Tang Yao, the master of the world, has the ambition of seclusion in Fenyang; Zi Jin is Chu Jun (the heir to the monarch) in the world, but he has the ambition to live in seclusion in Robin. Giving up the throne is as indifferent as taking off your shoes. Treating the king as light as a feather, let alone others? So smart people always hide their talents. Someone went to visit the emperor with the strategy of governing the country and keeping the country safe. Some people live with coarse clothes and firewood on their backs, and some people shake their oars leisurely on the quiet lake. They gave up their plan to go deep into the Hanshui River. His nature is not politics, he puts other people's hearts on interesting business.
There is wine in Tao Yuanming's poems, but his original intention is not wine, but to pin his interest on wine. His articles stand out from the crowd, with wonderful words and heroic ups and downs, more than many articles and less than him. Such as the broad white waves flowing eastward, majestic and soaring into the sky; Talking about current affairs is targeted and thought-provoking; As far as ambition is concerned, you are broad-minded and frank. Coupled with the ambition of never giving up chastity, I am content with morality and strive to keep chastity. I am not ashamed of working personally and I am not worried about poverty. If you are not a saint, have a firm ambition and don't go with the flow, who can achieve this state?
This is why everyone can't put it down. So I collected and revised his works, roughly classified and catalogued (made a collection). White jade also has flaws. The only flaw in his works is leisurely and comfortable fu. Yang Xiong said that works should play the role of persuading people to satirize a person, but there is no irony in his leisure poems. Where is it worth writing? What a pity! It would be better for Tao Yuanming not to write this article. I wrote him a rough biography and included it in this small collection.
I once said that people who can understand Tao Yuanming's articles will eliminate the desire to pursue fame and gain, and vulgar and stingy thoughts will be removed. Greedy people will be incorruptible, and cowardly people will stand on their own feet. Is it possible to just follow the way of benevolence and righteousness, or even give up the official salary, without having to travel as far as I do to Huashan Mountain in Xiyue to become an immortal? Then, this small collection also helps to educate the world. (1) It is suspected that there is wine in Tao Yuanming's poems. In my opinion, it's not the wine, but also the wine.
Some people suspect that there is wine in all Tao Yuanming's poems. I think his original intention is not wine, but to pin his interest on wine.
(2) Be loyal to your ambition, lead a hard life, not be ashamed of your hard work, not be sick of your lack of money [36], be loyal to your ambition, and be corrupt in your own way [37]. How did this happen?
In addition, I never give up my ambition of chastity, I am content with morality, I am chaste, I am not ashamed of my self-cultivation and I am not worried about poverty. Who can achieve this state if the saints are not bent on sharpening their ambitions and not colluding with the secular world?
(3) I love his words and can't let go. He still thinks about his virtue, and at the same time he hates it.
I like his poems very much, I can't put them down, and I admire his moral character, but it's a pity that I didn't live in the same era as him.
The first part of the preface discusses the reasons why Tao Yuanming lived in seclusion.
The preface discusses the social reasons for Tao Yuanming's seclusion, saying: "The entertainment of Zhao dance, the food of eight treasures in Nine Treasures, the journey of marriage, the luxury of holding high, the joy is the joy, and the sorrow is also followed." How difficult it is to lean on, but also to celebrate one crane after another. Wise people live in it, walking on thin ice; Stupid people and greedy people compete for this if they let their tails fall off. "This is a vivid portrayal of society at that time. It is the greatest pleasure in the world to enjoy sensual entertainment, exquisite food enjoyment, grand outing and prominent position. However, when I was killed in an instant, my wealth and wealth vanished. In this greedy society, wise men are walking on thin ice, and it is reasonable to retire.
The second part of the preface evaluates Tao Yuanming's works.
"Preface" said: "Its writing is not complicated and its words are excellent; Ups and downs, unique; It's nothing more than Beijing. Cross the elemental wave, swim with it and go straight up. I can think about current events and embrace a broad truth. " Although Tao Yuanming's poems are unparalleled, it took him a hundred years to meet his bosom friend. When Xiao Tong made this comment, it was like an empty valley, that is, the theory of not publishing for a thousand years. Xiao Tong transcends the literary horizon of ordinary people because he completely breaks through the limitation of praising Tao Yuanming's character in Yan Yanzhi's Historical Records of Zheng Tao and Shen Yue's Yi Zhuan of Yin Shu. After Zhong Rong's poem "China", he gave Tao Yuanming such a high evaluation for the first time.
Xiao Tong's overall evaluation of Tao Yuanming's works is "the article is different" and "unique". Prior to this, Tao Yuanming was left out in the cold because of his weak writing and different contents and styles of his works. Yan Yanzhi was a literary leader at that time and a good friend of Tao Yuanming before his death, so he should be familiar with Tao Yuanming's works. However, in Zheng Tao's Historical Records, there is only one sentence: "Learning is not a teacher, but a guide". Due to the stylistic requirements of Fu, I have to mention my academic research achievements before my death. This shows that his works were despised by people at that time. Shen Yue's Book of Song Dynasty made a reclusive biography of Tao Yuanming, which was not involved in any of his works. Even in the Biography of Xie Lingyun, when listing several generations of famous poets, Tao Yuanming's poems and songs are still not discussed. Poetry is an important turning point in the history of Tao criticism. Zhong Rong listed Tao Yuanming's poems as domestic products and called him a "poet". Tao Yuanming is finally an important member of the Federation of Literary and Art Circles. This is 90 years after Tao Yuanming's death. Although there are many praises for Tao poetry in Shi Pin, it is not properly analyzed and evaluated. One hundred years after Tao Yuanming's death, Xiao Tong made waves in his creation with his unique opinions, and established Tao Yuanming's lofty position in the history of literature with his "No Groups", "Unique" and "Mo Zhi and Jinghua".
"Wonderful words, ups and downs" ("ups and downs" here means indulgence); "Cheerful and bright, nothing is better than Beijing" is mainly an evaluation of the style of Tao Yuanming's works. This evaluation is very accurate and captures the main style characteristics of Tao Yuanming's works. In Zhong Rong's poems, it is recorded that "the world laments its straightness", and some people even ridicule it with "Tianjiayu". In the heyday of writing style, Xiao Tong surpassed Zhong Rong and enthusiastically praised Tao Yuanming's works, leaving them natural, beautiful, delicate and unparalleled. This requires both vision and courage, but also needs to be unbiased. We see that his own poems in Prince Zhaoming's Collection and the criteria for selecting poems in Selected Works presided over by him are different from Tao Yuanming's purport. He advocates that "things come from meditation, meaning comes from profundity", that is to say, works should make good use of allusions and metaphors, and rhetoric should be exquisite and gorgeous, as most of his own poems do. As far as the preface is concerned, the full text is less than 800 words, but there are nearly 50 allusions. However, he has a mind to accommodate works of different styles.
"British current affairs can be imagined, and the arms are wide and true." This is Xiao Tong's affirmation of the contents of Tao Yuanming's works. Xiao Tong thinks that Tao Yuanming's works are concerned about the current situation and criticize current affairs, and you can know their meaning by thinking about such poems. Xiao Tong's hints have played a guiding role in explaining riddles such as wine in later generations. Tao Yuanming is not a natural hermit. He has an ideal in his youth and a strong will in his prime. "When I was young, I was strong and complete, swimming alone with a sword. Who is close to words and deeds? Zhang Ye went to Youzhou. " (Antique) Zhangye and Youzhou, one west and one east, were ruled by the northern regime at that time. The image of a warm-blooded young man who wants to make contributions and strive hard on the battlefield in a distant place is vividly on the paper. "The teacher's teachings are not just falling. Ignorance at forty is nothing to fear! Raise my famous car and make me a famous horse. Although thousands of miles away, I dare not. " ("Mr. Murong") Full of heart, touching. The key to why Tao Yuanming's poems have been loved by people of different classes and ideas for thousands of years lies in "being broad-minded and true". "Truth" is his criterion for being a man, and it is also his criterion for writing poems. Xiao Tong express that highest aesthetic realm of his poem.
It is a very accurate and lofty evaluation of the dating status and significance of Tao Yuanming's works. Wang has a deep understanding of this: "I have lofty aspirations and no integrity, and I strongly advocate the decadent wind, surpassing Xuancheng. When he was in trouble, he was released and returned to the battlefield. Poetry and ambition, not annoying to cut the rope, have a natural beauty. The wider, the deeper the pressure. Believing in Confucianism is a high quality, and Linz is unique. Liang Zhaoming said:' Cross the waves and swim together, climb high and look far.' "("Collection and Postscript of Mr. Jingjie ") A Qing Hu also has a similar evaluation:" There are Jingjie in husband's poems, and Changli in Jude. Literature must be as prosperous as Changli, and then it can decline for eight generations; Poetry should also be like a quiet festival, and then it can be like the Six Dynasties. "(Preface to the Complete Works of Four Scholars in the Six Dynasties) Wei and Jin Dynasties were graceful and humanistic, but only talk and analyze clearly, and metaphysics flourished; Buddhist broadcasting, people fight for Samana; The fog of idealism, nihilism and formalism, such as piling up allusions and galloping words, permeates the society and covers the literary world. Tao Yuanming's poems, as Xiao Tong said, are like a clean stream flowing through rivers. If a bunch of clear water rises from the ground, it will go straight into the sky. The realm of "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", the ideal of "spring silkworms to households, autumn taxes to households", the state of mind of "asking what you can, being far-sighted", the beautiful state of "a warm and smoky city in a distant village", the enthusiasm of "knocking at the door in the morning, turning upside down" and "cherishing the sword and making great contributions" Xiao Tong lived in that era, and he was the heir to the throne. He is in the fog, but he knows the true face of Lushan Mountain.
It should be pointed out that Xiao Tong, constrained by the understanding that Confucian fu in Han Dynasty must be satirized and persuaded, thought that Tao Yuanming's leisure fu was "without irony" and was "slightly flawed in white jade" and regretted it. This view is biased. Leisure Fu is Tao Yuanming's only love article, which is called "a solid and interesting work" by Lu Xun. Although Leisure Fu is a work of leisure, its earnest hope and pursuit of love is of great significance to break the ethical trap. At the same time, it can't be simply regarded as a general love work. In this dreamy paradise of love, its ten "sorrows" and ten "wishes" are the tortuous reflections of the great inner pain of disillusionment after the author explores life.
The third part of the preface expounds the reasons and significance of editing the Collection of Tao Yuanming.
The preface says: "I am addicted to his works and can't let go." I still miss his virtue and hate it. " Therefore, for this area, it is more searching and rough. ..... and roughly determine his life story, and catalog it. "Loving his poems and worshiping his morality is written by the prince, which is not only the fundamental starting point of compilation, but also an important reason for the spread of Tao Yuanming's collections.
Xiao Tong was educated by Shen Yue, a literary leader, and had close contacts with famous writers and literary theorists at that time, such as Liu Xie, Zhong Rong, Liu Xiaozhuo and Wang Yun. "History of the South" Volume 53 says: "The prince was born smart. When I was three years old, I received Xiao Jing and The Analects of Confucius. At the age of five, he read the Five Classics and knew irony like the back of his hand. ..... I read several lines in parallel and I remember everything. " Simultaneous interpretation describes the grand occasion of Oriental Palace literature: "(Prince) recruits talents, enjoys love tirelessly, and constantly discusses the grave. Or discuss past lives with the bachelor, and then write an article, which is normal. At that time, the East Palace had a collection of tens of thousands of books, a collection of talents, and the prosperity of literature was unprecedented since the Jin and Song Dynasties. " Educated by a famous teacher, gifted and resourceful, he has a profound literary foundation since he was a small shop; Marrying with first-class scholars, learning from each other's strong points has formed his keen and far-reaching literary vision.
Xiao Tong's thesis advocates both form and content. In the books "Answering Wang Qiuji" and "Poetry Garden Huaying", it is said: "The husband's literary talent is tired, and the beauty is also hurt. I can be beautiful but not floating, classic but not wild, gentle and sincere, and have the meaning of a gentleman. I want to do it, but I hate it. " He wants to correct the shortcomings with elegant and profound content, simple style and beautiful language. The world is in dispute, people are in turmoil, the content of the article is empty and the form is flashy. Tao Yuanming is peaceful, and his poems are simple and frank. "Can this man write poetry and write it straight into the sky?" (Yuan Haowen's poem "Snow with Rain Xuan and the Covenant of the Party"), whose words are "quality and reality, reality and reality" (Su Shi). Tao Yuanming's poems are indeed "gentle" and "gentleman's ambition", which accords with Xiao Tong's literary concept. Making a preface for it is not only out of personal interest, but also helpful to Feng Jiao.
What needs to be pointed out here is that Xiao Tong is not biased by faith, but rigorous in his academic attitude. Influenced by Zhuangzi's materialistic view of nature, Tao Yuanming is basically a materialist. Xiao Tong, on the other hand, is a theist. He has a deep family relationship with immortal Taoism and is a devout Buddhist believer. It turns out that Xiao Tong's father, Liang Wudi, believed in immortal Taoism in his early years, but after he converted to Buddhism, he was still a master of the three religions. Xiao Tong's teacher, Shen Yue, was also a Taoist descendant who believed in immortals until his death. Xiao Tong is a devout Buddhist. "Southern History, Volume 53" contains: "(Wu Liang) Emperor Dafa, talk about it in person. The prince also believes in the three treasures and has read all the classics. He set up the' Zhizheng Hall' in the palace, which specializes in collecting Buddhism, attracting famous monks and starting his own business. " "Zhao Ming Prince Ji Ling Zhi Jie San No.1" is an article that records Xiao Tong's answers to the "true meaning" and "vulgar reason" of famous monks in various temples. Tao Yuanming's poem "Drinking" denounced the Buddhist theory of karma as "empty talk". Shadow God is a famous article on the theory of deity extinction, which criticizes Hui Yuan's Buddhist principles such as the invincible theory of deity and the inscription of ten thousand enemies. "Shadow God" also said: "I really want to travel to Kunhua, but I am definitely at home." Deny the hypocrisy of immortal Taoism. However, Xiao Tong faithfully compiled these works into a collection of works, which was very valuable in that era of fierce ideological struggle and difficulties in mutual criticism.
The social significance of writing the last words of the preface
"Taste that there are people who can read Tao Yuanming's articles, people who are disappointing, and people who want to get rid of meanness. A greedy husband can be cheap, a coward can stand, and it is more than benevolence. Sir Lu can resign! It is also helpful for Feng Jiao to swim too flashy and effortless and seek the history of the column. " As a prince, Xiao Tong wanted to rectify the atmosphere and educate the people. His intention is good, but does he exaggerate the role of a group of scholars? It is really suspicious to use a poem to reshape those competitors, misers, greedy husbands and cowards. But/kloc-For more than 0/000 years, many successful writers in the past dynasties have been influenced by Tao Yuanming's honest, frank, bright and clean personality, and they all envy his unparalleled creative art, which is far better than Xiao Tong's original intention of "helping the wind and educating people".