Foundation of anatomy important must be examined:

A, trunk deconstruction

1, the trunk of the skeleton: the trunk structure of the understanding of the trunk, to follow the recognition of the process from the simple geometry to the complexity of the structure of the block modeling of the ever-deeper understanding.

2, vertebrae: the seventh cervical vertebrae in the back of the neck on the most prominent, it is the neck and thoracic cavity of the division point. The sacral triangle is an important symbol of the bottom edge of the dorsal vertebrae.

3. Thorax:

A. The frontal center of the thorax is the sternum, which forms a groove called the median sulcus between the pectoralis major muscle and the breast on the surface of the body, articulating the clavicular head on the upper side and forming the clavicular fossa in the middle, and the thoracic fossa at the lower boundary.

B. The angle of the sternum is connected on both sides with the second rib, forming a prominent elevation of the chest; the connection of the costal cartilages with the lateral ribs forms an angle, which is the line of transition between the frontal and lateral sides of the thorax.

C. The back of the thorax is in the shape of a folding fan.

D. The seventh rib of the frontal part of the thorax forms a turning angle between the upper and lower parts of the thorax.

4. Clavicle and scapula:

A. The clavicle and scapula form a ring around the upper part of the thorax, marking the apical and lateral regions of the thorax.

B.A Russian instructor once said that the clavicle resembles a bow, and a book edited by Hogarth states that the clavicle resembles an upside-down coat hanger.

C. The scapula is much like a 30?, 60?, 90? right-angled triangle, with the 30? angle down, the 60? down, the 90? and the long right-angled edge on the side of the spine, and the scapular gonads in turn and the straight edge form an equal and equilateral triangle with an angle of about 120?; the straight and oblique edges parallel to the spine of the scapular gonads and vertebrae, and the angle of the lower edge can be clearly seen in the movement of the upper limbs; the acromion is the abruptness of the bones on the top surface of the shoulder the highest point of the shoulder.

D. The clavicle can move both up and down and horizontally forward and backward with the head of the clavicle as the axis, and it can also draw a circle with the head of the clavicle as the axis and drive the scapula to move.

5. Pelvis: The pelvis is understood as a large upper and lower basin or an inverted lampshade. The shape of the pelvis from the hip bone itself of the upper large and lower small pelvis into a positive trapezoidal shape that is wider at the greater trochanter than at the ilium. The pubic symphysis is exactly one-half of the body. The iliac crest is the dividing ridge between the lumbar and hip bones of the body.

6, the muscles of the trunk: pectoralis major muscle broad and thick, much higher than the sternum and ribs, the formation of high up the body. Pectoralis major muscle ribs associated with the stopping point of the upper and lower cross misplaced. They form twist-like turns in the axilla. The rectus abdominis muscle is divided into two rows of four longitudinally flattened masses, the lowest one being the longest, and the abdominal umbilicus being between the third and fourth.

The external abdominal oblique muscle group forms two distinct masses at the upper border of the iliac bones on either side of the waist. In women, the pelvis is larger and the external abdominal oblique muscle group is less developed. The serratus anterior reinforces the "rubbing" pattern of the ribs. The serratus anterior and obliques form an interlocking, overlapping serration pattern. The sacrospinous muscle group structurally strengthens the elevated form of the thoracic bulge of the back, strengthens the folded fan form, and creates a deep concavity in the lumbar spine.

The latissimus dorsi muscle is relatively thin, attenuating the undulation of the skeletal muscles of the back and enhancing the thickness and width of the back, with the edges only readily visible on the lateral side of the body. The obliques are well developed and thick, causing the shoulders to curve upward in an upper arc.

7, gluteal muscles: the gluteal muscles and the greater trochanter make the pelvis from the front, from the inverted trapezoid into a positive trapezoid. From the side view of the formation of a similar rectangular shape tilted toward the front of the trunk, and the bottom wide and narrow, rounded in front of the back. From the back the gluteal muscles look like a big butterfly.

Second, the upper limb deconstruction

1, the bones of the big arm, small arm: humerus about 1.5 head length. The humerus is slightly larger at the elbow joint in the medial condyle and slightly smaller in the lateral condyle. Small arm bone divided into ulna and radius. The small arm of the opening of the hawthorn suddenly humerus epicondyle, humerus epicondyle connected to a straight line, the small arm to the big arm bending, the hawthorn and humerus epicondyle inside and outside the people line to form a triangle. The ulnar line is the structural line of the small arm.

The radius allows the arm to twist around the ulna as an axis. The humeral angle is 5?-7? and the ulnar angle is 7?-15?.

2, big arm muscles: deltoid muscle from the front and back of the human body is similar to the triangle; from the side of the human body, from the shoulder peak to 1/3 strong arm are wrapped in the deltoid muscle under. Biceps brachii muscle in the small arm extension, slender, small diameter of the cross-section; in the small arm bending, the diameter of the cross-section of the exponential increase.

The triceps brachii, thick on top and flattened underneath, forms an arcuate stepped surface curved in the direction of the elbow. The lateral head of the brachialis muscle is exposed between the biceps and triceps on the lateral side of the great arm.

3, the small arm extensor muscle group includes: brachioradialis, radial longissimus muscle, radial shortissimus muscle. Extensor digitorum brevis muscle group in the triceps brachii and brachioradialis muscle, very thick, so that the small arm radial tuberosity anterior elevation is very high. The small arm extensor group includes the finger extensors, ulnar wrist extensors, and elbow muscles. The small arm flexor muscle group includes rotator anterior round muscle, radial wrist flexor, palmaris longus, ulnar wrist flexor and so on.

4, the structure of the small arm: we take the ulnar eagle's beak, ulnar line and ulnar tuberosity as the boundary, the flexor group in the small arm ulnar line medial, extensor group in the small arm ulnar line lateral, and the small arm extensor group in the radial side of the small arm. Compared with the flexor and extensor groups, the flexor group is better developed and thicker, and the structural transition between the flexor and extensor groups forms a clear groove where the ulnar line is located; the upper part of the extensor group and the lower part of the extensor group are not very obvious.

The arc of the extensor group of the small arm is large, while the arc of the flexor group is small, and the high point of the arc of the extensor group of the small arm is closer to the top than the high point of the arc of the flexor group, which is closer to the bottom. The three muscle groups of the small arm gradually change from thick muscular tissue to tendons in the lower 2/3 of the small arm, causing a gradual transition to a more defined rectangular shape in the cross section of the small cloth at the upper end of the wrist.

The important bony points of the large and small arms are the following: the acromion, the medial condyle of the humerus, the lateral condyle of the humerus, the lesser head of the radius, the hawks humerus of the ulna, the lateral condyle of the greater head of the radius, and the lesser head of the ulna.

5. Hand: The main structural elements of the parts of the hand are the bones.

(1) Skeletons of the hand: carpal bones, forming a crescent shape that curves toward the palm of the hand.

(2) metacarpal bones: five metacarpal bones connecting the index finger metacarpal bone is the longest, connecting the thumb metacarpal bone is the shortest, only equal to the index finger metacarpal bone is about 2/3.

(3) finger bones: the length of the middle section is equivalent to about 2/3 of the basal joints, and the end of the section is equivalent to about the middle section of the length of about 1/2 strong; the middle finger bone is the longest, followed by the ring finger bone, the index finger bone and the pinky bone; the thumb bone is only two sections, the The basal and terminal phalanges. When the thumb joint and index finger are close together, the thumb metacarpal bone is about 2/3 of the index finger metacarpal bone, and the thumb terminal phalanx stops at 2/3 of the index finger basal joint.

From the little arm to the tip of the finger, the thickness of each segment of skeletal tissue becomes thinner and thinner, and there are several distinct steps. The instructor of drawing at the Leben School of Fine Arts has said that the finger bones can be understood as dumbbells joined together.

6. Muscles and tendons of the hand

(1) A few of the more obvious muscle groups of the hand: the ball of the thumb, the ball of the little finger, and the group of muscles between the thumb and index finger.

(2) Tendons of the hand: the extensor tendons of the fingers, which are hard and abrupt, and when the fingers are extended, these four tendons are as obvious as bones, and are important structural tissues of the back of the hand.

(3) Bunion tendon, bunion tendon: when stretching the thumb, these two tendons are abrupt, and they form a deep depression in the middle.? The tendons of the dorsum of the hand appear to disappear almost abruptly at the wrist from the appearance, due to the fact that they are covered by the annular ligament located at the wrist.

(4) Extensor tendons of the fingers: they are more pronounced on the palmar side of the wrist.

7. Structural points of the hand:

(1) Palmar surface palm length: middle finger length = 4:3, palmar surface middle finger length: palm width = 1:1, palmar surface palm length: dorsal surface middle finger length = 1:1.

The body of the hand can be divided into two parts, one part of the dorsal surface of the hand formed from the index finger to the little finger which has a smaller change of movement, it basically forms a pentagonal shape, which is basically in one plane. It is basically pentagonal and essentially in one plane, with only a slight elevation of the metacarpal bone of the middle finger. The other somite is the thumb metacarpal somite, which includes the thumb metacarpal, the ball of the thumb, and the interphalangeal muscle group of the thumb, which is basically triangular in shape.

(2) Carpal body mass: it can be understood as a rectangular piece narrower than the dorsal hand mass, which is inserted obliquely into the dorsal hand mass.

Third, the structure of the lower limbs:

1, leg bones:

A. The greater trochanteric bone, although prominent, is embedded in a fossa on the side of the pelvic body, which is tentatively called the greater trochanteric fossa.

B. The point of the medial condyle of the lower end of the tibia is higher than the point of the lateral condyle of the lower end of the fibula, forming an angle of inclination of the condylar joint axis.

2, leg muscles:

(1) anterior thigh muscles:

A. The diameter of the femur is highest in the thigh from the bottom to the upper 2/3, and then it gradually turns into a tendon upward, which looks like it is inserted between the intramuscular and extramuscular muscles.

B. The external high point of the extensor femoris brevis muscle is about 1/2 of the way up the thigh, and that of the vastus medialis and vastus intermedius muscle is at the lower part of the thigh near the knee joint.

(2) Stitchers' muscle:

A. The stitcher's muscle does not run in a straight line from its starting point to its ending point, but rather it turns to the medial bulge of the leg where the medial thigh turns over the intraspinatus muscle.

B. The suturer's muscle structurally divides the thigh obliquely into two somatic blocks, one being the main body block of the thigh, the lower lateral block, and one being the secondary body block of the thigh, the upper medial block.

(3) The posterior musculature of the thigh:

A. A downward curved step is formed between the upper musculature and the lower tendon tissue.

B. A deep triangular concave groove is formed between the two lower femoral tendons of the dorsal musculature of the thigh, into which the gastrocnemius muscle is inserted, and this structure is slightly higher than the frontal kneecap.

(4) Calf muscles:

Gastrocnemius muscle: gastrocnemius muscle forms an arc on the inner and outer side of the calf, in which the outer arc is smoother than the inner arc, and the protruding point of the outer arc of the calf is higher than the protruding point of the inner arc of the calf. The gastrocnemius muscle is thick muscular tissue from the upper end to 2/3 of the calf, and this section is large below and small above, with the upper end inserted into the two tendons separating the dorsal muscles of the thigh to form a depression. The gastrocnemius muscle forms de tendon above the heel bone called the Achilles tendon, which is hard and strong, forming a prominent structural shape.

(5) Tibialis anterior muscle: The tibialis anterior muscle is close to the outer side of the tibial line, so that the tibial line forms an inward concave structure.

(6) Flounder muscle: Flounder muscle, from the front, the calf inside and outside of the gastrocnemius muscle can be seen on the lower side of the calf, and at this time to the inner side of the greater role in the shape of the body.? The tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, gastrocnemius, and gastrocnemius muscles on the frontal lateral aspect of the calf? , the flounder muscle can be understood structurally as a whole body block.

3, leg structure points:

(1) foot bones:? Foot bones are divided into three parts: tarsus, stumptown and toe. There are seven bones in the tarsal part equivalent to the carpal bones in the hand. Among them, the heel bone is the largest, presenting the basic shape of the heel, followed by the talus, stacked on top of the heel bone to become the connecting bone between the ankle joint and the tibia. The remaining five tarsal bones form the upper break of the dorsum of the foot - the arch.

(2) Muscles and Tendons:

A. Foot - large in front and small in the back, high in the front and low in the back in a wedge shape. Understand the foot as a twisted and spun piece of paper.

B. The dorsum of the foot's left and right turn lines are primarily in the line of the big toe up along the bunion and phalanges.

The ankle joint, like a mortise and tenon that bite into each other, has an inverted notch for the tibia and fibula and a convex head for the talus. The pads on the outside of the foot add a small external arc to the line of the cross-section of the back of the foot.