The general requirements for the origin environment of crab mushroom cultivation should be in line with the agricultural industry standard (NY5358-2007) ((Environmental conditions for the origin of pollution-free food edible fungi).
(1) Basic conditions. The cultivation place of crab mushroom should distinguish two different physiological stages. The former stage for nutrient growth takes 120 days, the latter stage for reproductive growth, that is, long mushroom only takes 30 days, two different stages of time cultivation difference of 3 times; different growth stages of the ecological environment conditions vary greatly, the former requires a dry environment, constant temperature, shading, the room temperature is controlled at 20 ℃ -25 ℃, the relative humidity of the air is 70%; the latter requirements of the environment is humid, the relative humidity of the air 85% to 90%, temperature Above 8℃, below 22℃, moderate diffused light; mushroom shed "three suns, seven shades", illuminance 300-500 le.
(2) Fungus room. The first stage of mushroom cultivation in general professional cultivation plant, must build special bag culture room, farmers can use housing, warehouse space, basement, air raid shelters and so on. As long as the environment is hygienic, dry, heat preservation and ventilation conditions are good, are suitable for the development of bacteria culture. Plastic greenhouses have a large temperature difference between day and night, if there is no corresponding protective facilities, is not suitable for the development of bacteria room.
(3) Long mushroom room. Long mushroom room in the north and south provinces, autonomous regions are different. The south of the field to build simple grass shed, in order to keep warm mushrooms, mushroom shed surrounded by expanded plastic foam board lined with silk plastic film enclosure, the roof covered with plastic film, and paved 20 centimeters thick manzanita and other weeds. North can be used in the gutter mushroom shed cultivation, this facility to use the soil is a poor conductor of heat, is conducive to reducing the interference with the outside temperature, good heat preservation; and the use of the soil is a good carrier of moisture, has a high water holding capacity, so it is also conducive to moisture retention. :
Original and secondary material selection - media production - loading - sterilization - inoculation -Fungus development -Scratching, watering -Budding -Mushroom emergence -Harvesting -Processing Wood chips -Harvesting - Processing Wood shavings: wood shavings from broad-leaved trees are preferred. When using coniferous wood chips for cultivation, attention should be paid to the degree of accumulation and fermentation of wood chips, the matching of the thickness of wood chips and the type and amount of auxiliary materials.
Formulation: 40kg of cottonseed husk, 38kg of wood chips, 10kg of bran, 10kg of cornstarch, 1kg of calcium carbonate or calcium sulfate, 1kg of lime, PH value 7.5-8, water content 65%.
Bottling and bagging: For the factory production of crab mushroom (shimeji mushroom), the bottles are made of 800ml polyethylene plastic bottles, the weight of the content is 550-600 grams, and the weight of the dry material is 250 grams, and the bags are made of 17*33cm folded corner bags, and the dry material is 300--350 grams. 350 grams. The stirred culture material is sent to the hopper of the bottling machine by the elevator and then automatically loaded by the automatic bottling (bag) unit, adjust the bottling (bag) unit of the perforating machine, so that the holes can be reached from the bottom of the bottle at 2-3 mm, the base surface of the culture material from the mouth of the bottle of 15 mm or so, the bottle shoulder and the neck of the bottle can not be gaps in the looseness and tightness of the material should be even and consistent, the bacterial vials (bags) are loaded, and then finally, by the automatic capping machine or manually capped. After the vials (bags) are filled, they are finally capped by automatic capping machine or manually. The purpose of sterilization is not only to kill the microorganisms existing inside the culture medium, but also to turn the medium into mycelium by heating and pressurizing to make it easy to decompose and absorb. Factory production of high-pressure steam sterilization, mainly by raising the temperature of the steam to sterilization, so sterilization, first of all need to remove all the cold air inside the pot, otherwise, even if the pressure on the pressure gauge has reached the requirements, the temperature inside the sterilizer can not reach the required temperature. Excluding cold air is heated when the pressure gauge on the needle rose to 0.5 kg / cm2, open the exhaust valve, deflate to the needle is still back to zero position. Sterilization time is to remove the cold air, the pressure rises to 1.5 kg / cm2 when the start of the calculation. At this time, the temperature can reach 121-128 ℃, at this temperature, maintain 1 hour.
After sterilizing, all the bottles should be cooled down to the cultivation temperature of Agaricus mycelium (below 30℃) before inoculation, if inoculation is done at a high temperature, the Agaricus mycelium will be slow to survive, and it will also cause aging of the mycelium and the invasion of stray bacteria. The seed body of the Shiitake mushroom (Shimeji mushroom) has the habit of differentiating from the mushroom on the seed layer first, so the seed is pressed into a steamed bun shape by the concave part of the plastic bottle lid, and the surrounding seeds are also pressed gently by the inner side of the lid.
(1) control the temperature and humidity: the optimal temperature for the growth of nutrient mycelium of shimeji mushrooms, different varieties vary, generally at 22-25 ℃. When the mycelium grows most vigorously, the heat generated by the metabolism makes the temperature inside the culture medium higher than the outside temperature around the bottle by 1.5-3 ℃. At the same time, the carbon dioxide produced by the vigorous metabolism increases the local carbon dioxide concentration, so the temperature in the culture room should be adjusted and lowered to 20-22 ℃.
(2)Appropriate ventilation and dark culture: In the process of germination, the concentration of carbon dioxide discharged from bottles reaches its highest level 17-20 days after inoculation, therefore, the culture room should be maintained at a concentration of carbon dioxide of less than 0.4% by means of heat-exchanger ventilation devices. During the cultivation process, if there is light in the room, the mushroom buds of steamed bun type strains will easily occur, so we should try our best to keep the dark state during the cultivation process.
Mycelium culture is a process of increasing the biomass of nutritious mycelium, in factory cultivation, the mycelium grows to the full size of vials within 35-40 days of inoculation, but after the mycelium of Agaricus mycelium grows to the full size of the vials, the mushroom still needs to continue to be cultivated for 40-50 days, that is to say, it will complete its physiological maturity (after-ripening). During the post-ripening period, the water content of the culture medium rises slowly, and the strains are easy to be dried out, so the humidity of the indoor air should be maintained at 70% or above. Fungus scratching is an important part to promote the formation of mushroom buds on the surface of the bed, and the quality of the scratching affects the formation of fruiting bodies and the yield. Scratch the fungus is actually to promote the culture material base surface by mechanical stimulation to promote the mycelium from the nutritive growth to reproductive growth transfer operations, the use of special scratching machine, the center of the culture material surface with a claw-shaped blade rotating down, mainly around the culture material surface scratching, the formation of the ring groove, the ring groove from the mouth of the bottle at a distance of about 15-20 millimeters, so that the surface of the material into the shape of the round mound, scratching the fungus in order to prevent too much early in the culture material surface to prevent the formation of mushroom buds. After scratching the mushroom, in order to prevent the surface of the material from drying too much at the early stage of mushrooming, we take the mushroom vials to be filled with water and pour it off after about 1 hour, so that there will be no stagnant water in the ring grooves, otherwise it will not only delay the recovery and regeneration of the mycelium, but also increase the probability of contamination by bacteria and other stray fungi.
Budding promotion is a method of producing mushrooms by adjusting the temperature, humidity, gas and light to promote the mushroom to bud as soon as possible. After scratching, watering and draining, the bottle is placed in an environment of 14-16℃ and over 90% relative humidity to form the buds. During the period from mushroom scratching to bud formation, use a perforated plastic film or other covering material for both surface moisturizing and ventilation. The indoor carbon dioxide concentration should be controlled at 0.1-0.2%. Lighting: 1-10 lux at the beginning of bud development, 50-100 lux at the middle and end of bud development, with intermittent control. Temperature: the seed entity of Agaricus bisporus can grow in the range of 8-22℃, the temperature difference of 8-10℃ is favorable for the rapid differentiation of the seed entity and can increase the density of the mushroom buds, the suitable temperature for the development of the seed entity differentiation is 12-18℃, the optimal temperature is 14-16℃ below 8℃, the optimal temperature is 14-16℃ below 8℃. The suitable temperature for the differentiation and development of fruiting bodies is 12-18℃, and the optimum temperature is 14-16℃ below 8℃, and it is difficult to differentiate the fruiting bodies above 22℃. After the period of cap formation, under the low temperature of 5-8℃ and high temperature of 22-25℃, it can still grow slowly, but under such adverse conditions for a long time, the fruiting body will have metamorphosis phenomenon, the low temperature will cause the cap to be deformed and the big foot; the high temperature will make the mushroom stalk to be elongated, the cap will be drooping and the cap will be opened very quickly, the thickness of the cap will be thinned, and the color will be lightened and whitened, etc. Therefore, in the management, when the cap is deformed, the cap will be deformed and the color will be changed to white, etc. The mushroom will be deformed, and it is difficult to differentiate the fruiting body. Therefore, the temperature of the cultivation room should be controlled within 14-16℃ after the emergence of the original base or the mushroom buds in the management.
Relative air humidity: the relative air humidity should be controlled at 85-95% during the period of differentiation and development of the seed body, and we found that the requirement of space humidity is higher in the bud stage of Agaricus mushroom than in the period of growth of the seed body, so we increase the relative air humidity to 90-95% accordingly. If the air humidity is not enough, it will be difficult to differentiate the substrate and even lead to the death of the mushroom buds, even after the cap is formed, if the space humidity is not enough, it will make the young mushrooms with normal growth turn into yellowing mushrooms. However, in the process of growth and development of the mushroom, we found that the prolonged over-humid environment also affects the normal development of the mushroom, slow growth, darkening of the stipe, bitter taste, and susceptible to attack by pests and diseases, and the phenomenon of mushroom growing on the mushroom.
Gas: carbon dioxide concentration should be controlled below 0.3%.
Light:The formation of mushroom buds is easily affected by light,under the condition of no light,no mushroom buds are formed,under the condition of near darkness,the mushroom buds appear slowly and accompanied by the emergence of aerial mycelium,a thin layer of mycelium is formed,which turns from white to gray,and then many tiny primordia are formed. The mushroom needs 50-100 lux of light at the beginning and middle stages of bud formation, and 100-200 lux at the end of bud emergence. Lights should be turned on for 10-15 hours a day, off during the day and on or off at night, and the intensity of light in the room should be higher, at least 500 lux, in order to obtain products with darker cap color, medium ratio of shanks to caps, and appropriate length and thickness of shanks. Timely harvesting and careful grading are important to increase the commercial value of Agaricus blazei. According to the customer's requirement, when the mushroom grows to a certain standard, i.e. the cap is 1.5-4 centimeters, it should be harvested in time. After 20-23 days after scratching the fungus will enter the harvesting period, generally a cultivation depot from sporadic harvesting to the end of harvesting *** need 3 days time, because of the shimeji mushroom factory efficient cultivation pay attention to is to improve the utilization rate of cultivation depot, increase the production of stubble, so we take only a tide of mushrooms harvesting.