Shi Le, the founder of the Later Zhao dynasty, was originally a Capricorn who entered the Western region. After he ascended the throne as emperor in Xiangguo (present-day Xingtai, Hebei Province), he was greatly annoyed that people in his own country called the Capricorns Hu. Shi Le made a decree: no matter what he said or wrote, the word "Hu" was strictly forbidden, and violators would be punished by death.
One day, Shi Le summoned local officials to a meeting in Shan Yu's court, and was displeased when he saw that Fan Tan, the county magistrate of Xiangguo, had come to see him in patched and tattered clothes. He asked, "Fan Tan, why did you come to the court without being properly dressed?" In a panic, Fan Tan did not know how to answer, so he casually replied, "This is all because the Hu people have no morality and justice, and have looted all the clothes, so I have to come to the court in rags." Just after he finished, he realized that he had violated the prohibition, hastily kowtowed and asked for forgiveness; Shi Le saw him know the crime, and no longer accuse. Waiting for the summoning of the routine after the "imperial lunch", Shi Le and pointed to a plate of Hu Gua asked Fan Tan: "Qing know the name of this thing?" Fan Tan saw that this is Shi Le intentionally in the test to ask him, then respectfully answered: "Purple case delicacies, silver cup of green tea, golden bottle of manna, jade plate cucumber." After hearing this, Shi Le smiled with satisfaction.
Since then, hu melon was called cucumber and spread among the court. By the time of the Tang Dynasty, cucumber had become a common vegetable in the north and south. Nowadays, there are many kinds of cucumbers, roughly divided into spring cucumbers, rack cucumbers and dry cucumbers. The nationally recognized varieties are the beautiful, thin-skinned, thick-skinned, small-fleshed Beijing cucumber and the Ningyang cucumber.
Cucumber
(huanggua) (Cucumisativus) Cucurbitaceae, cucumber genus. Annual trailing or climbing herbs, stems slender, longitudinal ribs, short bristles. Cucumber, also known as cucumber, satsuma, cucurbitaceae annual herb. Cucumber has a long history of cultivation, planting a wide range, is a worldwide vegetable. Guangzhou City, cucumber cultivation season is longer, open field cultivation can reach more than 9 months, the use of facilities can be achieved by annual production and supply, the annual planting area of 5-10 million mu, is one of the important vegetables marketed and exported.
Cucumber root distribution is shallow, regeneration capacity is weak. Stem trailing, up to 3 meters long, with branches. Leaves palmate, large and thin, leaf margin serrulate. Flowers are usually unisexual, monoecious. Gourd fruit, a few centimeters to more than 70 cm long. Young fruits range in color from creamy white to dark green. The surface of the fruit is smooth or with white, brown or black verrucose spines. Some fruits have a bitter flavor derived from cucurbitacins. Seeds are flattened, long ellipsoid, with light yellow seed coat. The main types of cultivated cucumber in China are: North China type, mainly distributed in the provinces north of the Yangtze River; South China type, mainly distributed in the southeastern coastal provinces; the British greenhouse type, Europe and the United States, cold raw food type and sour processing type. Cucumber is a temperature-loving crop. Seed germination temperature for 25 ~ 30 ℃, the growth of the temperature for 18 ~ 32 ℃. Cucumber on the soil moisture conditions are more stringent requirements. It needs to be supplied with sufficient water during the growth period, but the root system does not tolerate hypoxia, nor does it tolerate high concentrations of soil nutrients. A soil pH of 5.5 to 7.2 is appropriate. Cucumbers can be cultivated in all seasons. Cultivation in winter and spring is mostly planted with seedlings. Cultivated mostly with stent, without frame is called ground cucumber. Long growing period, large amount of fertilizer, China probable base fertilizer-based, and many times during the growth period of fertilizer. Less rainy areas moderate watering, rainy areas pay attention to drainage and flood prevention. Harvesting is carried out in stages. Young fruits are generally harvested 7 to 15 days after the female flowers bloom. The main diseases are downy mildew, powdery mildew, wilt, blight, blight, hornblotch and anthracnose. The main pests are: cotton aphid, red spider, greenhouse whitefly, lateral polyphagous instar mite, yellow guard melon and seed fly. Cucumber is an often heterozygous crop and should be isolated for seed collection. Young fruits are eaten as vegetables. The pulp can be eaten raw. Containing protease enzyme helps the human body on the digestion and absorption of protein, fruit can be acid or sauce stain.
Family is the fruit of cucumber, Cucurbitaceae.
Also known as Hu melon, prickly melon, king melon.
Excellent varieties
At present, Guangzhou City, the production of cucumber planted in South China type cucumber and North China type cucumber, cultivars are mainly the following:
1, the garden Feng Yuan 6 cucumber: Shanxi Xiaxian garden Feng Yuan Vegetable Research Institute production, a generation of hybrids, early maturity, strong growth, the main side of the trailing melons, the high rate of female flowers, the melon strip straight and smooth, dark green, glossy, melon length of 35 cm The melon is 35 cm long, with white thorns, dense thorn tumors, short melon handle, excellent quality and high yield, with an acre yield of 5,000 kilograms. Suitable for spring, summer and fall planting.
2, early green No. 2: Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences Vegetable Institute of South China type cucumber generation of hybrids, strong growth potential, the main vine melon, female flowers. Melon cylindrical, skin color dark green, melon length of 21 cm, suitable for sale to Hong Kong and Macao, low temperature resistance, resistance to blight, blight and anthracnose, resistance to downy mildew and powdery mildew. 53 days from sowing to first harvest. Suitable for spring and fall cultivation.
3, Jin Chun four cucumber: Tianjin Cucumber Research Institute bred a generation of North China-type cucumber hybrids, resistance to mildew, powdery mildew, wilt, the main vine melon, more precocious, medium growth, melon long stick shape, melon length of 35 cm. Suitable for spring and fall open field cultivation.
4, Yuexiu No. 1: Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Vegetable Institute of the latest generation of North China-type cucumber generation of hybrids, the main vine melon, the female plant rate of 65%, melon stick-shaped, 33 cm long, early maturity, resistance to low temperatures, more resistant to wilt, anthracnose, resistant to epidemic and mildew, suitable for spring and fall open field cultivation.
5, in the agricultural 8: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Vegetable and Flower Research Institute of North China type cucumber generation of hybrids. Strong plant growth, more branches, the main side of the vine melon, resistance to mildew, powdery mildew, cucumber mosaic virus disease, wilt, anthracnose and other diseases and pests. Suitable for spring and fall open field cultivation.
The key to cultivation technology
1, soil selection and land preparation
Select pH between 6.0-7.5, rich in organic matter, good drainage and irrigation, water retention and fertilization of the viscous sandy loam, avoiding continuous cultivation of melons, the previous crop is best for the rice paddy. The land is prepared with deep furrow and raised beds, the width of the beds is 1.8m-2.0m (with furrows), the height of the beds is 30cm, north-south direction, double rows of planting, plant spacing of 30cm.
2, timely sowing, seedling and planting
Early spring January-March sowing, summer and fall planting June-August. Spring sowing seedling or mulch cover direct seeding after seed soaking and germination, summer and fall seed soaking direct seeding or dry seeding direct seeding can be.
Seed dipping germination is commonly used in cucumber sowing, with 50-55 ℃ warm boiling water scalded seed disinfection for 10 minutes, constantly stirring to prevent scalding. Then about 30 ℃ warm water immersion 4 -6 hours, scrub clean, flooded and drained, in the 28-30 ℃ thermostat or warm place moisturizing germination, 20 hours to start germination. Early spring small arched greenhouse insulation nursery, with nursery cups or seedbed nursery, seedling age 15-20 days (2 true leaves) when planting, in the evening on a sunny day, pay attention to the protection of the root system, before starting the seedling drenched with water, start the seedling according to the order to do so with the soil planting, in order to prevent injury to the roots.
3, fertilizer management and soil cultivation
Adequate basal fertilizer is one of the keys to stable and high yield. Cucumber responds well to the base fertilizer, deep ploughing and applying decomposed organic fertilizer, 2000kg-3000kg per mu, 50kg of gross fertilizer, 30kg of calcium superphosphate as base fertilizer. When the plant has 2-3 true leaves, start fertilizing. Cucumber root absorption is weak, sensitive to high concentrations of fertilizer response, fertilizer to "diligent application, thin application" as the principle, every 6-8 days fertilizer 1 time, mu of urea 5 kg -6 kg.
The tendrils appeared when combined with plowing and weeding soil fertilization, harvesting the first batch of melons and then soil fertilization 1 time, mu Shi peanut bran 15 kg -20 kg, 30 kg of compound fertilizer, potash 10 kg.
Summer and autumn due to high temperatures, rapid growth and development, aging is also fast, coupled with heavy rainfall, fertilizer loss, in addition to adequate basal fertilizer, early fertilizer. 1-2 pieces of true leaves period and harvesting of the first batch of melons after the soil fertilizer 1 time, to pay attention to the phosphorus and potash fertilizer in order to avoid the steep growth, early decline.
Spring cucumber seedlings to control water. The flowering and fruiting period requires the most water, sunny days usually drench 1 time a day, dry conditions 3-5 days irrigation 1 time. When it rains, do a good job of preventing flooding.
4, frame trailing and branching
General tendrils appear when inserting bamboo frame trailing, build "herringbone frame". The trailing starts after the tendrils appear, every 3-4 days trailing once, so that the plants are evenly distributed, in the evening on a sunny day. Cucumber whether the whole branch depends on the variety, the main vine results generally do not need to straighten; the main side of the vine results or the side of the vine results, to remove the top of the whole branch, generally 8 sections of the side of the vine below all cut, 9 sections of the side of the branch to stay more than 3 sections of the top of the top of the main vine about 30 sections of the top of the top of the.
5, harvest
Spring cucumber from planting to the first harvest about 55 days, summer and fall 35 days. The flowering can be harvested in about 10 days. That is, the skin color from dark green to bright green glossy, petals do not fall off when the harvest is best. The first melon should be harvested early, so as not to affect the growth of the subsequent melon, or even hinder the growth of the plant, the formation of deformed melons and early plant failure, thus affecting the yield.
Pest control
The common pests and diseases that harm cucumber are the same as those of bitter melon, as well as gray mold and bacterial hornblotch.
1, gray mold
(1) ecological prevention and control: watering should be carried out in the morning, the onset of the early appropriate watering control, to prevent excessive;
(2) the onset of the timely removal of diseased fruits, diseased leaves, centralized burned or buried;
(3) pharmaceutical prevention and control: onset of the early spraying 25% of the enemy to take off the emulsion of 3,000-4,000 times, 30% of the love of the seedling Emulsion 3000-4000 times liquid, 10% Baoli Ann wettable powder 900-1000 times liquid, 50% speed Kling wettable powder 2000 times liquid, or 45% Tecdor suspending agent 3000-4000 times liquid, 50% Puhain wettable powder 1500 times liquid, 40% multi - sulfur suspending agent 600 times liquid, 2% Wuyi bacterin water 150 times liquid, alternating between 7-10 days once, for 2 - 10 days.
2, bacterial hornblotch disease
Mostly occurs in the hot and rainy season, the pathogen overwintered in the seeds and soil. The pathogen invades through wounds and water holes. High temperature and rain, low-lying waterlogged terrain, years of continuous cropping, improper fertilizer and water management, will aggravate the occurrence. Rapid development after the storm, causing serious losses. The disease should be prevented, control methods:
(1) seed disinfection: 72% agro-streptomycin soluble powder 3,000-4,000 times liquid soaked for 2 hours, or 40% formalin 150 times liquid soaked for 90 minutes, washed with water and then according to the routine operation of soaking seeds to promote germination;
(2) pharmaceutical prevention and control: can be used in 30% copper oxychloride gel suspensions 800 times, or 77% kojic acid wettable solution. 77% kojic acid wettable powder 1500 times liquid, 2% gazami liquid agent 400-500 times liquid, 72% agro-streptomycin soluble powder 4000 times liquid, new phytomycin 4000 times liquid, agro-resistance 120, 200 times liquid spray, alternating, every 7-10 days once, 2-3 times in a row.
Efficacy
Cool in nature, sweet in flavor; enters the lung, stomach, large intestine meridian.
Effects and Indications
Clearing heat and inducing diuresis, detoxifying and eliminating swellings, generating body fluid and quenching thirst. It is used for treating body heat and thirst, sore throat, wind-heat eye disease, damp-heat jaundice, and dysuria.
Nutrition Facts
Each 100 grams contains 0.6-0.8 grams of protein, 0.2 grams of fat, 1.6-2.0 grams of carbohydrates, O.4-0.5 grams of ash, 15-19 milligrams of calcium, 29-33 milligrams of phosphorus, 0.2-1.1 milligrams of iron, 0.2-0.3 milligrams of carotenoids, 0.02-0.04 milligrams of thiamine, 0.04-0.4 milligrams of riboflavin. 0.04 to 0.4 mg, niacin 0.2 to 0.3 mg, ascorbic acid 4 to 11 mg. In addition, it also contains glucose, rhamnose, galactose, mannose, xylitol, fructose, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, a variety of free amino acids, as well as volatile oils, cucurbitacins, cucurbitacin, cucumber enzyme and so on.
Therapeutic effects
1. Anti-tumor cucumber contains cucurbitacin C has the effect of improving the body's immune function, to achieve the purpose of anti-tumor. In addition, the substance can also treat chronic hepatitis and prolonged hepatitis, and prolong the survival of patients with primary liver cancer.
2. Anti-aging cucumber is rich in vitamin E, can play a prolonged life, anti-aging effect; cucumber in the cucumber enzyme, has a strong biological activity, can effectively promote the body's metabolism. With cucumber mashed juice coated skin, moisturizing, stretching wrinkles effect.
3. Anti-alcohol poisoning cucumber contains alanine, arginine and glutamine on the liver patients, especially for alcoholic cirrhosis patients have a certain auxiliary therapeutic effect, can prevent and control alcohol poisoning.
4. lower blood sugar cucumber contains glucoside, fructose, etc. is not involved in the usual sugar metabolism, so diabetic cucumbers instead of starchy food to fill the hunger, blood glucose will not rise, and even lower.
5. Weight loss and strong body cucumber contains malonic acid, can inhibit sugar substances into fat. In addition, the fiber in the cucumber to promote human intestinal corruption in the exclusion of substances and reduce cholesterol has a certain role, can be strong body.
6. brain brain cucumber contains vitamin B1, to improve the function of the brain and nervous system is favorable, can calm the mind, assist in the treatment of insomnia.
Health care recipes
1. sugar and vinegar cucumber slices 500 grams of cucumber, salt, sugar, white vinegar, appropriate amount. First of all, the cucumber will be seeded and washed, cut into thin slices, refined salt marinade for 30 minutes; with cold boiled water to wash away some of the salty flavor of the cucumber, the water control dry, plus refined salt, sugar, vinegar marinade for 1 hour that is to become. This dish is sweet and sour, with heat and appetizing, the efficacy of the thirst, for thirst, greasy mouth, epigastric rumpus and other conditions, the summer food is particularly good.
2. cucumber soup cucumber 150 grams of purple cabbage, 15 grams of purple cabbage, seaweed. First of all, the cucumber washed and cut into rhombus-shaped slices, seaweed, seaweed is also washed; add broth in the pot, after boiling, into the cucumber, seaweed, salt, soy sauce, boiling skimmed foam, down into the seaweed, drizzled with sesame oil, sprinkled with monosodium glutamate, mixing that is into place. This soup has heat benefit kidney function, suitable for women menopause kidney deficiency hot patients eat.
3. Hawthorn juice mixed with cucumber tender cucumber 5, mountain plant 30 grams, 50 grams of sugar. First will be the cucumber to skin heart and two head, wash and cut into strips; hawthorn wash, into the pot with 200 ml of water, cook for about 15 minutes, take the juice of 100 ml; cucumber into the pot with water cooked, fish out; hawthorn juice into the sugar, slow simmering on the fire, until the sugar melts, put into the cucumber has been controlled by drying out the water and mixing well that is to become. This dish has the role of clearing heat and reducing fat, weight loss and elimination of accumulation, obesity, high blood pressure, sore throat people eat effectively.
4. Cucumber dandelion porridge cucumber, rice 50 grams, 30 grams of fresh dandelion. First cucumber washed and sliced, dandelion washed and chopped; rice washed first into the pot, add water 1000 ml, as usual porridge, to be porridge cooked, add cucumber, dandelion, and then cook for a few moments, you can eat. This porridge has the effect of clearing heat, diuretic and swelling. It is suitable for heat and toxicity, sore throat, wind-heat eye disease, short and red urine and other diseases.
Note that cucumber is cold, and patients with cold stomachs are prone to abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Selected Literature
"Daily Use of Materia Medica": "In addition to the heat in the chest, quench thirst, and facilitate the waterway."
"Lu Chuan Materia Medica": "Treating feverish body heat, thirst, and burns."
"Yunnan Materia Medica": "Relieve spasmodic fever and poison, and clear thirst."
The Materia Medica Seeking Truth: "Sweet and cold odor, can clear heat and water."
Cultural Appreciation
Tang - Zhanghuai Prince. The Lyrics of Melon in Huangtai: "'Planting melons under Huangtai, the melons are ripe and the seeds are far away. The first picking makes the melon good, the second picking makes the melon thin. Three picks are still good, four picks hold the vine to return."
Song Su Wu. The cucumber sells": "Clusters of clothes in the fall of jujube flowers, the village north and south of the village ringing nest car. The cucumber is sold in the ancient willow of the cow's coat, and the road is long, but the wine is long and sleepy. The sun is high and people are thirsty for tea, knocking on the door to ask the savage home."
Qing Dynasty - Wu Weiye. Wing Wang melon ":" with the pick who can stay, away from the early car full of weak vines pulling Biti, curved neck love yellow flowers. The guest drunken taste should be refreshing, the child cool pillow is easy to slant. The Qimin programmed the monthly order, the melon road heavy Wang family",
Qing Dynasty - Huang Zhijun. The gourd, if you know it, is the root of the vine for me. I'm not going to be able to do that, but I'm going to be able to do it. I'll tell my parents that I'm sorry for my poor son."
History: Cucumber originated in India, Zhang Sai mission to the West brought back to China, then called Hu melon. Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Jie people Shi Le did after Zhao Wang, he was dissatisfied with the Han people to the northern minorities called "Hu", to avoid "Hu" word, it was renamed as cucumber. Some people in the south of the "yellow", "king" two words of pronunciation is difficult to distinguish, so also known as "king melon".
The cucumber itself is a nutritious product
Only from the cucumber itself, it is delicious and nutritious vegetables. On the palate, cucumber meat is crisp and tender, juicy and sweet, fragrant and delicious; nutritionally, it contains protein, fat, sugar, a variety of vitamins, fiber, and calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium and other rich ingredients. Especially the fine cellulose contained in the cucumber can reduce blood cholesterol, triglyceride content, promote intestinal peristalsis, accelerate the excretion of waste, improve human metabolism. Fresh cucumbers contain malonic acid, but also can effectively inhibit the conversion of sugar substances into fat, therefore, often eat cucumbers can lose weight and prevent the occurrence of coronary heart disease.
Cucumber destroys other food nutrients
Why is it best not to have cucumber in the "harvest"? Because the cucumber contains a vitamin C enzyme, will destroy other vegetables rich in vitamin C. "Big Harvest" in the tomato is a typical vitamin C-rich vegetables, if the two together, we take from the tomato in the vitamin C, and then by the cucumber in the enzyme destruction, can not reach the supplemental nutrient The effect. In addition to eating a "bumper crop", but also often people eat a cucumber, and then eat a tomato; or the dinner table has been a plate of "tomato scrambled eggs", and then a plate of "cucumber fried meat", these eating methods are incorrect.
Additionally, the more vitamin C in food, the more the cucumber enzyme destroys it.