to farm and work, and men and women dress like people who are not from this place. Old people and children are carefree and happy, enjoying themselves. People in the village were surprised when they saw the fisherman (very strange) and asked him where he came from. The fisherman gave him a detailed answer. They invited fishermen to their own homes and set off wine to kill chickens for cooking. When people in the village heard that there was such a person, they all came to inquire about the news. They themselves said that the ancestors of the previous generation led their wives, children and fellow villagers to this isolated place in order to avoid the disasters in the Qin Dynasty, and never went out from here again, so they were isolated from people outside the island. They asked what dynasty it was, but they didn't know there had been the Han Dynasty, let alone the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The fisherman told them what he knew in detail one by one, and those people sighed and regretted it after listening. Other people invited fishermen to their own homes, and they all took out wine and meals to entertain them. The fisherman stayed for a few days and left. People here told him, "Don't tell people outside the island about the situation here. "After the fisherman came out, he found his boat and went back along the old road, marking it everywhere along the way. Back to the county, to visit the satrap, reported the situation. The satrap immediately sent someone to follow him, looking for the previous mark (the river was flooded? Or the mark is not enough to find the right direction), but I lost my way and didn't find the original road again. Nanyang Liu Ziji, a noble celebrity, heard this and happily planned to go. Didn't come true, and soon died of illness. There were no visitors after that.

In addition, Tao Yuanming also wrote a poem "Peach Blossom Garden Poetry" in the same period:

The sage avoids the world when he wins the world. Huang Qi's business mountain, Iraqis also passed away. Immerse yourself in the trace, and the path will be ruined. I am destined to farm, and I will rest from where I am. Mulberry and bamboo hang in the shade, and millet is ready for art; Spring silkworms collect filaments, and autumn ripe silkworms are taxed. The deserted road warms the traffic, and chickens and dogs bark at each other. There is no new system for clothes. Children and children sing vertically, and the class is full of joy. Grass glory knows harmony, and wood decay knows wind and strength. Although there is no Ji Lizhi, he is four years old. Happy and happy, in He Rong wisdom! Strange traces are hidden for 511, and once the gods are open. Pure and thin are both different sources, and the revolving is still hidden. Excuse me, travel alchemists, how to measure the hubbub. I am willing to speak in the breeze and hold high to find my contract. (The Shang Mountain in this poem refers to Lushan Mountain today. According to Hui Yuan's "The Story of Lushan Mountain", it is said that Kuang Customs was a person at the time of the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and he traveled to Lushan Mountain with Xi Daoxian people and practiced in seclusion. So Lushan Mountain is also called Kuangshan. Because it comes from the season of Yin and Shang Dynasties, it may also be called Shang Mountain. Later generations often refer to Shangshan as a secluded place, and the poem "Immersing in the Trace and Re-immersing" is enough to explain the environment of Peach Blossom Garden, which is also a continent in the water. )

Muluozhou is the Peach Blossom Garden, and many scenes in it are mostly Tao's longing. The immigrants in Muluozhou did not live so peacefully, that is, the year before this year, He Wuji went to Muluozhou to fight against the Huan Xuan Army. In less than six years, that is, in 411 AD, Liu Daogui and Emperor Wu of Song successively fought in Muluozhou, and the Peach Blossom Garden was baptized by the war. That is, this year, Tao wrote "Peach Blossom Garden" with great anxiety and indignation. This is also the foreshadowing left by Tao after the article: those who have no interest in it. The main reason why people can no longer find the Peach Blossom Garden.

The historical background of Tao Yuanming's "The Story of Peach Blossom Garden" is not only the war factor in the great era, but also the strong earthquake in Tao's hometown at that time.

Shuyang was founded in 211 BC (the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu) and its county was located in Zhouxisi Mountain. It was captured by a generation of heroic Jiujiang Wang Yingbu who rebelled and made public appearances in some places, so it was named Fuyang. In the second year of Yong Chu, Song Dynasty (AD 421), due to the earthquake in Pengli Lake Basin, the lake invaded southward, and most of Shuyang County sank into the lake, and Shuyang County was abolished. The territory entered pengze county and was transferred to Jiangzhou. Tang Gaozu Wude five years, changed to duchang county. Shuyang county has a history of more than 611 years from its establishment to its withdrawal. It was a famous county in history after the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty. Shuyang enjoys convenient land and water transportation, and has convenient contacts with Nanchang, Poyang, Jiujiang, Yongxiu, Yugan and other places. Its geographical position is very important. During the Three Kingdoms period, Huang Gai, a famous Soochow player, once guarded here.

The Book of Jin says: "Tao Kan is a scholar and a native of Poyang. Wu Ping, the migrant's search for Yang in the Lijiang River. " Since Tao Kan is a "Poyang person" and a "migrant looking for Yang", why did he become a Duchang person? Originally, Tao Kan's hometown was located in Shili Taojiachong, Sushan Township, duchang county, also known as "Duchang Stalk Forest". Shili Taojiachong, on the northwest border of Duchang, faces Xingzi County across the lake. This small place was under the jurisdiction of Xunyang County of Lujiang County at the end of Wu Dynasty and the beginning of Jin Dynasty. At that time, there was no duchang county in China, and the predecessor of duchang county was Shuyang County. According to the evolution of County Records, in the first year of Jin Yongxing, Shuyang County was placed under the jurisdiction of Xunyang County from Poyang County in 314 AD. Tao Kan (259-334) was 45 years old in the first year of Yongxing. Tao Kan immigrated to Xunyang County, Lujiang County, when he was in "Wu Ping", that is, the second year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 281). In the same year, Xunyang County belonged to Lujiang County, and then to Xunyang County in the first year of Yongxing. Xunyang County belongs to Lujiang County for only 24 years. The home address of Tao Kan's emigrant family originally belonged to Xunyang County of Lujiang County, but changed to Shuyang County of Xunyang County (now duchang county) with the change of the county. Peng Lize and the evolution of Poyang Lake. In the geological era, the geology and geomorphology of Poyang Lake have experienced many vicissitudes and changed greatly. Although the lake basin gradually sank at the beginning of Holocene, it still showed a landscape of river network cutting because of the basic balance between sediment deposition and lake basin subsidence. There have been human activities in this area since the Neolithic Age. From 211 BC (the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu) to 421 AD (the second year of Liu Songyong's junior year), Shuyang County was set up in the center of Lingpoyang Lake, and the ancient city has been archaeological discovered in the four mountains in the center of Poyang Lake. There are counties such as Pengze, Poyang and Haihun around it, and some of the land under its jurisdiction is in Poyang Lake. It can be seen that before the 1921s, there was no huge water body in Poyang Lake area, but lacustrine plain with low terrain and cut river network, and Shuyang County was the center of river network branch.

In the past, some people thought that Peng Lize was the Poyang Lake in ancient times. In fact, this is not correct. The formation of Peng Li Guze is closely related to the changes of the ancient Yangtze River in Jiujiang Basin. In the middle of Pleistocene, after the Yangtze River left Wuxue (now Guangji County), the main flood passed through Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake, Xiacangpu to Wangjiang County and joined the Yangtze River branch from Wuxue South to the southern edge of Jiujiang Basin. In the late Pleistocene, the main flood of the Yangtze River moved southward to the present Yangtze River channel, and the abandoned ancient channel gradually expanded and merged with the wide Yangtze River surface in the southern margin of Jiujiang Basin due to the tilting and subsidence since the Holocene, forming a large-scale lake, namely Peng Lize recorded in Yugong in the pre-Qin Dynasty. At that time, the Yangtze River broke away from the constraints of the mountains on both sides of the strait, forming an alluvial fan with Wuxue as its apex, reaching Huangmei in the north, Jiujiang in the south and the border of Hubei and Anhui in the east. The river water is divided into many branches on the alluvial fan, that is, the so-called "Jiujiang" in Yugong, which flows into Peng Lize in the depression in front of the fan in the east.