Toona sinensis, also known as Toona sinensis bud, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis and so on. There are two layers of bark at the root, also called white bark of Toona sinensis. Originated in China, it is widely distributed in the north and south of the Yangtze River. It is a deciduous tree of Meliaceae, dioecious, with even pinnate compound leaves and bisexual panicles. Its fruit is an oval capsule and winged seeds, and its seeds can reproduce. The height of the tree is not only edible for Toona sinensis buds, but also the first choice for landscaping. Toona sinensis bud is nutritious and has dietotherapy effect, which is mainly used to treat exogenous wind-cold, rheumatic joint pain, stomachache, dysentery and so on. Toona sinensis is a tall tree, native to China. People have long been used to eating Toona sinensis, and Toona sinensis spread all over the country in the Han Dynasty.

First, the breeding technology

There are seed seedling raising, stem cutting, root cutting and tillering propagation.

1, seed seedling. Toona sinensis has small seeds, hard seed coat and long wing membrane. Direct seeding is difficult to absorb water and germinate. In order to obtain orderly emergence, seed germination should be accelerated before sowing. The method comprises the following steps:

① Soak the seeds in warm water. Soak the seeds in warm water at 30-40 degrees Celsius in early March-day and night. After the seeds absorb enough water, take them out and put them in a bun, and put them at a temperature of 20-25 degrees Celsius to accelerate germination. Water it once every morning and evening, turn it over evenly, and sow when more than 50% of the seeds are exposed.

② Promote germination. Mix the seeds and river sand evenly according to the ratio of 1:2, and put a proper amount of wine into clear water. Humidity control should be to hold it in your hand and then let it go. Pile the seeds mixed with sand into the shape of steamed bread, pour a little water every day and turn it evenly from time to time until 70% of the seeds turn white.

Efficient cultivation techniques of Toona sinensis

2, stem cutting. After defoliation from autumn to April-May of the following year, select 1-2-year-old branches and cut them into 20cm long cuttings with a row spacing of 25? 15 cm, inserted into the whole seedbed, 1/3 exposed on the ground.

3. Rooting and propagation. When transplanting and planting, the long taproot and lateral root of the plant are cut off and cut into small pieces of 15 ~ 20 cm. In the whole seedbed, furrows are dug with a row spacing of 25 cm and a depth of about 7 cm, roots are planted horizontally in the furrows with a spacing of 10 cm, covered with soil, compacted and watered, and tillers are removed in time when the seedling height is 10 cm.

4. Propagation of roots and tillers. There are many adventitious buds on the roots of Toona sinensis. In the natural environment, some young trees often sprout around the crown, which can be excavated for transplanting and cultivating new plants. However, natural tillers are limited, and artificial root cutting tillers can be used for reproduction. Its method: After thawing in early spring, before germination, there is a 50-60 cm ditch on the outer edge of the crown, the roots are slightly cut off, and the ditch is filled with soil to stimulate the root tip to form a large number of tillers and sprout new plants, which can be transplanted the next year.

5, seedbed preparation. Choose sandy loam with flat terrain, fertile soil and good drainage as the seedbed, apply 4000 kilograms of organic fertilizer, spread it flat, turn it over, make it thin and flat, make the border wide 1.2 meters, and have high water content in the deep ditch. Sowing: Divide the shallow ditch into 5cm according to the row spacing of 20km, fill the ditch with water, and after infiltration, evenly sow the germinated seeds in the ditch, with dry seeds per mu1.5 ~ 2kg, and cover with 2 ~ 3cm soil, then cover the frame with plastic film, tightly cover and compact, so as to improve the ground temperature and germinate early.

6, seedling management

(1) After the seeds are sown and emerge, remove the plastic film immediately in the evening, and lightly water them once, keeping the border moist.

(2) Homogenize the seedlings in time, remove the over-dense seedlings, weak seedlings and diseased seedlings, keep the spacing between plants at 3-5cm, combine with weeding in the field, topdressing diammonium phosphate 10kg per mu, watering once for water seepage, and shallow loosening the soil, taking care not to damage the roots.

③ Transplanting between seedlings. From late May to early June, when the seedlings grow 4 ~ 6 true leaves and are 8 ~ 10 cm high, in order to improve the illumination and soil nutrition conditions of the seedlings, it is necessary to transplant them every 10 ~ 15 cm, and master the principles of supporting the strong and removing the weak, and supporting the strong and removing the thin. 65,438+0 days before seedling thinning, watering should be done in the border, so that the root system will be damaged as little as possible when the seedlings are pulled out, and the spacing between rows and plants is 25? 15 cm, transplanted to the whole seedbed in time, and watered the roots to make the tree alive.

(4) After transplanting and cutting the living trees into seedlings, timely topdressing and watering, intertillage and weeding to promote the growth of seedlings. In the later stage, measures such as coring, spraying paclobutrazol or fertilizer and water management were taken to control plant height, adjust plant type, increase seedling nutritional storage and promote the formation of complete terminal buds.

Second, colonization.

It can be planted after defoliation and before germination in early spring of the following year. Before planting, apply 4000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu, spread it flat and turn it deep, with a border width of 2-2.5 meters and a row spacing of 60-70? 1.5 ~ 20 cm (dwarf and close planting), with 6000 ~ 8000 plants per mu, with more than 10000 plants at most. After planting, water the roots in time to promote the living trees.

Third, on-site management

1, fertilizer and water

After living trees are planted, topdressing and watering in time, combined with intertillage and weeding, can promote the rapid growth of seedlings.

2, pest control

The pests of Toona sinensis, such as Toona sinensis caterpillar, Dendrolimus punctatus and Anoplophora versicolor, were sprayed with 800 times trichlorfon solution in larval stage and controlled with 1500 times dimethoate in adult stage. The diseases include leaf rust and powdery mildew, which can be controlled by 500 times triadimefon. Clear the fields in winter to reduce the overwintering base of pests and diseases.

prune

Every spring, after the buds of Toona sinensis are harvested, from the middle and late June to the early July, the trunk is pruned (decapitated) at a distance of 20 cm from the ground to promote the lateral buds to sprout new branches. From the end of July to the beginning of August, according to the growth of new branches, topping can be advanced or delayed, and combined with fertilizer and water management, it can promote the formation of full terminal buds. Toona sinensis buds have a short growth period, so they should be eaten early and tender. There is a saying that "Toona sinensis buds are tender as silk before the rain, and Toona sinensis buds are wood after the rain". Harvesting criteria are purplish red bud color and bud length 10 ~ 15 cm. When harvesting, the terminal buds should be picked first, and then the lateral buds should be picked. If the terminal buds are not harvested, the lateral buds below will be difficult to grow or grow poorly. When picking flower buds, gently pick them by hand, flush with the base of petiole, bundle them into small bundles of 100 ~ 200g, and seal them with plastic bags to prevent dehydration and wilting and improve market quality. Toona sinensis buds can be harvested 3 ~ 4 times a year, with a yield of 400 ~ 500 kg.

Five, Toona sinensis overwintering protection measures

Toona sinensis is protected by plastic greenhouse for overwintering cultivation. After defoliation in autumn, the transplanted Toona sinensis plants are dug up by roots, and every 50 plants 1 bundle are watered with soil and placed in the shade. Methods: 1 1 year 10 A ditch with a depth of 50-60cm and a width of 50cm was dug at the back of the house, and the tied plants were placed obliquely in the ditch, and the roots were filled with soil, watered once until they penetrated into the bottom of the ditch, and then kept moist for 15 days. Then plant it in the prepared greenhouse (row spacing and plant spacing are the same as above). The temperature in the shed is 18 ~ 24℃ during the day and 12 ~ 14℃ at night. After 40 ~ 50 days, the first batch of Toona sinensis buds can be harvested and put on the market. The management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened in protected cultivation to improve the yield of Toona sinensis buds.

6. Processing, curing and storage

Toona sinensis buds can be preserved for a long time after processing and pickling, and can be shipped abroad at any time. This method is simple and feasible. Collect fresh Toona sinensis buds and wash them with water. After drying, 20 kg of salt was added per 100 kg. There is a layer of Toona sinensis buds and a layer of salt in the jar, with less salt in the lower layer and more salt in the upper layer. After 3 ~ 4 hours, turn over the jar, turn over the jar for the second time after 5 ~ 6 hours, and marinate for about 20 ~ 30 days. Take it out, spread it out and let it cool 1 ~ 2 days, add a little rice vinegar to increase the luster and brittleness, and then air it to 560%, every 65438+.