Since then, on the occasion of Empress Dowager Cixi's eightieth birthday and Emperor Qianlong's own eightieth birthday, the "Imperial Capital Ceremony" has reached its peak, even surpassing Empress Dowager Cixi's sixtieth birthday. Big bureaucrats, big landlords and big businessmen are scrambling to follow suit. When Jiaqing Daoguang, the extravagance of Heguan was an obvious example of the growing extravagance at that time. In Qing Dynasty, water transportation depended on canals, so all previous dynasties attached great importance to river regulation, and the national financial allocation was abundant. However, after the last years of Qianlong, the state spent millions every year, less than one tenth of which was really used to control traffic, the Yellow River and the Huaihe River, and the rest was only squandered by river officials. The extravagance of the river governor is beyond the reach of the emperor. The long banquet of the river gathers the treasures of the world. In order to cook a bowl of pork, you need to kill more than 50 pigs, take a bite of their back meat and throw away the rest. A hump will kill three or four humps. The river chief holds high-class banquets all day, and few people who attend the banquet can finish it. Because each banquet often takes three days and three nights to complete. Officialdom luxury is not an individual phenomenon. When Daoguang arrived, he was greeted by a Shaanxi grain route and sent to him: "There are two shifts at a time, five tables on the table and fourteen tables in the middle. The first meal will be a bird's nest barbecue, and the middle meal will also be shark fin and sea cucumber. Xi 'an's live fish are rare, and each big fish has one tail, which is worth four or five thousand words. ..... Others, such as white eel and deer tail, are precious and rare things, and they will try their best to buy them. "
When the extravagance of officialdom is spreading day by day, some big bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen who are richer than princes live a life of spending money like water. When Qianlong Jiaqing was appointed as a cabinet minister, his family was "extravagant, his husband was well dressed, and his concubines spent tens of thousands." Zhu Shi, a rice merchant in Beijing, said, "There are more than 1,000 houses in his house, and the garden pavilion is magnificent. People have been traveling for ten days and haven't finished living. " Wanping Tea Master and Shi Sheng are "similar in wealth". The Hao family in Huairou, Gan Long once stayed at his home. "There are more than 100 pieces of land and water treasures, and other princes and servants all provide food, with a meal of more than 100,000 a day." Emperor Qianlong's extravagance led to the extravagance of a generation, and the extravagance and corruption of nobles, bureaucrats, big landlords and big businessmen contributed. The wind of extravagance is getting worse and worse, and it cannot be stopped. Emperor Jiaqing and Daoguang tried to correct it, but to no avail. Corruption in official administration is almost the same as that in Qing dynasty, which is related to the fact that Qing dynasty directly inherited the corrupt official culture in the late Ming dynasty. Since the Qing Dynasty was a minority, it was necessary to win over scholars from the Central Plains. There was a so-called north-south party struggle during the reign of Kangxi. Corruption in Qing Dynasty is a long-term problem. In Kangxi's later years, the wind of extravagance and corruption in officialdom rose. During the Yongzheng period, the bureaucracy was reformed vigorously. During the Qianlong period, the extravagant wind came back and intensified. Qianlong visited Jiangnan six times, and the local buildings along the way were unprecedented in luxury and extravagance, which cost a lot. It can be described as extremely luxurious.
After the mid-Qianlong period, the serious corruption of bureaucracy became an obvious sign of extreme corruption of feudal rule in Qing Dynasty. At that time, the powerful ministers were good at cronyism, bullying the weak and fearing the hard, and whitewashing the peace; Officials are groggy, incompetent and take bribes to bend the law. During the years of Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang, there were first small Shenyang and then Zhang Mu. Shenyang, which is in the red flag of Manchuria, is an ordinary official student with no poverty and no criminal record. Later, relying on the achievements of his ancestors, he inherited the position of third-class captain without pomp. 1757, the "Golden Furnace Case" broke out between Governor Heng Wen of Yunnan and Governor Guo of Yunnan. In the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769), Xiao Shenyang was selected as the valet beside the emperor's sedan chair. Because he is handsome, articulate and clever, he won the appreciation of the emperor. Since then, the official career has flourished. In just ten years, from a small attendant next to a sedan chair, he has become a court official who is "favored by the crown". Emperor Qianlong prized small Shenyang for nearly 20 years. Small Shenyang prized Fu Wei alone, planted the party for personal gain, and served as an official inside and outside, all at the door. Pets in Shenyang are willing to reject dissidents. "If you don't attach yourself, you will be angry, and those who accept bribes will play around." . The arrogance of little Shenyang became more arrogant in his later years. At that time, although Emperor Qianlong was in Jiaqing, he was still in charge of state affairs in the name of Emperor Tai Shang, and his government affairs depended entirely on Xiao Shenyang. Xiao Shenyang became a cashier. Small Shenyang prefers and specializes in "more than the day before yesterday, everyone looks askance, don't be afraid of anyone." .
Zhang Mu, a great scholar in Daoguang period, was fond of stealing power. He said, "Being greedy for honor prevents the sage from getting sick. Zhong Zhi's small letter is feminine to sell his treachery, fake learning and fake talents, and guess fists to meet his intentions. " Zhang Mu called friends from the imperial court to introduce others, and widely planted private parties. "One's close friends and students are all over China and abroad." After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the huge feudal bureaucratic system could not operate because of the incompetence and incompetence of a large number of officials. Among a large number of court officials, some people pretend to be cowards in order to keep their position and honor. During the Jiaqing period, there were many ministers in government offices and hospitals, but few in eliminating disadvantages for the country. Many people shirk their responsibilities, but few people tell the truth. Even if you ask questions, you will shirk them to your subordinates, saying that officials are not as good as officials, and officials are not as good as articles. The "provincial governors" used the investigation as an excuse, and their habits were still unbreakable after many years. "
Cao Zhenyong, a scholar of Daoguang University, talked about the idea of "kowtowing more and talking less" when he was an official, and put national affairs behind him to protect the honor and wealth of a surname. During the reign of Daoguang in Jiaqing, a large number of court officials were uneducated and unskilled. During the Daoguang period, Qing Rui, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, once had a banquet with Taoist Pingyou. "Sing hard, speak village dialect, say everything, learn nothing, and never respect yourself." Gui Liang, governor of Zhili, said: "His chest is like dirt, and his mouth is like a street." .
This is the case with government officials, and the stupidity of Taoist officials is even more amazing. Zhang, a Taoist priest in Yanping, Shaanxi, ignores political affairs all day long, and all affairs are presided over by Screen Friends. Even if Beijing accused him of sending a case, he asked the scribe to persuade him outside and never opened a trial. Even if the trial is brought, it is "the two sides appear in court, the original and the defendant are indistinguishable, but their mouths are blunt and unbreakable." When Zhang Mu was in power, because the local magistrate rate and tax revenue were fertile fields, he supported the standard-bearer in many ways as a foreign post, and the standard-bearer "was illiterate, listened to his friends' words and acted arbitrarily for profit". After the mid-Qianlong period, various layers of stereotypes and bad habits were formed in the officialdom. At that time, junior officials met their superiors and asked for money; Give gifts on New Year's birthday; Officials released it to the outside world, bribing officials in the official department and officials in Beijing; Imperial envoys and governors pass by, and local officials have to pay for the plates. In this way, from the top of the cabinet to the small officials, they all get rich benefits from this bad habit. Because "the county stays for thousands of dollars, then professional services have to take advantage; The governor has ten thousand yuan of accommodation, and all counties should take advantage of it and seek hundreds of thousands of benefits. "The result is that officials at all levels take bribes at all levels and collude with each other. There is almost no official who is not greedy and no official. As people say, the difference between an upright official and an unclear official after the middle of Qing Dynasty is that "an upright official has a choice and accepts, and an unclear official will try his best to be friends with his mentor and brother. "
Therefore, after the mid-Qianlong period, many major corruption cases were uncovered. Xiao Shenyang is a favorite of Qianlong, who has accumulated amazing wealth by accepting bribes for more than 20 years. When the small Shenyang was seized by Jiaqing after the death of Emperor Qianlong, the minimum estimate of the total property of the small Shenyang reached "tens of millions of taels, up to about 200 million taels". There are also some officials who, in order to fill their own desires, have reached the point of playing with the people. During the Jiaqing period, Chen Yin, the magistrate of Yingde County, Guangdong Province, did not finish the trial at any time, so that within a few years, dozens of prisoners died of illness. This situation is not unique to Guangdong Province. The reason why local officials have been slow to close the case is that they "want to use this case to collect stolen goods, look for them in many ways, or implicate everyone with one person, or pursue one person in other cases out of tolerance." Every village, such as professional services, extorts a fee. If you have money, the principal let him go. If you have no money, others will be implicated. Only when you have been bribed and full of desire will you close the case. And the county refines the government, and the government refines the departments and hospitals. A single stick of responsibility can finish the case, but the people's net worth has been broken, and even "long-term imprisonment, long-distance transportation, thus dragging people's lives."
1790, Yin Zhuang, assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, said on the map: "The governor's officials are notorious and the official management is not strict. I passed by and observed whether the officials were virtuous. Half of the businessmen and the people frowned and sighed. The atmosphere in each province is roughly the same. " At the time of Ganjia, with the rise and fall of dynasties, the problem of official corruption became more prominent. During the Jiaqing period, protests by farmers such as An Baili School and Tian Li School broke out, and social contradictions intensified, which had a great impact on government finances. In August of the fifth year of Jiaqing, he talked about the reasons for recovering compensation: "A few years ago, we spent a lot of money on military affairs, and now we are about to complete our great achievements. All the aftermath needs funds ... and it must be paid within a time limit. " Emperor Jiaqing said helplessly, "Where is the people's livelihood?" ? Even the lack of 10 thousand, the lack of 8 thousand, the shape of white Jane, isn't this a clear contrast? ..... I clarify the official, first of all, self-blame, thrifty housekeeping, and make contributions forever. Big officials not only pay attention to honesty, but also remove the supply and marketing fees, so the power of the gate valve is the only one. Innocent soldiers are the heart, and prosperity is the country. However, the atmosphere has not changed and the vulgar state remains the same. Sometimes I try to borrow my previous ending, and I will use clever words to benefit the country. It seems that this is egoism. "At this time, opium began to flow into China, and China's silver began to flow out in large quantities, which changed China from a foreign country to a foreign country. Emperor Jiaqing applied for an injunction many times. Once the case was committed, he was punished with the staff, officials and servants. "Daoguang imported as many as 12639 boxes of opium in four years", from government gentry to industrial and commercial elites, as well as women, Taoist priests and monks and nuns, who bought smoking sets while smoking, making it a daily life in the city. "The Opium War finally broke out between Daoguang and Daoguang light-years. In the early years, the Eight Banners were invincible outside the customs. However, in Kangxi's campaign to suppress the "San Francisco Rebellion", the Eight Banners' military discipline was lax and their military strength was not as good as before. " With the help of the Eight Banners Association, they play guzheng at home, embroider clothes, fatten horses and drink water from their children and guests every day. "green camp, dominated by Han Chinese, began to rise. Whenever there is a war in the imperial court, it mainly depends on green camp. The imperial edict of the first year of Qianlong: "The custom of the Eight Banners is the latest. After a long time, teething is becoming more and more extravagant. To serve provincial officials, they spend money at will ... and the soldiers are idle, only knowing fresh clothes and delicious food. It is common to spend money, and the flag bearer is poor, which is why. "During the Jiaqing period, the Eight Banners and green camp were corrupt and lost their fighting capacity. Jiaqing and Qianlong had a military parade and saw "archery, empty arrows; Flying, people land. " When the White Lotus Sect was pacified, the Eight Banners volunteered to go out, but they robbed everywhere. " People of insight in Beijing, the Guards and Zhang Jing all went to the army, and all the people in the army settled the fields and became rich. "Yan Ruyu said:" In the battle to teach bandits, soldiers were transferred to more than a dozen provinces around 1989. Many of them are brave and good at fighting, but they are agile and solid, and they must take Guizhou soldiers first. ..... Battalion soldiers from all provinces and towns are stationed in Tongdu Dayi, where the terrain is flat and the customs are gorgeous. They are never far from the battlements at ordinary times. Once they walk dozens of miles on the mountain road with guns, sweating and breathing hard, they get used to drinking and eating fat. The mountains are full of rice and miscellaneous grains, so you can't eat anything. Hungry and exhausted, they chased hundreds of miles with cunning thieves.
Fei Zhengqing said: "China's economy around 1800 is not only at a different stage of development from that of Europe, but also has a different structure and different viewpoints. ..............'s technological level is still stagnant, and population growth tends to offset any increase in production. In short, production is basically for consumption, and it is caught in an endless cycle of just maintaining people's lives. In this case, pure savings and investment are completely impossible. "
When the Qing army entered the customs, the Manchu population poured into Beijing and its nearby areas. In order to resettle the officers and men of the Eight Banners and the idle population, the Qing government carried out a large-scale enclosure movement, so the officers and men of the Eight Banners obtained part of the flag land. Most of the soldiers' land is cultivated by themselves and their families, and most of them are forced to pawn out because of their livelihood. After the Qing dynasty ruled the whole country, the life of the Eight Banners soldiers became increasingly poor.
During the Jiaqing period, the livelihood problem of the Eight Banners was further aggravated. Due to the extremely difficult livelihood and corrupt atmosphere, violations of law and discipline among the Banners continue to occur, and even many imperial clan children are involved. For example, Jiaqing complained in "Royal Family Instructions": "In recent years, unscrupulous children have paid more attention than leisure, and people who have breached the contract have also seen it. What they have done is no different from ordinary hooligans." The most typical example is that many standard-bearers and even aristocratic relatives deviate from the traditional concept of loyalty to the monarch, worship God and learn foreign religions privately. For example, in June of the tenth year of Jiaqing, the Ministry of Punishment banned foreign religions, and learned that the imperial clan Tuqin and other four people studied foreign religions privately and resolutely refused to teach them. This situation greatly shocked Jiaqing. It has been pointed out that Tu Chintu is a descendant of Sunu and a sinner. He should abide by the law, but he dares to learn foreign religions privately. Although repeatedly enlightened by the Ministry of Punishment, he was always stubborn and hated his feelings. So he removed the red tape and sent it to No.6 Yili Cangue. The flag bearers Kui Min and Wo Shibu cut the flag. Three months later, he sent it to Yili Cangue as an emissary of instruments of torture. Nothing will be released back. If there is trouble, Buddhism must be done. The attitude of standard-bearers, Kui Min and Wa Shibu, which can't be taught, greatly shocked Jiaqing, and had a very important influence on banning western religion in the future. This situation not only shook the Eight Banners, the pillar of the Qing Dynasty, but also interfered with the stability of the whole society. Jiaqing had to pay more attention to the livelihood of the Eight Banners.
Although Emperor Jiaqing devoted a lot of energy to this, he could not touch the Eight Banners system itself, which limited its function. Although the Qing Dynasty took various measures, until the end of the Qing Dynasty, the livelihood of the Eight Banners was not solved, but was trapped in poverty. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, with the increasing consolidation and development of the political and economic power of the landlord class, nobles, bureaucrats, landlords and big businessmen began to annex land crazily. After entering the customs, Manchu nobles occupied a lot of land in the name of royal manor, imperial clan manor and Baqitian. In the eighth year of Kangxi (1669), although the Qing court officially issued an order to stop enclosure, the Manchu nobles continued to occupy fertile land by virtue of political privileges. During the Qianlong period, Guantian and Huang Zhuang controlled by the royal family alone reached 670 million mu. Manchu bureaucrats also competed to seize land. Shenyang, a university student who has been working for 20 years, covers an area of thousands of hectares, and Qishan, a university student in Daoguang, covers an area of 2.56 million mu. The amount of land occupied by Han bureaucrats is also amazing. Sun Yuting, Governor of Jiaqing Liangjiang River, occupies more than 30,000 mu of land in Shandong. Generally, big landlords and businessmen tend to annex thousands of land. During the Qianlong period, the Hao family in Huairou, Zhili was "fertile soil". In the early years of Daoguang, Yuan occupied 2000 hectares of land in Cangzhou, Zhili. In the barren Shaanxi-Gansu region, big landlords often take advantage of farmers' bankruptcy to escape and occupy a large number of people's fields. "So there is a tens of thousands of acres of land, and the back is 30,000 to 40,000 to 10,000."
During this period, some big businessmen snapped up land with a lot of money. During the Jiaqing period, Liu Zhongwei, a wood merchant who made a fortune selling firewood in Hengyang, Hunan Province, took his son Sun Tian to ten thousand mu. The annexation of land by nobles, bureaucrats, landlords and big businessmen has concentrated a large amount of land in the hands of a few people, while the peasants have been displaced because of the loss of land. As early as the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), Yang Ximao, the governor of Hunan, pointed out the serious situation of land concentration in Hunan. He said: "In recent days, about five or six out of ten people own fields. Those who once owned fields are now tenants. "
The concentration of land is getting worse and worse, which eventually leads to the serious situation that "the rich have fields and buildings and the poor have no cones". A large number of farmers who have lost their land have either become tenant farmers or employees, or become landless refugees. Farmers who become tenant farmers are forced to bear the cruel exploitation of the landlord class's high land rent. At that time, the rent rate was divided into at least four or six parts (that is, four landlords and six tenants), which was generally half-and-half, with the main tenant getting half each. Tenants often have to pay various additional rents to landlords in addition to the regular rent. In all kinds of festivals, farmers should pay the landlords timely things such as chickens, tapirs, fish and silks. In addition, farmers have to bear all kinds of taxes of the Qing court.
In this way, half or even most of the hard-earned money of farmers was deprived by the landlord class. In the case of floods and droughts, farmers can't pay all the rent and taxes. Many people have to leave their homes and become refugees. Some refugees ignored the ban of the Qing court and entered the northeast, Mongolia and closed areas along the Yangtze River. They have gone through hardships and hardships, and they have to work hard to cope with the government's expulsion and drift from place to place, making it difficult to settle down. Some people live in the streets of the town and beg along the street. During the Jiaqing period, there were more than100000 beggars in Beijing. The feudal land system and the feudal exploitation of farmers by the landlord class drove farmers to a dead end, which also greatly bound and destroyed the development of social productive forces. This is the root cause of social economic depression and social unrest after the middle of Qing Dynasty. An Baili Uprising broke out in the first year of Jiaqing (1796), but it was the biggest uprising in Jiaqing. During the Jiaqing period, the Anbaili Uprising lasted for 9 years and 4 months, and most of the earliest participants were Anbaili believers. Hundreds of thousands of people took part in the uprising, which broke out in the border region of Sichuan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The struggle area spread throughout Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Henan and Gansu provinces, and even spread to Longshan County, Hunan Province. During more than nine years of fighting, An Baili Rebels occupied or destroyed 204 Qing government offices, prefectures, counties, halls and health centers. Fighting against the troops recruited by the Qing government from the whole country 16 province, a large number of Qing troops were annihilated, resulting in the loss of more than 20 first-and second-class senior generals and more than 400 officers below lieutenant and general. The Qing government spent 200 million taels of silver to suppress the uprising, which was equivalent to the fiscal revenue of the Qing government for five years at that time. Since then, the Qing dynasty has fallen into the predicament of weakened military strength and absurd finance from the so-called "prosperous times" and quickly fell into the abyss of decline. In the 18th year of Jiaqing (18 13), the Tianjin Uprising led by Lin Qing and Li Wencheng broke out in the border areas of Henan, Shandong and Gyeonggi. Rebel parishioners successively captured hua county, Zhili Changyuan, Dingtao and other places in Shandong. Tian Jian, who secretly lived in Daxing and Wanping, the capital, broke into the palace with the help of the palace eunuchs, "causing things that were never done in Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties". Emperor Jiaqing also pretended to "blame himself" for this, and warned ministers before his death, "Don't forget the changes in eighteen years." After the screen, an arrow shot at Long Zongmen in the melee was preserved. Jiaqing hopes that this arrow can maintain a sense of urgency for future generations of the royal family in Aisingiorro: be kind to the people and not "harm the people and abuse them". Although the Tian Li Rebellion was not as big as the Anbaili Rebellion in Sichuan and Shaanxi in the early years of Jiaqing, the fact that it went deep into the palace really made Manchu feel uneasy.
After the cruel suppression of the ruling class of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the peasant uprising army suffered serious losses, and it was basically in a period of stagnation and accumulation of strength in the early Daoguang period. Therefore, the peasant uprising in this period can not be compared with the previous peasant uprising in terms of the number of participants, the number of uprisings and the influence. Zhao Jinlong led the uprising of the Yao people. The four counties of Heng, Yong, Chen and Guiyang in Hunan Province have always been places where Han and Yao people live together. Due to the policy of ethnic discrimination and oppression pursued by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, local officials and landlords of the Han nationality brutally exploited the poor Yao people, which constantly aroused their resentment and resistance. The Yao uprising led by Zhao Jinlong happened in this situation. At that time, some members of heaven and earth societies in Hunan and Guangdong, with the support of the government, robbed cattle and grain in Yaozhai many times. So in the 11th year of Daoguang (183 1), at the end of December, Zhao Jinlong and Zhao Fucai led more than 700 Yao people and killed more than 20 members of the Heaven and Earth Society in Lianghekou. In the first month of the following year, Lin Xianliang, a magistrate of Linjiang County, led troops to round up Zhao Jinlong and others to prevent the situation from getting worse. In this case, Zhao Jinlong was more than I could bear, and led the masses to take part in the Jia Chong Uprising in YongZhou Changtang. Bao Youzhi, the main commander of Yongzhou Town, led more than a thousand soldiers to attack, killing more than 300 insurgents and digging their ancestral graves. /kloc-in late October, the insurgents entered Lanshan County and planned to occupy Jiuyi Mountain as the uprising base camp. Wu Rongguang, the governor of Hunan Province, heard that the Blue Mountain was in an emergency and ordered the prefect Hailing and others to suppress it. From Ningyuan to Blue Mountain, Hailing O is brave and arrogant all the way, and does not explore the terrain. Going deep through the path in the rain, I was ambushed by the rebels and Hailing O was killed. Daoguang Emperor also sent Lv Kun, the governor, and Luo Si, the prefect of Hubei Province, into suppression. At the same time, he ordered the army generals to lure the insurgents to Ye Ping Mountain and annihilate them. At the beginning of March, the Qing army soldiers were divided into north and south roads, forming a double attack on the Blue Mountain rebels. The insurgents were cut off from food and grass and forced to go out of the mountain, preparing to move eastward to Yangquan Town, Changning County, so as to reorganize their troops. The result was encircled by Luo Siju and others. The rebels spent a lot of money in an attempt to relax the fighting spirit of the Qing army by pretending to surrender. However, Luosiju refused to let the rebels surrender, and ordered the Qing army to step up its attack, destroying more than 6,000 insurgents successively, and Zhao Fucai, Zhao Jinlong and others also sacrificed one after another. The uprising finally failed. In the 15th year of Daoguang (1835), Cao Shun's congenital religious uprising broke out in Zhao Cheng. This was the last large-scale anti-Qing uprising in the early Qing Dynasty. Congenital religion originated from gossip religion. In February of the 21st year of Jiaqing (18 16), Wang Ning, a native of Xinzhou, Shanxi Province, was repeatedly suppressed by the Qing court because of his deviation from divination, so he named his divination reform congenital religion. Wang Ning himself is a "master" in the church, and the church "is the first of the four seasons every year, and collects money to use it separately". It is a religious superstitious organization with the purpose of collecting money. That autumn, congenital religion was uncovered by the Qing court, and Wang Ning and others were hanged. Since then, Han Jian, a disciple of Wang Ning, who apparently made a commitment and repented, has restored congenital religion and developed Christians in Zhao Cheng. In the second year of Daoguang, Han Jian accepted Cao Shun as an apprentice. In fourteen years, Han Jian gave Cao Shun the right to teach because he was old and weak. After Cao Shun took charge of religion, he changed the practice of collecting money for profit, and used the class contradiction intensified by land annexation and official extortion at that time to guide believers to the road of anti-Qing uprising. He claimed that Sakyamuni Buddha was reincarnated, and more and more people believed him.
In February of the 15th year of Daoguang, Cao Shun and his disciples secretly planned an uprising, which was scheduled to start at the same time in Pingyang, Huozhou, Hong Tong and Zhao Cheng on August 15th of that year. Unexpectedly, the secret of the uprising in early March leaked, and Yang Yanliang, a magistrate of a county in Zhao Cheng, ordered the arrest of Cao Shun and others. The situation was extremely tense in an instant. After urgent deliberation, Cao Shun and his disciples decided to hold an anti-Qing uprising in advance, and sent people to guard the main roads in advance to intercept the newspapers and periodicals of the Qing court. Han Qi, the son of Han Jianzi, and Zhang Wenbin, his apprentice, were also named as marshals to attack Zhao Cheng, then captured Huozhou and Hongdong counties respectively, and then jointly captured Pingyang House. On the night of the fourth day of March, Han Qi led some rebels into Zhaozhou secretly, cooperated with the Christians who had been waiting there, broke through the county government in one fell swoop and killed Yang Yanliang, his family and staff of more than 30 people. The next day, we divided our troops to capture Huozhou and Hongdong counties, and both were repelled by the Qing army and the local township brave. That evening, after Cao Shun learned of the failure of the uprising, he immediately fled in panic, and other insurgents also gave up Zhaozhou City. On March 22nd, when Cao Shun and several other insurgents took refuge in a ruined temple in Guancheng County, Cao Zhou, Shandong Province, they were captured by patrolling Qing soldiers. Cao Shun was sent to Zhao Cheng, where he was "sacrificed" in front of Yang Yanliang's grave. The news of Cao Shun uprising shocked the local authorities in Shanxi. Under the command of Governor E Shun 'an, the Qing army rushed to encircle and encircle, but before reaching Zhao Cheng, the uprising had failed.