1. Ecology of medicinal plants and its research object and main content: the use of plant ecology principles and methods, the study of the interrelationship between medicinal plants and the environment of a science.2. China's main 10 families of medicinal plants and 10 endemic species?1 Asteraceae: chrysanthemum, safflower, cyclamen, fenugreek, aster, funnel grass, the name of the day essence, pellitory, burdock, celandine. dandelion and channa (Murraya), etc.2 Leguminosae: licorice, swollen-fruited licorice, light-fruited licorice, membranous-podded astragalus, and Mongolian astragalus, etc.3 Buttercup family: aconite (Chuanwu), northern aconite (Caowu), yellow-flowered aconite (Guanbaixian), short-stalked aconite (Artemisia annua on the snow), and Ganqing aconite.4 Labiatae: salvia, scutellaria baicalensis, patchouli, patchouli, perilla, motherwort, peppermint, hairy-leafed ground shoots (Zelenium), fragrant patchouli, thorns, and Xiakoucao, etc.5 Rosaceae: ume, apricot, peach, tulip, wrinkled papaya, loquat, golden cherry, rose and hawthorn, etc.6 Umbelliferae: Angelica sinensis, Angelica dahuricus, Angelica sinensis (Dugong) with heavy teeth, purple-flowering prehensile, Liao Ligusticum, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, Qiangwu, coral greens (Beisashenthus), Ming Dangshen (Dangshang Shen), Xinjiang Feruliciae (Xinjiang Ailanthus), white-flowering prehensile, Serpentina chinensis, and fennel, etc.7 Polygonaceae: Polygonatum multiflorum, Ginseng, Polygonum multiflorum, Polygonum multiflorum, Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonum) Daqing), Bianzhu and Tiger Cane, etc.8 Wujiake family: Wujia, sessile Wujia, prickly Wujia, three-leaf Wujia (Bambusa alba) and red Wujia, etc.9 Lily family: there are Zhebeimu, Chuanbeimu, Dark Purple Beiimu, Pingbeimu, Yibeimu, and Lily, Shandan, Yellow Essence, Jade Bamboo, Asparagus, Zhiimu, Huachonglou, Maitake, Tusarawas (earth Poria), Vernoniaceae, Daylily, Rootlet Garlic (Allium sativum), and Old Crow's Flap (Kuangci Mushroom).10 Magnoliaceae family : Saffron Mullein Endemic Species: 1 Earth Sedum 2 Tianmu Mountain 3 Cordyceps Sinensis 4 Descending Yellow Sandalwood 5 Seven-leafed Flowering Flower 6 Gentian Grass 7 Iron Breaker 8 Ginkgo Biloba 9 Horseshoe Fragrance 10 Golden Iron Lock 3. Basic Connotation of the Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants. The quality of medicinal plants refers to the quality of their products, Chinese herbal medicines, which is directly related to the quality of Chinese medicine and its clinical efficacy. To evaluate the quality of medicinal plants, two kinds of indexes are generally used: one is chemical composition, which mainly refers to the amount of medicinal ingredients or active ingredients, as well as the content of hazardous substances such as chemical pesticides and toxic metal elements, etc. The second one is physical indexes, which mainly refers to the appearance of the product's traits such as color and lustre (overall appearance and cross-section), texture, size, neatness and shape, etc. The second is the physical indexes. The quality connotation of representative traditional Chinese herbal medicines is that they have clear medicinal properties (medicinal effect spectrum), contain a relatively stable group of chemical constituents and the proportion of each constituent, with a relatively narrow overall range of variation, and have good quality of traits, the most important of which is the overall stability and homogeneity of the chemical constituents. In the research of quality evaluation of Chinese herbal medicines, scientific research on Chinese herbal medicines in various disciplines is an effective instrumental means to serve for exposing the authenticity of the object of Chinese herbal medicines, and we must ensure the existence of the systematic nature of the object of study of Chinese herbal medicine, which cannot be dismembered to carry out segmented research on Chinese herbal medicines. In the absence of precise scientific research results to prove the error of traditional Chinese medicine on the evaluation of the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, it should be considered that the understanding of Chinese medicine on the evaluation of the quality of Chinese herbal medicines is correct.4. GAP Cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines and its main contents? Chinese herbal medicines production quality management standard (referred to as Chinese herbal medicines GAP, is the abbreviation of Good Agricultural Practice of Medicinal Plants and Animals) is to ensure the quality of Chinese herbal medicines from the start, to control the various factors affecting the quality of Chinese herbal medicines, to standardize the production of Chinese herbal medicines in all production links and even the whole process, in order to achieve the herbal medicines It is to control the various factors affecting the quality of Chinese herbal medicines and to standardize the various production stages and the whole process, so as to achieve the goal of "high quality, stability and control" of the medicinal materials. 5. Light on the ecological role of medicinal plants a. Light Most green medicinal plants, must be in a guarded light irradiation photosynthesis, manufacture of organic substances, the accumulation of active ingredients, such as fat tips, proteins, nucleic acids, volatile oils, glycosides. And all kinds of medicinal plants on the light intensity requirements are also different, such as mint, chrysanthemum, yam, rhizoma ligusticum, danshen, white peony, gehuang, fengfeng, yuan hu, etc. should be planted in the sunny environment, known as sunny plants; and ginseng, panax ginseng, yellow rhizome, bamboo, etc. should be planted in the shaded environment, known as yin plants; there are also many medicinal plants, such as shellac, tulip, lilies, maitake, white ginger, ginseng, atractylodes, etc. in the sunny or slightly Many other medicinal plants, such as Bayberry, Lily, Maitake, White Ginger, Codonopsis, Atractylodis Macrocephalae, etc. can grow in sunny or slightly shaded environments, and are called mesophytes. Therefore, light-loving plants in sunny conditions, in order to make the branches grow full, stout stems, leaf fat, dry matter accumulation. If the light is not enough, the stem is slender, the leaves are tender and yellow, easy to collapse, affecting the yield and quality of herbs. Shade-loving medicinal plants do not tolerate strong direct light, therefore, artificial cultivation must be set up trellis to regulate the degree of shade, in order to grow and develop normally.6 The ecological role of temperature on medicinal plants II. Temperature Medicinal plants require a certain temperature from the seed germination, seedling, growth, development until flowering and fruiting. Different classes of medicinal plants have different temperature requirements. Such as subtropical medicinal plants, sand nuts, like high temperature, growth temperature of 22-23 ℃; and such as Jilin ginseng, cold hardy, in the winter -40 ℃ under the cold conditions, do not freeze to death, but still be able to maintain vitality. General medicinal plants can not grow below 0 ℃, above 0 ℃, the growth of temperature increases and accelerate, higher than 35 ℃ growth gradually tend to stop, or even death. The optimal temperature for growth is about 25 ℃. 7. ecological role of water on medicinal plants, water in plant life activities, water is the most important. Because water is an important component of the protoplasm of plant cells, water is the most abundant in the plant body, which is estimated to account for about 80%-90% of the total weight of the plant body. Too much or too little water is detrimental to the growth and development of plants, and in serious cases, it can cause death. Different kinds of medicinal plants have different requirements for water. Such as licorice, ephedra, aloe vera, jingtian, etc. have developed root system or stem and leaves are fleshy, with developed thin-walled tissue, can store a large amount of water, known as arid plants; and such as lotus root, gorgonian, zelda, etc. because of the simple tissue of the transmission, the root of the absorption capacity is very weak, suitable for growth in the paddy field or pond, known as aquatic plants; and Huanglian, fine Xin, begonias, ferns and other medicinal plants such as drought ability is poor, the lack of water affects the growth and development, must be used in moist and moist, and the plant must be used for the growth and development of the plant, and the plant must be used for the growth and development of the plant. Growth and development, must be cultivated in a moist or shady environment, known as wet plants; most of the medicinal plants should be grown in the dry and wet environment, such as Angelica dahurica, Atractylodes macrocephala, safflower, rhubarb, yam, salvia, etc., known as mesophytic plants, and the roots, stems, and leaves are all underwater growth, known as submerged plants. Therefore, in the production of hair swallowtail medicinal plants, to grasp the various types of medicinal plants on the adaptability of water, is the same type of medicinal plants, in different stages of growth and development of water requirements are not the same.8. Soil on the ecological role of medicinal plants, soil Soil is the medicinal plants and labor development of the place and the basis. The most basic characteristic of soil is that it is fertile, so it can constantly supply nutrients such as water, nutrients and air needed for plant growth. Soil is composed of solid, liquid. Gas three-phase material composed of a complex organic whole, the solid part is composed of soil "skeleton". According to the different degree of soil viscosity and sandiness, soil can be divided into clay, sand and loam. Soil pH is one of the important properties of soil. It is usually expressed in terms of pH. A simple method of determination is to dissolve the soil in the right amount of water to form a soil solution, determine it with extensive litmus paper, and then check it against a colorimetric plate. Where the pH value is greater than 7 alkaline soil, tasted astringent; where the pH value is less than 7 acidic soil, tasted acidic; pH value equal to 7 neutral soil, not astringent nor acid. Most medicinal plants like to grow in neutral or slightly acidic, slightly alkaline soil; But a few medicinal plants, such as thick park, gardenia, cinnamon and so on like to grow in acidic soil; Chinese wolfberry, sour jujube, licorice and so on is suitable to grow in alkaline soil. 9. the road to medicinal herbs quality formation and the environmental conditions relationship The so-called road to medicinal herbs, refers to a certain medicinal biological varieties in the specific environment and the climate and so on factors of the combined effect, the formation of the origin of the The so-called authentic medicinal herbs refer to certain medicinal biological species under the combined effect of specific environmental and climatic factors, resulting in the origin of suitable, excellent varieties, high yield, elaborate concoctions, outstanding therapeutic effects, with regional characteristics of the herbs. It is an agreed, ancient concept of drug standardization, which controls the quality of herbs by fixing the place of origin for production, processing or sales, and is an ancient cognition and evaluation of the therapeutic effect of medicinal plant resources. Taoist medicinal herbs before the name of the medicine more than the name of the place, to show its Taoist production area. Such as "Longxi white party", "Longxi astragalus", "Zhejiang eight flavors", "four big Huaiyao" and so on is well-known Taoist medicinal herbs. The geographical environment is very complex, soil and water, climate, sunshine, biological distribution are not exactly the same, therefore, the quality of the drug itself, that is, its therapeutic effect has a significant difference. First, the genetic level. The genetic level is the study of the authenticity of Chinese herbal medicines from the perspective of the correlation between the genetic variation of the species and the natural environment. At present, there are different views on the authenticity of medicinal plants: one view is that the authenticity is determined by genetic factors, another view is that the authenticity is affected by genetic factors and geographic environment **** the same, but the genetic factors are dominant. There is also a viewpoint that dorability is mainly determined by the ecological environment. From the ecological point of view, long-term environmental evolution and spatial heterogeneity in the same period determines the species genetics, so the study of doddiness from the point of view of the correlation between genetics and the environment is the basis for explaining doddiness.　　Second, the ecological environment level. The ecological environment level studies the habitat characteristics of Daoji medicinal herbs, including geological environment, soil environment, atmospheric environment, water environment and community environment. At present, the study of soil environment and daoji nature is widely carried out. Zhang Chongyi and other experts have compared the geological background system (GBS) and soil physicochemical conditions of the same germplasm of honeysuckle in five different production areas, and found that: the daoji nature of honeysuckle is governed by the GBS, and it is distributed in neutral or alkaline sandy soil zones in a continental warm-temperate semi-arid climate. Zhao Yangjing and other experts carried out a comprehensive study of the physical properties, organic matter and mineral elements of the cultivated soils of Angelica dongquai in Daoji and non-Daoji areas, and concluded that the ecological environment is

the dominant factor in the formation of the Daoji nature of Angelica dongquai. It is worth noting that the study of the community environment for the growth of Daoji herbs is often neglected at this level at present.　　The community environment for plant growth (including community composition and community structure) is a key factor for plant growth, determining the survival, diversity, succession, and variation of species. Many studies have shown that homozygous cultivated herbs are of lower quality and prone to pests and diseases than wild daoji herbs. One of the important reasons for this is that artificially cultivated herbs are often cultivated in a single species over a large area, ignoring the influence of the small environment of the wild community and the effect of plant other sensory effects on the daoji nature of herbs. Therefore, the study of the optimal community environment for the growth of the medicinal herbs is an important part of the study of the correlation between the medicinal herbs and the environment, and the investigation of the ecological environment (geological features, air

climate, soil, community composition, community structure, etc.) should be emphasized in the survey of the medicinal plant resources.　　Third, the level of intraspecific diversity. "Intra-species quality variation is sometimes greater than inter-species variation" is the core idea of modern Taoism. Feng Xuefeng and other experts conducted a preliminary study on the genetic diversity of Scutellaria baicalensis populations at the molecular level. It was found that the genetic variation among populations of Scutellaria baicalensis accounted for 18.83% of the total variation, while the variation within populations accounted for 81.17%, and the intraspecific variation was much larger than the interspecific variation. Name: 1 ecological factor, minimum factor, environmental factor, limiting factor ecological factor: refers to the growth, development, reproduction, behavior and distribution of organisms have a direct or indirect impact on a variety of environmental factors of the general term. All of the ecological factors combined, constitute the ecological environment of organisms. Classification of ecological factors. p11 classification: climatic factors, soil factors, topographical factors, biological factors, anthropogenic factors Minimum factors: each plant requires a certain type and a certain amount of nutrients, if one of these nutrients is completely lacking, the plant can not survive. If the amount of this nutrient is very small, the growth of plants will be adversely affected, this is the law of the minimum factor environmental factors: the environment refers to a particular individual organisms or groups of organisms outside the space, as well as directly or indirectly affects the individual organisms or groups of organisms, the survival of the sum of all things that constitute the environment of the various elements known as the environmental factors limiting factors: a general reference to the growth, development, reproduction or population growth of insects to play a limiting role Limiting factor: a general term for biological or abiotic factors that limit the growth, development, reproduction, or population growth of insects, or factors that limit the growth, development, reproduction, or dispersal of organisms. The existence and reproduction of organisms depend on the combined effect of various ecological factors, in which the key factor limiting the survival and reproduction of organisms is the limiting factor. Also known as the dominant factor. Any organism is always affected by many factors at the same time, each factor is not isolated on the role of the organism, but many factors *** with the role. Therefore, any organism is always living in a variety of ecological factors interwoven into a complex network. However, in any specific ecological relationship, a certain factor may play the greatest role under certain circumstances. In this case, the survival and development of the organism is mainly limited by this factor, which is the limiting factor. For example, in arid areas, water is the limiting factor; in cold areas, heat is the limiting factor; in the part of the ocean where light can reach, mineral nutrients are the limiting factor, etc. 2 Convergent Adaptation Life Type, Convergent Adaptation Ecological Convergent Adaptation and Life Type,p16 different kinds of organisms, survive in the same or similar environmental conditions, often form the same or similar ways of adaptation and pathways, known as convergent adaptation, the different kinds of Organisms, the occurrence of convergent adaptation, and through natural or artificial selection and the formation of species with similar morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics of the group is called life type. Convergent adaptation and ecological type. p17 a group of biological organisms of similar affinity, due to living in different environmental conditions, the formation of different ways and means of adaptation is called convergent adaptation. Organisms due to the occurrence of convergent adaptation, and through natural selection or artificial selection and differentiation of ecological, morphological, and physiological characteristics of different genetic groups, known as ecotypes. (climate ecotype, soil ecotype, biological ecotype) 3 long day medicinal plants, short day medicinal plants long day plants. Daylight must be greater than a certain critical day length (generally 12-14 h or more), or the dark period must be shorter than a certain number of hours in order to become a flowering plant. Examples include safflower, angelica, burdock, radish, aster, hibiscus and pyrethrum. Short-day plants. The length of sunshine is only shorter than its required critical day length (generally 12-14 h or less), or the dark period must be more than a certain number of hours before flowering plants. Examples include perilla, chrysanthemum, andrographis, alyssum, cannabis, and gentian.4 Ecological niche, habitat ecological niche. p18 refers to the position of a population in a natural ecosystem in time, space, and the functional relationship between its associated populations. Includes three levels of meaning: 1. the temporal and spatial position of a species in a particular biome and its functional relationships 2. the position of a species in a gradient of environmental change 3. the relationship between a species and other populations in the community ecological niche principle. p19 ecological niche principle: competition and exclusion, finite ****survival, long term ****survival, generalization and specialization, habitats (habitat, Biocosmos = life + topos = place) refers to organisms that are not in the natural ecosystem, but which are in the natural ecosystem. topos = place) refers to the environment in which an individual, population or community of organisms lives, including the conditions necessary for survival and other ecological factors that act on organisms. Habitat refers to the ecological concept of environment, which is also known as habitat. Habitats are formed by a combination of biotic and abiotic factors, while describing the habitat of a biotic community usually includes only the abiotic environment. To avoid confusion, it is important to recognize both uses of habitat.5 Water Demand Critical Period, Maximum Water Demand Period? Water demand critical period The water demand critical period is the period of a medicinal plant's life (one or two year old plants) or annual fertility (perennial plants) when it is most sensitive to water, called the water demand critical period. Water deficit in this period causes loss of yield and quality of herbs, which cannot be compensated later. The maximum water demand period of a plant refers to the period in the life cycle of the plant that requires the most water.

The water critical period is the period when plants are most sensitive and vulnerable to inadequate water supply, called the water critical period. General plants in the new branch growth period, bud differentiation and fruit expansion period for the plant water critical period.

The critical period of water demand is the new growth period, the temperature rises sharply, the rapid growth of branches and leaves exuberant, water demand is the most, the most sensitive response to water shortages, therefore, called this period for the critical period of water demand. If the water supply is insufficient in this period, the growth will be weakened or even stopped early. 6. Briefly describe the authentic medicinal herbs and the authenticity of medicinal herbs. The authentic medicinal herbs refer to the medicinal herbs produced in a specific natural conditions, ecological environment, because the production is more concentrated, cultivation techniques, harvesting and processing also have a certain degree of sophistication, so as to be better than the same kind of medicinal herbs in the other areas of the production of the good quality, therapeutic efficacy. Dao Di, also known as Dao Dao, that is, the efficacy of authentic and reliable. Specific origin of specific varieties, and quality, therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese herbal medicine with specific germplasm, specific production areas, unique production technology or processing methods and production of quality, therapeutic effect of good herbs. 7 briefly describe the role of ecological factors law of ecological factors. p13 ecological factors law of action: integrated role (the role is not isolated, is always a combination of the role). Interaction (interconnection, mutual promotion, mutual constraints). Dominant role (there are a few or a few play a dominant, decisive role). Direct and indirect role; stage role (...). Biological growth and development of different stages of ecological factors of different needs, has the characteristics of stage); irreplaceable limited compensatory role. 8. medicinal plants according to the temperature requirements can be divided into which types 1 cold-tolerant medicinal plants can generally tolerate -2 ~ -1 ℃ low temperature, short-term tolerance -10 ~ -5 ℃ low temperature, the optimal assimilation temperature of 15 ~ 20 ℃. Such as ginseng, fine Xin, lilies, flat shellfish, rhubarb, qiangwu, schizandra, Allium sativum, stone Diao Bai and spiny five-ga and so on. Especially rhizomatous medicinal plants in the winter above ground part of the dead, the underground part of the overwintering is still able to withstand 0 ℃ below, or even -10 ℃ of low temperature.　　2?Half cold-tolerant medicinal plants can usually tolerate a short period of -1 ~ -2 ℃ of low temperature, the optimal assimilation temperature of 17 ~ 23 ℃. Such as radish, woad, yellow dock, wolfberry, motherwort and mustard. In the south of the Yangtze River can be open-ground overwintering, in South China throughout the winter can be open-ground growth.　　3 like temperature medicinal plant seed germination, seedling growth, flowering and fruiting require high temperatures, the optimal temperature for assimilation of 20 ~ 30 ℃, flowering temperature below 10 ~ 15 ℃ is not suitable for pollination or fruiting. Such as belladonna, hedgehog, chuanxiong, honeysuckle and so on.　　4 heat-resistant medicinal plants require high temperature for growth and development, the optimal temperature for assimilation is about 30 ℃, individual medicinal plants can grow normally at 40 ℃. Such as betel nut, sand nuts, sumac, lucerne, Luo Han Guo, knife beans, winter melon and pumpkin, etc. 9 Briefly describe the dangers of drought on medicinal plants Drought effects on medicinal plants. p961. drought will destroy the protoplasmic structure, causing cell death, resulting in plant desiccation. p961. 2. drought so that the cells lack of water, expansion of the pressure disappeared, and medicinal plants wilted. p962. 3. drought so that stomata are closed, transpiration weakened, the gas exchange and mineral nutrient absorption and transport slow. p963. 4. drought so that medicinal plants can be used in the production of medicinal plants. p964. Drought inhibits the growth and development of medicinal plants, and drought also weakens the resistance of medicinal plants to diseases and pests.10. What are the characteristics of aquatic medicinal plants Except for aquatic medicinal plants that require a certain water layer, other medicinal plants mainly rely on the root system to absorb water from the soil. When the soil is in the appropriate water content conditions, the root system into the soil deeper, the configuration is reasonable, the growth is good; in the wet soil, the root system is not developed, more distributed in the shallow soil, easy to fall, slow growth, and easy to lead to root respiration is impeded, nuisance diseases, resulting in losses; in the drought conditions, the root system will be rooted down, into the soil deeper until the deeper soil layer. Therefore, in the process of cultivation of medicinal plants, it is necessary to strengthen the field water management to ensure the normal growth and development of the root system, so as to obtain high-quality, high-yield medicinal herbs.11 Pathways and characteristics of medicinal plant contamination1 Pollution during the treatment of seedling seedlings2 Pollution of the growth environment of Chinese herbal medicines, including the soil, water sources, pesticides, heavy metals, radioactive substances, the atmosphere and so on;3 Pollution of the processing process in the place of origin, including auxiliary materials, Processing machinery, drying place, etc. 4 packaging materials in the pollution of harmful substances, etc. 12. medicinal plant utilization problems. p2561. medicinal plant wild resource overconsumption. 2. medicinal plant genetic resource loss 3. medicinal plant resource disorderly development 4. medicinal plant resource pollution is serious, etc. This elective course bitter ah PPT does not allow the examination of the book does not allow the printing can only be a remote code of a remote code of a remote code of a remote code of a remote code of a remote code of a remote code of a remote code of a remote code to put together some everyone **** enjoy it< /p>