With the further differentiation of society, the caste system has gradually formed into a social system. As a first-class Brahmin, he monopolized religious affairs and formed a special priestly class. Some brahmins are also involved in political affairs. Khrushchev's second level is the samurai class that holds the military and political power. These two levels are in a dominant position. The third-class Vedas are Aryans, engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and commerce. This is in terms of three representative occupations of Aryans, but the social reality is not so simple. In fact, some high-caste people are also engaged in low-caste occupations, but now? Some businessmen in the middle of the house later prospered on their wealth. The fourth grade sudra is basically conquered aborigines, but there are also poor Aryans. They are oppressed, enslaved and discriminated against, engaged in handicrafts and agriculture, and most of them are slaves.
The four grades have become more and more strict in the era of legal classics and codes. Professionally, all castes are hereditary in principle. According to the Code of Manu, a high caste can engage in a low caste occupation because of "poverty"; On the contrary, low caste is not allowed to engage in high caste occupations. In marriage, all surnames intermarry with the same surname in principle, that is, endogamy is implemented. The Code of Manu stipulates that a man of high caste can marry a woman of low caste because of "greed"; On the contrary, a man of low caste cannot marry a woman of high caste. The former is called "natural marriage" and the latter is called "reverse marriage". Occupational heredity and caste endogamy are the basic characteristics of caste system. People of different castes can't sit and eat together. In addition, in terms of religious and social life and legal rights, there are strict boundaries and differences between surnames, especially between the first three surnames and sudra. The former has the right to participate in the religious life of Aryans, and is called rebirth after entering the church. The latter has no right, so it is called non-regenerative person. The law has different provisions on civil disputes such as criminal offences, debts and inheritance between regenerative and non-regenerative people. Brahmanism classics make such strict regulations on the relationship between various surnames, aiming at ensuring the privileged interests of higher castes, especially Brahmanian castes.
With the development of social division of labor, there are many small groups engaged in different occupations between Visher and sudra. These small professional groups gradually broke away from the original Varna and became separate Katie. Gatti has the basic characteristics of Varna's occupational hereditary and endogamy, belongs to the oppressed class and has a low social status. There are 59 kinds of Katie recorded in the Code of Manu, among which the so-called reverse six kinds of Katie are the most severely oppressed: Suter (the person who takes care of chariots and horses), Magto (the businessman), Vidihaka (the person who serves women), Ayogovo (the carpenter), Sutri (the person who kills cave animals) and Shantalo (the person who transports the bodies of relatives and executioners). Among these six kinds of people, Chantalat is the representative of ancient Dalits (Dalits), with the lowest status and the most discrimination. Later, the number of Gatti became more and more, and the difference between the four Varna became more and more meaningless, so the concept gradually disappeared and was replaced by Gatti.
After British colonists invaded India, the caste system continued to exist. According to the census conducted by British colonial authorities in India in 193 1, there are 3,500 foundry workers in India. Among them, there are 429 oppressed castes with about 60 million people. Indian nationalists have noticed the problem of oppressed castes. 193 1 year, M.K. Gandhi called for the abolition of the untouchable system and advocated the Harian movement to improve the status of the untouchable, so as to arouse the "untouchable" to participate in the national independence movement. From 65438 to 0942, Amdeka, who was born as a "Dalit", established the All India Scheduled Caste Alliance and led the "Dalit" in their legal struggle. In today's India, the number of "Da Park Jung Su people" is close to 1 100 million, and caste is still an important issue in society.
In addition to Hindus, Hindus practice the above caste system, and Muslims are influenced by it. There are also castes such as Said, Sheikh and Mughal. Other ethnic groups in India, including arie, Bihar, Gujarat, Cannara, Rajasthan, Malayalan, Marathi, Santar and Telugu. , all implement caste system, but the name and specific conditions of caste are different. For example, Bihar people are divided into six castes: Brahman, Bamin, Rajput, Weiya, Gayast and sudra, with strict boundaries; The Orians are divided into five castes: Brahman, Hande, Golala, Rakhine and sudra. If the system is not strict, the caste status can rise or fall. Rajasthan people are also divided into five castes. The people of the lower Mahakin caste are mainly engaged in industry and commerce, but they are quite rich, with Kolkata as the center and capitalism developing rapidly.
Nepalese Nevard people practice caste system, with Brahman being the highest and scavenger the lowest; Later, Buddhists also practiced caste system, the highest in Cuba and the lowest in Japp. The caste system of Sri Lankan Sinhalese is secular, the highest is Qu Wei caste, and the lowest is camel caste. Among Bangladeshis, Hindus are divided into four classes: Brahman, Vidi, Jainism and sudra. Among them, Jia Ginst's caste is literate and often occupies a high position, resulting in many social activists and religious leaders.
Due to the Aryans' conquest and enslavement of the Dravidians and the polarization between the rich and the poor within Aryans, Aryan society gradually formed a strict hierarchy, which is the caste system. The word "caste" is called "Varna" in Indian Sanskrit, which means color or quality. Therefore, the caste system is also called the Varna system.
In order to maintain the caste system, brahmin monks preach that it is God's will to divide people into four castes, which is natural. In the classic Vedas of Brahman, Boroman explained the emergence of caste system with myth, saying that Brahma made Brahman with his mouth, Khrushchev with his hands, Vedas with his legs and sudra with his feet after the death of the original giant Prusa. Brahmin monks also preach that those who abide by rules and codes of conduct can be promoted to a higher caste in the afterlife, otherwise they will be reduced to a lower caste. Therefore, for the broad masses of workers and slaves, we should roll with the punches, give up the struggle, and abide by the "Buddhism" formulated by the slave-owning class, so as not to aggravate the disaster in the next life.
In order to maintain the caste system, slave owners also made many laws, the most typical of which is the Manu Code. According to legend, Manu was the son of Brahma, a great god. In order to determine the proper order of all kinds of people in society and the obligations of Brahmins and other castes, this code was formulated. In fact, this is just a lie used by slave owners to deceive working people.
Manu Code first confirmed that Brahman was the master of all things in the world, while sudra could only serve other castes meekly. Sudra can't accumulate private property and do anything that doesn't respect the high caste. Brahman and Khrushchev have the right to take everything from sudra.
In order to suppress the resistance of low caste sudra, the Code of Manu also stipulated many cruel punishments. For example, if people from low castes hurt people from high castes with a certain part of their bodies, they must cut off that part of their limbs. For example, those who start work should chop their hands and those who move their feet should chop their feet.
The four levels before the law are unequal. According to the Code of Manu, Khrushchev will be fined 100 pana (monetary unit) for insulting Brahmins. If you are scolded by a barking dog, you will be fined 150 to 200 pana. If sudra scolds, he will pour hot oil into his mouth and ears. On the contrary, if a brahmin insults Khrushchev, he will only be fined 50 pana; Insult the monastery and impose a fine of 25 pana; Insulting sudra was fined 12 pana. If a person of high caste kills a sudra, he can only compensate with livestock, or simply wash himself once.
The Code of Manu also makes complicated provisions on the basic necessities of life of all castes. For example, it is stipulated that people of different castes cannot stay in the same room, eat at the same table or drink water from wells. People of different castes strictly forbid intermarriage, so as to make the division of castes permanent.
Each caste has its own institutions, which handle the internal affairs of the caste and supervise the people of the caste to strictly abide by the Manu Code and traditional customs. If there are offenders, they will be punished by the Brahmin priests or expelled from the caste.
People who are expelled from the caste also become untouchables. Da Park Jung Su people can only live outside the village and have no contact with Brahmins. They can only engage in occupations that are considered to be the lowest level, such as carrying corpses and removing feces. When walking on the road, Da Park Jung Su people should wear special signs, make special noises in their mouths, or knock on some utensils to remind people of higher castes to avoid them in time. If a brahmin comes into contact with an untouchable, it is considered unlucky, and a purification ceremony will be held after returning.
In the Buddhist language, Shura has been fighting all his life, and Xiuluo Field refers to the pit of death between them. Nowadays, most people say that a person struggles to death in trouble.
Shura
The name Shura is very good, but too many people use it.
Sula Wong, Asura and Shula. ............
All three are different.
In Indian mythology, "Asura" is a little ... devil, but because of his nice name, many works beautify him, the masterpiece is "Holy Legend".
"Sula Wong" also comes from Indian mythology. See the noun "Shura realm" for details. As the name implies, Sula Wong is the king of Shura Kingdom. "Shura realm" seems to mean "hell". People usually use "Luo Chang" to describe the tragic battlefield.
"Shura" is also found in Buddhism, but it is not a devil, but describes the process from mortal to Buddha. A demigod state. Statues of shura can also be found in temples. His weapon is a sword. Act as a protector.
In The Sage, Shura's "Sword Man" probably refers to a religious figure.
In Indian mythology, "shura" is ugly; There is no mention of shura in Buddhism.
But they all have one thing in common-Shura is belligerent.
The deification of India is not equal to Buddhism.
The Shinto of Asura is very special. Men are extremely ugly and women are extremely beautiful. The king often leads his army to fight against Emperor Shi, because there are beautiful women but no beautiful food, and Emperor Shi has delicious food but no beautiful women. They are jealous and rob each other. Every time there is fierce fighting, they are always turned upside down. We often refer to the big battlefield where the bodies were bombed everywhere as the "Shura battlefield", which is why. As a result of the war, asura King was defeated. Once he was defeated, he went up to the sky and down to the ground, and there was nowhere to escape, so he sneaked into the silk hole of the lotus root. Asura King is short-tempered, stubborn and jealous. Sakyamuni said "four thoughts", and King Asura also said "five thoughts"; When Sakyamuni said "thirty-seven products", King asura added another product "thirty-eight products". Fairy tales in Buddhist scriptures are mostly metaphors. Asura King has great power and ability. He likes to do things like "I don't believe in evil" and "The more chaotic the world is, the better". Asura is also very suspicious. "On Great Wisdom, Volume 35": "Asura and Qi Xin are wrong in nature, and they often doubt Buddha, saying that Buddha helps heaven. Buddha said' five crowds', thinking that there are six crowds, not one; If you say' four truths', that means there are five truths, and you didn't say one. " "Five Masses" are five connotations, and four truths are the basic concepts in Buddhism. Asura listened to the Buddha's statement, suspected that the Buddha was partial to the emperor's explanation, and deliberately said less.