Inulin extracted from Jerusalem artichoke has a fructan polymerization degree (DP) of 2-60, which is an ideal raw material for food ingredients, food functional additives, feed additives and pharmaceutical industry. It is not only a water-soluble dietary fiber, but also a good fat substitute and a functional oligosaccharide Bifidobacterium proliferation factor. At the same time, inulin is an excellent raw material for fructooligosaccharides, ultra-high fructose and deep processing in crystalline fructose. At present, inulin, as a functional food and health food, has been valued and favored by consumers all over the world.
Sweet ginger with sauce
Wash ginger first, then dry it until it wilts, then put it in a container, soak it in salt water for about a month, take it out and dry it, and finally soak it in sweet noodle sauce, soy sauce, white sugar and pepper marinade for about a week. Features: yellow color, crisp and refreshing texture, sweet and salty. It's a Sichuan home-cooked dish or a senior Sichuan banquet. Key points: in order to make the product stand out the crisp and refreshing feeling, it is necessary to air-dry the water before curing, and then air-dry some water after curing, thus forming a crisp and refreshing feeling; When mixing seasoning marinades, pay attention to reusing sweet sauce and sugar. The amount of juice is not much, and it is preserved, not preserved. Long sealing time (made in jar) and better flavor.
Ginger water bamboo mixed with face lift.
Ingredients: 50g of ginger, 50g of water bamboo, 50g of lean meat, 2g of mung bean vermicelli 150g, 2g of ginger, 5g of garlic, 2g of onion, 5g of red pepper and 5g of coriander. ?
Seasoning: 3 grams of refined salt, 3 grams of monosodium glutamate, 5 grams of tomato sauce and 5 grams of Chili sauce. ?
Key points of operation: ginger and water bamboo should not be cooked for too long, but should be frozen to make them crisp and refreshing. ?
Production process:?
1. Slice lean meat, ginger and water bamboo, mince ginger, garlic, coriander and red pepper, and mince onion. ?
2. Add water to the pot to boil, add ginger and water bamboo, cook until just cooked, remove and freeze; Marinate the shredded lean meat with a little salt, monosodium glutamate and wet raw powder for a while. ?
3. Put the processed ginger, water bamboo, shredded pork and vermicelli into a bowl, add the above seasonings and mix well to serve. ?
Sweet and sour ginger slices
Alpinia officinarum 300g, refined salt 2g, monosodium glutamate 1.5g, soy sauce 3g, vinegar 10g, sugar 15g and sesame oil 5g.
Peel and clean ginger, slice it into thin slices, blanch it in water until it is not ripe, then take it out, put it in cold boiled water, take it out and put it in a basin, add refined salt, soy sauce, vinegar, sugar, monosodium glutamate and sesame oil, mix well, pickle it to taste, and eat it in fashion plates.
Nutritional components and utilization of Jerusalem artichoke
The edible rate of Alpinia officinarum is 100%. Every 100g tuber contains 79.8g of water, 0. 1g of crude protein, 0. 1g of fat, 0./kloc-6.6g of carbohydrate, 0.6g of crude fiber and 2.8g of ash. 6 mg, and rich in inulin, pentosan, starch and other substances. Sweet, flat and non-toxic. It is beneficial to diuresis and dehumidification, harmonizing the middle energizer and benefiting the stomach, and has the function of clearing heat and detoxifying, so it is a diuretic. Jerusalem artichoke is widely used.
(1) as a vegetable?
(1) Fresh tubers can be fried or fried with shredded pork, which is crispy and delicious. ?
(2) Pickling: 50 kilograms of Jerusalem artichoke, washed to remove impurities, put in a crock, put a layer of Jerusalem artichoke and sprinkle with salt, with the salt content of 9 kilograms, and pour in a proper amount of water after putting it away. Pour the jar once a day and once two days later. /kloc-you can eat it in about 0/5 days. It tastes delicious and can be used as a side dish, which has a certain auxiliary effect on diabetes.
(2) Used for miscellaneous grains, feed or extracting starch, making alcohol, etc. Working feed can also be added to aboveground stems. ?
(3) medicinal?
Extract inulin for treating diabetes.
External application of mashed rhizome to treat unknown swelling and mumps.
For dietotherapy, Jerusalem artichoke tuber 100g can be washed and chopped, and rice 100g can be washed, boiled with appropriate amount of water, and eaten after adding salt and sesame oil. Suitable for people with diabetes, edema and dysuria.
[Edit this paragraph] Chinese herbal medicines
Medicinal name Jerusalem artichoke
Alias Yangjiang and Fan Qiang
Chinese pinyin ju? Yu
Latin plant animal mineral name sunflower? Tuberose? length
The effect of clearing heat and cooling blood; Relieve swelling
Classification of families and genera of Compositae
Latin name: rhizome? et？ Herbs? Sunflowers? tuberose
Indications for fever; Intestinal heat bleeding; Fall and get injured; Fracture swelling and pain
Harvesting and storing tubers in autumn, and harvesting stems and leaves in summer and autumn; Fresh or dry.
Resource distribution is cultivated in most parts of China. Native to North America.
Jerusalem artichoke in animal and plant form? Herbs perennial, 1-3m tall. There are huge underground stems. Stems erect, branched distally, hispid or setose. The basal leaves are opposite and the upper leaves are alternate; Petiole with narrow wings in the upper part of the petiole; Leaf blade ovoid to ovoid-elliptic, length10-15cm, width 3-9cm, acute or acuminate apex, broad wedge-shaped base, serrated edge, rough upper surface, hairy lower surface and 3 veins. Several heads, born at the branch ends, 5-9cm in diameter, 1-2 linear lanceolate bracts; Involucral bracts lanceolate or linear lanceolate, spreading; The tongue flower is neutral and light yellow, which is particularly remarkable; Tubular flowers are bisexual and cloudy, with yellow, brown or purple corolla and 5 lobes. Achene cuneate; There are often 2-4 hairy flat awns at the upper end of the crown hair. Flowering: August -65438+ 10.
Sweet in nature; Slightly bitter; Sexual apathy
Usage and dosage: decocted,10-15g; Or 1 root tuber, eaten raw.
Source: Chinese Materia Medica
Native to North America; Widely cultivated in all parts of China.
Tubers are rich in starch and can be eaten or used as pickles. Contains a lot of inulin and fructose, which is the raw material for making sugar and syrup, and can also be used for extracting alcohol and liquor. Leaves can be used as pig feed and stem skin fiber. Stems and leaves used as feed should be harvested before the first frost. Tubers are harvested when used. The water content of tuber is 79.6%, the crude protein is 65438 0.5%, and the crude fat is 0. 2%, crude fiber 0,7%, nitrogen-free extract 16%, ash 1 1%.
The potato head is commonly known in northern China. Jerusalem? Artichoke), commonly known as ginger, rhizosphere, ginger, compositae, sunflower, perennial herbs. Jerusalem artichoke originated in North America and was introduced to China via Europe. Its edible part is generally tuber, spindle-shaped or irregular tumor-shaped. The pericarp is red, yellow and white; The texture is delicate and crisp, but the quality of fresh food is not good. Jerusalem artichoke is widely distributed and cultivated in China. Strong adaptability, barren tolerance, cold tolerance and drought tolerance; Simple planting, sowing once and harvesting many times; The output is extremely high.
Jerusalem artichoke tuber is sweet and delicious, and it is a good seasoning. The content of inulin in tuber is high, and fructose after inulin hydrolysis is used in medicine and making candy and cakes. Tubers are also industrial raw materials for making starch and alcohol. Jerusalem artichoke stems and leaves above ground and underground tubers are rich in nutrition and are excellent livestock feed. In summer and autumn, the top of the plant is covered with yellow flowers, which look like chrysanthemums and have the function of beautifying the house. How to eat: mainly wash, peel and cook or cook porridge, and pickle after washing; Sundried Jerusalem artichoke
1? Characteristics and characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke
1. 1? Main characters and morphological characteristics
Sunflower (Helianthus? Tuberose? L), commonly known as ginger and cinnamon, is a perennial herb of Helianthus in Compositae (a cultivated species that can form underground tubers), and the chromosome number is 2n= 102. Underground tubers are rich in fructose polymers such as inulin. Jerusalem artichoke stems are erect, oblate, with irregular protrusions, and the height of the stems is 2 ~ 3m. Leaves ovate, pointed, green, alternate. Yellow flowers on the head. Tubers have no periderm, achenes are cuneate and hairy. According to the color of tuber skin, it can be divided into two varieties: red skin and white skin. Jerusalem artichoke is cold-resistant and drought-tolerant. Tubers germinate at 6 ~ 7℃ and emerge at 8 ~ 65438 00℃. The seedlings can tolerate the low temperature of 65438 0 ~ 2℃. Sunlight at 18 ~ 22℃ and 12h is beneficial to tuber formation, and tuber can grow at -25 ~-40℃. ?
1.2? Growth characteristics
In March, the ground temperature in northern China began to rise, and the wintering tubers gradually recovered from the frozen state. When the local temperature reached 10℃, the leaves began to germinate, and in early April, the leaves emerged from the ground and began to grow. During this period, the frost had no effect on them and did not damage them. In general, from the end of August to the beginning of September, Jerusalem artichoke begins to bloom, with a stem height of about 2 meters, pure yellow flowers, no fragrance and no peculiar smell, and petals 13. Because of different varieties, the color and width of leaves are different. Although the color is the same, the width and width of petals are different. Seeds can be produced by vector pollination, and the underground stems begin to bear fruit. The early-maturing variety 65438+ matured when the aerial stems died naturally in the middle of 10, and the late-maturing variety matured after the aerial stems died in the freezing period. The yield of Jerusalem artichoke (underground tuber) is closely related to the thickness and height of aboveground stems, as well as the nutrients and moisture of soil. If it is too dry, the aboveground stems are thin and short, and do not bloom, or even if they bloom, they are not very neat, with few flowers, small underground stems and low yield, but they will never die of drought. During the freezing period, underground stems freeze and hibernate.
1.3? Ecosystem characterization
①? Strong cold and drought tolerance: most desert areas in China are in extremely cold areas, with cold climate, long freezing period, dry climate and heavy sandstorm. Jerusalem artichoke has strong cold tolerance and can withstand temperatures of -40℃ or even lower. But one thing can't be ignored, that is, the tubers of Jerusalem artichoke must be under the sand, covered with sand at least 1cm thick, and must not be exposed to the ground.
Drought and water shortage are normal phenomena in the desert. Even if the drought is severe, Jerusalem artichoke can survive the storm safely with its amazing drought resistance. Tubers begin to germinate normally in early spring, and use their own nutrients and water to germinate and grow, and at the same time, a large number of roots are produced, which extend to all parts of the ground to find nutrients and water for the growth of seedlings. Under the condition that the new root system can supply the growth of seedlings, the nutrients and water in tubers can continue to be stored, especially in rainy season, tubers and roots will store a lot of water for the gradual growth of leaves and stems in case of drought. There are fluffy tissues on the stems and leaves of Jerusalem artichoke, which can greatly reduce water evaporation. When the drought is severe to a certain extent, underground stems will provide as much nutrients and water as possible for the growth of aboveground stems and leaves. When the nutrients of tubers are exhausted, the aboveground stems will die, but the underground stems can still grow new seedlings in the next year.
②? Anti-sandstorm: the desert area is windy and dry, and the sand has strong fluidity, but Jerusalem artichoke can be pushed out of the ground in deep sand, and it can germinate normally as long as the thickness of sand cover is less than 50cm. In order to avoid sand covering in spring, spring sowing can be carried out later. When Jerusalem artichoke is about to mature or mature in autumn, its dense aboveground stems, combined with the firm sand-catching ability of its roots and the strong pressure of underground tubers and weight increase on the sand, form a low protective belt, which plays a role in sand fixation. In recent years, more than 400 mu of Jerusalem artichoke has been planted on the flowing sand dunes in Horqin sandy land for sand control experiments, and the results have delighted experts: although the area was particularly dry, with little rainfall and high temperature, the whole crop suffered greatly, the Jerusalem artichoke planted in the desert grew well; The root system of Jerusalem artichoke is densely covered with sand. When digging to the depth of 1m, the root system of Jerusalem artichoke can be seen with naked eyes, and it has begun to bear fruit, achieving the ecological effects of sand fixation, sand control and desert change. This method of using Jerusalem artichoke to control sand is called the best method with low cost and quick effect by sand control authorities. In addition, the withered stems and leaves of Jerusalem artichoke are decomposed into fertilizer, which plays an important role in improving soil, increasing organic matter content and improving sand structure, creating favorable conditions for returning sand to fields and forests. ?
③? Strong fertility: Jerusalem artichoke sand control once and for all! That is to say, once sown, Jerusalem artichoke in the desert will live forever and expand at a rate of more than 20 times a year, so that the area of Jerusalem artichoke in the desert will increase year by year, and at the same time, some tubers can be harvested as seeds to further expand the planting area. In addition, some Jerusalem artichoke seeds can be harvested in areas with long growth period, and their germination rate can reach 100%. Even if the Jerusalem artichoke seeds are not harvested, they will drift to the corner suitable for its settlement in the desert.
④? Soil and water conservation: the root system of Jerusalem artichoke is particularly developed, and each Jerusalem artichoke has hundreds of roots 0.5 ~ 2m long deeply planted in the soil. As mentioned above, Jerusalem artichoke can reproduce and expand at the rate of 20 times a year, so it only takes 2 ~ 3 years to form a protective net woven by the stems and roots of Jerusalem artichoke on the surface, thus effectively and firmly maintaining the soil and water on the surface.
⑤? Extensive management: Because Jerusalem artichoke is drought-resistant, cold-resistant, self-propagating and free from pests and diseases, ecological Jerusalem artichoke basically does not need special management as long as it is planted. Except planting and harvesting, no other investment is needed, and the cost is low and the effect is quick.
2? Cultivation and management of Jerusalem artichoke
For economical Jerusalem artichoke, in order to increase production and income, necessary management measures can be taken.
2. 1? cultivation techniques
①? Soil preparation and base fertilizer application: after autumn harvest, soil fertilizer of 5000 kg per mu is applied, 70% of which is spread and 30% is concentrated in the ditch when sowing; In addition, potassium sulfate 15kg was applied, 30cm deep ploughed and leveled for planting.
②? Sowing: after thawing in spring, 20-25g tubers are selected for sowing, with 50kg tuber seeds per mu, row spacing of 0.5× 0.5m, sowing depth of10-20cm, and seedlings emerge about 30 days after sowing. Jerusalem artichoke is sown once a year. If there is tuber residue in the soil after harvest, it can be sown in the next year, but in order to make the plants evenly distributed, the seedlings should be sparse in the dense places and replanted in the places where there are no plants.
2.2? Tiantuan management
①? Intertillage and soil cultivation: weeding should be done in time after emergence or after rain in spring, and soil cultivation should be carried out in combination with intertillage.
②? Watering: The seedling stage, jointing stage, budding stage and tuber swelling stage of Jerusalem artichoke are the four key stages of watering. Generally, water can be poured in mid-April, water can be stored in late May, bud water can be poured out in mid-August, and tuber swelling water can be poured in mid-June.
③? Topdressing: On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer, Jerusalem artichoke is topdressed twice in the growth period: the first topdressing is at the end of May, with urea 10kg per mu to promote the seedlings to be strong and produce new branches; For the second time, at the early stage of budding, potassium sulfate 15kg per mu was topdressing, followed by watering.
④? Bud picking: flowers and buds should be picked when the tuber expands to promote the tuber expansion.
3? Harvest and storage of Jerusalem artichoke
3. 1? harvest
After autumn, the tubers of Jerusalem artichoke grow rapidly. Until the first ten days of 10, the leaves and stems of Jerusalem artichoke were completely frozen to death, and the underground tubers could not be harvested. Remove Jerusalem artichoke tubers from the soil manually or mechanically.
3.2? Winter storage of Jerusalem artichoke
If Jerusalem artichoke is used in the next spring, the stem of Jerusalem artichoke can be cut off after autumn, and the tuber of Jerusalem artichoke should not be harvested, but it should be taken out as soon as possible in the next spring, otherwise it will germinate quickly (the ground temperature is 2℃), which will affect the quality of Jerusalem artichoke. Storage method in winter: dig a shallow cellar in autumn, put Jerusalem artichoke in it, then sprinkle with sand, keep humidity and full ventilation, and then cover Jerusalem artichoke with 5cm thick soil to prevent sun exposure. When stored in large quantities, the straw handle can be used as several ventilation holes. Jerusalem artichoke begins to hibernate below 0℃, and it is neither afraid of heat nor cold when stored in winter. As long as it is covered with soil, it will not freeze to death at -50℃, and it can germinate and grow the next year. We should do a good job in winter storage according to this principle, as long as the temperature is not high, it will not rot.
4? Packaging and transportation of Jerusalem artichoke
Jerusalem artichoke can generally be packed in plastic woven bags, which is breathable and moisturizing. Generally, it is ok to put it in 10~20d ~ 20d.
Jerusalem artichoke can be transported by car or railway. Jerusalem artichoke should be covered with tarpaulin when transported by car to avoid excessive water loss. It is best to use ventilated wagons for railway transportation. If you choose sea transportation, the Jerusalem artichoke should be kept in a well-ventilated low temperature state, and the sea transportation time should not exceed 30 days.
5? The value and use of Jerusalem artichoke
Jerusalem artichoke is a rare eco-economic plant. The tuber yield per mu can reach about 1500kg, and it can be harvested properly in the third year after planting without affecting sand fixation. Its tubers can be eaten, and can also be made into starch, inulin, food additives, alcohol, health products and so on through deep processing. The leaves and stems of Jerusalem artichoke can also be used as feed. It can be seen that Jerusalem artichoke has great development and utilization value while controlling and fixing sand, and is especially suitable for industrialized management of sand. It is understood that using Jerusalem artichoke to control sand requires only 40 ~ 50 yuan RMB per mu of investment, and the economic benefits are considerable.
①? Jerusalem artichoke tuber is rich in amino acids, sugar, vitamins and so on. White, crisp and tender, without peculiar smell. It can be eaten raw, fried, boiled or sliced. If pickled into pickles or pickled into ginger, it has a unique flavor. Jerusalem artichoke is an excellent raw material, which is suitable for making green food without pests and diseases and pesticide pollution. ?
②? Jerusalem artichoke is rich in inulin. Inulin, fructooligosaccharides and ultra-high fructose syrup refined from Jerusalem artichoke by modern biotechnology are brand-new multifunctional ingredients in today's health food industry, and are also important proliferation factors of Bifidobacterium in human intestines, with special health care and anti-cancer effects.
③? Fructose can still be made into alcohol after fermentation, which is called green oil. It is a good alternative fuel and an ideal improver to improve the combustion quality of gasoline.
④? Jerusalem artichoke can be used as medicine, and its tuber is sweet, non-toxic, diuresis and dehumidification, which can prevent and treat diabetes.
⑤? The tubers and aboveground stems and leaves of Jerusalem artichoke can be used as feed for rabbits, pigs, sheep, donkeys and horses. The aboveground stems and leaves of Jerusalem artichoke can be directly used as green feed in the growing season of Jerusalem artichoke, or it can be made into dry feed after being crushed in autumn. Therefore, the development of animal husbandry will also become an integral part of sand industry represented by Jerusalem artichoke.
In a word, chrysanthemum root has its own ecological and economic dual values, which will be highly valued by the government and people suitable for planting, and will be planted and opened according to local conditions. The development and utilization of Jerusalem artichoke has a broad market and attractive prospects. ?
It is found that ginger has a bidirectional regulating effect on blood sugar, that is, it can reduce the blood sugar of diabetic patients on the one hand and increase the blood sugar of hypoglycemia patients on the other. ?
Studies have shown that Alpinia officinarum contains a substance whose structure is very similar to human pancreatic endogenous insulin. When urine sugar appears, eating Alpinia officinarum can control urine sugar, indicating that it can lower blood sugar. When people have hypoglycemia, eating ginger can also relieve it.