incubation period
The incubation period of the disease is 2 ~ 7 days, and the sources of infection include patients and recessive infected people. During the epidemic period, patients are the main source of infection. Patients can excrete virus from pharynx in the acute stage of onset; Herpes fluid contains a large number of viruses, which overflow when it bursts; A few weeks after illness, patients can still excrete the virus from their feces.
source of infection
The source of infection of hand, foot and mouth disease is patients and recessive infected people. During the epidemic, patients are the main source of infection. The patient excretes the virus from the pharynx at the onset of1~ 2 weeks, and excretes the virus from the feces at about 3 ~ 5 weeks. The herpes fluid contains a large number of viruses, and the virus overflows when it bursts. Drug carriers and light sporadic cases are the main sources of infection in intermittent and epidemic periods.
mode of transmission
The spread of the disease is diverse, mainly through close contact with people. The virus can be transmitted indirectly through hands, towels, handkerchiefs, tooth cups, toys, tableware, milk utensils, bedding and underwear contaminated by saliva, herpes fluid and feces. The virus in patients' throat secretions and saliva can be spread by droplets; If you come into contact with water contaminated by virus, you can also be infected by water; Cross-infection in outpatient department and unqualified disinfection of oral instruments are also one of the reasons for the spread.
susceptible population
People are generally susceptible to enterovirus that causes hand, foot and mouth disease, and they can gain immunity after infection. Due to the lack of cross-protection of antibodies after infection in different disease types, most adults who can repeatedly infect people have obtained corresponding antibodies through recessive infection. Therefore, the patients with hand, foot and mouth disease are mainly preschool children, especially in the age group ≤3 years old. According to foreign literature, it can be popular among people every 2 ~ 3 years.
Popular mode
Hand-foot-mouth disease is widely distributed, and there is no strict locality. It can occur in all seasons, especially in summer and autumn, and it is rare in winter. The disease often occurs sporadically after an outbreak. During the epidemic period, kindergartens and nurseries are prone to collective infection. The family also has this kind of disease gathering phenomenon. Cross-infection in hospital outpatient department and lax disinfection of oral instruments can also cause transmission. There were two major epidemics in Tianjin, and the incidence rate of children in kindergartens was significantly higher than that of scattered children. Family distribution, often a case; Family outbreak, many people in a family or all children and adults are infected. The disease is highly contagious, with complicated transmission routes, strong epidemic intensity and rapid spread, which can cause a pandemic in a short time.
clinical features
Acute onset, fever; Oral mucosa appears scattered herpes, the size of rice grain, and the pain is obvious; Herpes the size of a grain of rice appears on the palm or sole, and occasionally the buttocks or knees are involved. There is inflammatory blush around the herpes, and there is less liquid in the blister. Some children may be accompanied by cough, runny nose, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, headache and other symptoms. The disease is a self-limited disease, most of which have a good prognosis and no sequelae. Very few children can cause serious complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, flaccid paralysis and pulmonary edema.
diagnose
Hand, foot and mouth disease is just one of many infectious diseases that can cause oral ulcers. Another common cause of oral ulcers is oral herpes virus infection, which causes inflammation (sometimes called stomatitis) in the mouth and gums.
Doctors can usually distinguish hand, foot and mouth disease from oral ulcers caused by other reasons according to the age of the patient, the symptoms complained by the patient or parents, and the examination of rashes and ulcers. Swallow swabs or stool samples can be sent to the laboratory for virus detection, but it takes 2-4 weeks for virus detection to produce results, so doctors usually do not propose this test.
Main diagnostic basis
Epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination and diagnosis must be based on etiological examination.
1, which occurs in summer and autumn;
2. Children are the main targets, which often occur in places where infants gather, showing an epidemic trend.
3. The main clinical manifestations are initial fever, slight increase in the total number of white blood cells, followed by maculopapules and herpes-like lesions on mucous membranes and skin in oral cavity, hands and feet.
4, the course of disease is short, and it usually heals within one week.
differentiate
Main diagnostic basis of this disease
① It occurs in summer and autumn.
② Children are the main targets, which often occur in places where infants gather, showing an epidemic trend.
③ The main clinical manifestations are initial fever, slight increase in the total number of white blood cells, followed by maculopapules and herpes-like lesions on mucosa and skin in oral cavity, hands and feet.
④ The course of the disease is short, and it usually heals within one week. According to the above clinical features, it is not difficult to diagnose in a large-scale epidemic. However, when it occurs, it must be differentiated from foot-and-mouth disease, herpetic pharyngitis and rubella:
(1) Foot-and-mouth disease is caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus. At present, there are 7 serotypes and 65 subtypes. It mainly infringes on domestic animals such as pigs, cattle and horses. Although it can cause disease to people, it is not sensitive. It generally occurs in animal husbandry areas, and adult herders are common in all seasons. Oral mucosal rash is easy to fuse into a larger ulcer, and there is a rash on the back of the hand and between the fingers and toes, which is itchy and painful.
(2) Herpetic stomatitis can occur in all seasons, mainly scattered. Generally, there is no rash, and occasionally herpes can appear in the lower abdomen.
(3) Herpetic pharyngeal and buccal inflammation, which can be caused by CoxA virus and the lesion is in the back of the mouth; Such as tonsil, soft palate and uvula, rarely involving buccal mucosa, tongue and gingiva. Atypical and sporadic HFMD is difficult to distinguish from rash fever disease, so etiology and serum examination are needed.
prevent
The disease is mainly transmitted through food, droplets in mouth and nose and contact, so prevention should mainly be done by God.
1.Pay attention to food hygiene to avoid illness from entering the mouth;
2. Avoid contact with children. If the child care institution finds the patient, it should take isolation measures;
3. Physical exercise should be strengthened in peacetime;
4. Regulate the spleen and stomach, and treat dyspepsia as soon as possible.
(1) Strengthening monitoring and improving monitoring sensitivity is the key to control the epidemic of this disease. Collect qualified specimens in time and make a clear etiological diagnosis;
(two) do a good job in reporting the epidemic situation, find patients in time, and actively take preventive measures to prevent the spread of the disease;
(3) Kindergartens should do a good job in morning physical examination, and isolate and treat suspected patients in time;
(four) the contaminated daily necessities and tableware should be disinfected, and the feces and excreta of the children should be soaked in 3% bleach solution, and the clothes should be exposed to the sun, and the room should be ventilated;
(five) when the epidemic, do a good job in environment, food hygiene and personal hygiene;
(6) Wash hands before and after meals to prevent diseases from entering the mouth;
(7) Parents should let their children go to crowded public places as little as possible to reduce the chances of being infected;
(eight) pay attention to the nutrition and rest of infants and young children, avoid sun exposure, prevent excessive fatigue and reduce the body's resistance;
(nine) the hospital to strengthen pre-diagnosis, set up a special clinic, to prevent cross infection.
International epidemic situation
Hand-foot-mouth disease is a global infectious disease, which is reported in most parts of the world. 1957 The disease was first reported in New Zealand, Coxsackie virus was isolated in 1958, and the name "hand, foot and mouth disease" was put forward in 1959. Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by Coxsackie, echovirus and EV7 1 often occurs in the United States, Australia, Italy, France, Netherlands, Spain, Romania, Brazil, Canada, Germany and other countries.
Japan is a country with a high incidence of hand, foot and mouth disease, and there have been many large-scale epidemics in history. In1969 ~1970, CoxA 16 was the main epidemic, while in 1973 and 1978, ev7/kloc-0 was the second epidemic. In the late 1990s, EV7 1 began to wreak havoc in East Asia. 1997 An epidemic of hand, foot and mouth disease mainly caused by EV7 1 occurred in Malaysia. There were 2,628 cases from April to August, and 29 cases died from April to June. The average age of the deceased was 1.5 years old. 1998 In Taiwan Province Province, China, hand, foot and mouth disease and herpetic angina broke out. In June and October, * * * monitored 129 106 cases, with 405 severe cases and 78 deaths.
Epidemic situation in China
This disease was discovered in Shanghai from 198 1 in China, and has been reported in more than ten provinces (cities) such as Beijing, Hebei, Tianjin, Fujian, Jilin, Shandong, Hubei and Guangdong. 1983 An outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease caused by CoxA 16 occurred in Tianjin, and more than 7,000 cases occurred in May ~10; After two years of sporadic epidemic, there was another outbreak in 1986, mainly in nurseries and kindergartens. 1In 1995, Wuhan Virus Research Institute isolated EV7 1 virus from hand-foot-mouth patients, and in 1998, Shenzhen Health and Epidemic Prevention Station isolated two strains of EV7 1 virus from patients. From May to August, 2000, there was an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease in children in Zhaoyuan City, Shandong Province. The Municipal People's Hospital admitted 1698 children, including 673 women and 25 men, the youngest being 5 months and the oldest being 14 years old. 3 cases died of fulminant myocarditis.
In 2006, hand-foot-mouth disease 13637 cases were reported in China (8460 cases were male, accounting for 62.04%; Female 5 177 cases, accounting for 37.96%), 6 cases died (4 males and 2 females). Except Xizang Autonomous Region, 3 1 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China have reported cases. The top ten provinces with reported cases are Shandong (3030 cases), Shanghai (2883 cases), Beijing (22 10 cases), Hebei (1 133 cases), Zhejiang (793 cases), Guangdong (670 cases) and Heilongjiang (670 cases).
As of May 2, 20071day, in 2007, 5459 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease were reported in China, and 2 cases died. Compared with the same period last year (2488 cases), the number of reported cases increased by 1 19.4 1%.
According to the epidemic data reported in recent years, the annual peak of hand, foot and mouth disease is around July. Due to the early rise of the national temperature in 2007, experts predict that the peak of hand, foot and mouth disease may be advanced, and the number of reported cases of hand, foot and mouth disease in 2007 will further increase. It broke out in Fuyang City, Anhui Province in April 2008. From 0: 00 on the 4th to 0: 00 on the 5th, 398 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease were newly reported in Fuyang, including 253 cases of hospitalization, a decrease of 55 cases from the previous day. 168 cases were discharged on the same day, and there were no deaths. At present, 1,314 cases are still hospitalized, of which 11 cases are critical and severe, which is less than the previous day.
It is reported that up to now, 2,642 cases have been cured in Anhui Province, including 94 cases of severe and critically ill patients.
After entering 2008, hand, foot and mouth disease showed a spreading trend.
As of May 7, 2008, 4,876 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease were reported in Guangdong province, with 3 deaths. No new deaths have been reported in the past three days. In Guangdong Province, laboratory tests were carried out on the samples of cases suspected to be EV 7 1 hand-foot-mouth disease 19 1. As a result, only 33 cases were positive for EV7 1 nucleic acid, including 2 deaths reported in Foshan Gaoming, and most of the other patients were in stable condition.
From 2008 1 month 1 day to May 6, Tianjin reported a total of 34 cases of hand, foot and mouth disease (the incidence rate was1.28/100000), including 28 cases in this city and 28 cases in other places.
Chinese traditional treatment
According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the disease is caused by exogenous damp-heat epidemic virus. When the damp-heat pathogen of the vaccine injures the lung and spleen, it will lead to disharmony between the lung and the spleen, or toxic pathogens will accumulate in the spleen, which will lead to the dysfunction of the spleen in controlling limbs and inducing resuscitation to the mouth, resulting in the above-mentioned clinical characteristics, and may be accompanied by symptoms similar to summer colds such as fever, runny nose and slight cough, or salivation, refusal to eat, irritability and other symptoms. Traditional Chinese medicine has a good curative effect on this disease, which can not only eliminate and relieve symptoms, but also shorten the course of disease. In the early and middle stages of the disease, the therapies of clearing away heat and toxic materials, eliminating dampness and cooling blood are generally adopted. The commonly used drugs are honeysuckle, forsythia suspensa, scutellaria baicalensis, gardenia, raw coix seed, Arctium lappa, cicada skin, Lithospermum, reed rhizome, bamboo leaves, gypsum Fibrosum, Coptidis Rhizoma, Juncus Juncus, Liuyisan, etc. In the later stage of the disease, if you see symptoms such as hand and foot fever, anorexia and restlessness, you can add products such as Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Cynanchum atratum and Polygonatum odoratum to nourish yin and clear heat.
"Hand-foot-mouth disease" is a common infectious disease in children, and there is no ideal specific drug in western medicine at present. Doctors in Qiqihar Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Heilongjiang Province take clearing away heat and toxic materials, cooling blood and removing dampness, regulating spleen and promoting transport, nourishing yin and promoting fluid production as the treatment methods, and compare and supplement the long-term effective empirical powders, and finally screen out the combined application of the three powders. Through clinical application in more than 2,000 children, it has achieved gratifying effects of rapid relief of symptoms, obviously shortened course of disease and high cure rate.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in children is a newly discovered eruptive infectious disease in the 1980s. It is generally under 5 years old, especially in infants, and it is easy to spread widely in summer and autumn. The main clinical manifestations of this disease are herpes or ulcers on the mucous membranes of hands, feet and mouth. Pediatrics of Qi City Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine is now a national key specialty and a pediatric disease diagnosis and treatment center in Heilongjiang Province. Zhang Tie, He Guihua, Wang Ying and others, the director of this department, believe that although hand, foot and mouth disease in children has not been recorded in ancient Chinese medical classics, it should be classified as a category of febrile disease according to syndrome differentiation. The pathogenesis is that wind-heat virus is accumulated in lung, heart, spleen, stomach and transpiration qi camp, and the pathogenic factors are between Wei-qi camp. Therefore, the general principle of treatment should be to eliminate heat and detoxify, invigorate spleen and nourish yin.
On the basis of this understanding, Dr. Zhang Tie and others made Lingliangtong Powder and Pingpi Lingsan, and each of the two powder types contains three powders composed of different drugs. In the acute stage of common cold's attack on lung, heart and spleen with heat accumulation, the symptoms are herpes or ulcer on hands, feet and oral mucosa, red color, fever and thirst, dry and yellow, red tongue with yellow fur and floating pulse. The main therapeutic methods are clearing away heat and toxic materials, cooling blood and removing dampness. Lingliangtong Powder is adopted, and its main components are Flos Lonicerae, Fructus Forsythiae, Douchi, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Gypsum Fibrosum, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Herba Schizonepetae and Scutellariae Radix. In the recovery period of spleen and stomach loss, yin deficiency and fiery heat, the symptoms are scattered or subsided in hand, foot and oral mucosa herpes, body fever gradually subsided, dry mouth and lips, loss of appetite, red tongue, scanty fluid and rapid pulse. The principle of treatment is to regulate the spleen to help transport, nourish yin and produce body fluid. Pingpiling Powder is adopted, and its main components are tangerine peel, magnolia officinalis, Massa Medicata Fermentata, antelope horn, reed rhizome, Ophiopogon japonicus, Atractylodes lancea, Amomum villosum and so on. In the two phases, three kinds of powders are compatible with each other, which play the role of clearing away heat and toxic materials and promoting diuresis, so that the fever can go away and the spleen can move normally, the deficiency fire can be extinguished by itself, and the yin and body fluid can be nourished by itself. Since 1997, a large number of children with hand, foot and mouth disease have been treated with the above powder in our hospital, and the average course of treatment has been shortened to 4 days. And the western medicine control group, the course of treatment is 6 days.
Difference between hand, foot and mouth disease and foot-and-mouth disease
Foot-and-mouth disease and hand-foot-mouth disease are two completely different infectious diseases, with the following main differences:
(A) the name of the disease is different from the classification of the disease.
Foot-and-mouth disease is listed as ICD- 10B08.802 in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
Hand, foot Handfootmouthdisease is listed as ICD-9074.3 and ICD- 10B08.40 1 in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).
(2) Different pathogens
The pathogen of foot-and-mouth disease is foot-and-mouth disease virus, which belongs to the pathogen of human and livestock.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is caused by several kinds of enterovirus infection. Coxsackievirus A 16 (CoxAl6) is the common pathogen prevalent in various places.
(3) Different sources of infection
Foot-and-mouth disease virus only causes cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, deer, camels, etc., and becomes the source of infection of foot-and-mouth disease in people. Only when there is an animal epidemic first can people get sick.
The source of infection of hand, foot and mouth disease is patients and recessive infected people, which belongs to human diseases.
(D) Different routes of transmission
Foot-and-mouth disease is infected by skin and mucous membrane through contact with ulcers and scars on the mouth and hoof crown of sick animals. Occasionally, it is infected by eating milk contaminated by virus without heating (pasteurization). Therefore, people suffering from foot-and-mouth disease are extremely sporadic.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by contact with patients, through the pollution of daily necessities, utensils and toys, and can also be transmitted through the respiratory tract. Therefore, there can be epidemics of different scales.
(5) The incidence population is different.
People suffering from foot-and-mouth disease depend on their contact with sick animals, and the people suffering from foot-and-mouth disease are of a wide age;
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is mainly an infectious disease of children and children, and children under 3 years old account for the vast majority.
(6) Different symptoms and signs
Foot-and-mouth disease and hand-foot-and-mouth disease are all located in the mouth, fingers and toes, and they are similar, but their symptoms and signs are different. After the onset of foot-and-mouth disease, the main symptoms are fever and other systemic poisoning symptoms and local herpes damage.
Hand, foot and mouth disease mostly has no fever or low fever, only respiratory tract infection, oral mucosal herpes and papules on fingers, feet, buttocks and knees.
(7) Different diagnosis basis.
Foot-and-mouth disease requires the occurrence or prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in local livestock, contact with sick animals, or drinking contaminated and unheated milk from sick animals.
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is obviously contagious, showing epidemic transmission, and its clinical manifestations are different. Foot-and-mouth disease and hand-foot-mouth disease can be diagnosed on the clinical basis, and if necessary, isolate the virus to make etiological diagnosis.
Hot question and answer of hand, foot and mouth disease
1. What is hand, foot and mouth disease?
Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common infectious disease caused by enterovirus in infants. The recessive infection rate of the disease is high, and the symptoms of dominant patients are generally mild.
2. What is the source of hand, foot and mouth disease?
Patients, recessive infected persons and asymptomatic carriers are the main sources of infection.
3. How does hand, foot and mouth disease spread?
It is mainly spread through close contact between people. Hand, foot and mouth disease is mainly spread through food contaminated by patients' feces. Direct contact with blisters worn by patients can also spread viruses. Viruses in patients' throat secretions and saliva can be spread through air droplets, and patients' feces are still contagious for several weeks.
4. Which groups of people are susceptible to hand, foot and mouth disease?
People are generally susceptible and can acquire immunity after infection, and all age groups can be infected, mainly children under 5 years old.
5. What are the clinical manifestations of hand, foot and mouth disease?
Clinical manifestations: hand, foot and mouth disease is an enterovirus disease, the incubation period is usually 3-7 days, and there is no obvious precursor symptom: most patients suddenly get sick. It mainly invades the hands, feet, mouth and buttocks; Clinically, there are four characteristics: no pain, no itching, no scab and no scar. There may be mild upper respiratory symptoms in the initial stage. Because of the pain of oral ulcer, the child salivates and refuses to eat. Oral mucosal rash appeared earlier, initially as miliary maculopapules or blisters, with redness around them, mainly located on the tongue and cheeks, and also frequently occurred on the labial and dentate sides. Banpapules or herpes, flat or convex, appear in distal parts such as hands and feet, and the rash is not itchy. The maculopapules turn from red to dark in about 5 days, and then subside; Herpes is a round or oval flat bulge with turbid liquid in it, and its long diameter is consistent with the direction of dermatoglyphics. For example, soybeans vary in size, and generally have no pain and itching, leaving no trace after healing. Hand, foot and mouth lesions may not all appear in the same patient. Blisters and rashes usually subside within a week.
6. What complications will hand, foot and mouth disease cause?
Hand, foot and mouth disease is manifested in the skin and mouth, but the virus can invade important organs such as heart, brain and kidney. When this disease is prevalent, we should strengthen the clinical monitoring of patients. If there is high fever and unexplained increase in white blood cells, we should be alert to the occurrence of fulminant myocarditis. When accompanied by aseptic meningitis, its symptoms are fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting, irritability, restless sleep, etc. Occasionally, nonspecific red papules and even punctate bleeding spots can be found in the body. People with central nervous system symptoms are more common in children under 2 years old.
What are the epidemic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease?
This disease is often prone to collective infection in nursery institutions. Cross-infection in hospital can also cause transmission. The disease is highly contagious, with complicated transmission routes, strong epidemic intensity and rapid spread, which can cause a pandemic in a short time. Hand, foot and mouth disease is widely distributed in Europe, America, Asia and other places. Hand, foot and mouth disease can occur in all seasons, especially in summer and autumn, and it is rare in winter.
8. How to diagnose hand, foot and mouth disease?
The main diagnosis basis of this disease is ① it is easy to occur in summer and autumn. ② Children are the main targets, which often occur in places where infants gather, showing an epidemic trend. ③ The main clinical manifestations are initial fever, slight increase in the total number of white blood cells, followed by maculopapules and herpes-like lesions on mucosa and skin in oral cavity, hands and feet. ④ The course of the disease is short, and it usually heals within one week. When it occurs, it should be differentiated from foot-and-mouth disease, herpetic pharyngeal and buccal inflammation and rubella.
9. How to treat hand, foot and mouth disease?
The treatment principle is mainly symptomatic treatment. During the illness, we should strengthen the care of children and do a good job in oral hygiene. Liquid and semi-liquid foods are appropriate. Because hand, foot and mouth disease can be complicated with myocarditis, encephalitis, meningitis, etc., it is necessary to go to medical institutions and disease control institutions for treatment and re-examination in time, and patients can generally recover completely.
10. How to prevent hand, foot and mouth disease?
Up to now, there is no special prevention method for this disease. The main measure for epidemic control is to deal with patients' feces and other excreta, and generally there is no need to take medical measures for contacts. Kindergartens and other units do a good job in the morning physical examination, and find suspected patients and isolate them in time. Contaminated daily necessities, tableware, toys, etc. should be disinfected, clothes should be exposed to the sun, and indoor ventilation should be maintained. When hand, foot and mouth disease is prevalent, we should do a good job in environmental hygiene, food hygiene and personal hygiene, and wash our hands before and after meals to prevent the disease from entering the mouth.
What are the differences between hand, foot and mouth disease and foot-and-mouth disease?
Foot-and-mouth disease and hand-foot-and-mouth disease are two completely different infections. The pathogen of foot-and-mouth disease is foot-and-mouth disease virus, which is a pathogen of people and animals. Hand-foot-mouth disease is caused by several kinds of enterovirus infection, and the common pathogens prevalent in various places are Coxsackievirus A 16 (CoxAl6) and so on.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus only causes cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, deer, camels, etc., and becomes the source of infection of foot-and-mouth disease in people. Only when the animal epidemic occurs first can people get sick, and the source of infection of hand, foot and mouth disease is patients and people with viruses in their intestines, which belongs to human diseases.
Foot-and-mouth disease is infected by skin and mucous membrane through contact with ulcers and scars on the mouth and hoof crown of sick animals. Occasionally, it is infected by eating milk contaminated by virus without heating (pasteurization). Therefore, people suffering from foot-and-mouth disease are extremely sporadic. Hand, foot and mouth disease is caused by contact with patients, through the pollution of daily necessities, utensils and toys, and can also be transmitted through the respiratory tract. Therefore, there can be epidemics of different scales.
People suffering from foot-and-mouth disease depend on their contact with sick animals, and the people suffering from foot-and-mouth disease are of a wide age; Hand, foot and mouth disease is mainly an infectious disease of children and children, and children under 3 years old account for the vast majority.
Foot-and-mouth disease and hand-foot-and-mouth disease are all located in the mouth, fingers and toes, and they are similar, but their symptoms and signs are different. Foot-and-mouth disease is characterized by fever and other systemic poisoning symptoms and local herpes damage, while hand, foot and mouth disease mostly has no fever or low fever, only respiratory tract infection, oral mucosal herpes and papules on fingers, feet, buttocks and knees.
Foot-and-mouth disease requires the occurrence or prevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in local livestock, contact with sick animals, or drinking contaminated and unheated milk from sick animals. However, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is obviously contagious and epidemic, and its clinical manifestations are different. Foot-and-mouth disease and hand-foot-mouth disease can be diagnosed on the clinical basis, and if necessary, isolate the virus to make etiological diagnosis.
Hand, foot and mouth disease can be effectively prevented.
Hand, foot and mouth disease is generally susceptible to infants. Most cases have mild symptoms, mainly characterized by fever, rash or herpes on hands, feet and mouth, and most patients can heal themselves. Disease control experts advise everyone to develop good hygiene habits, wash their hands before and after meals, do not drink raw water, do not eat cold food, dry clothes and quilts frequently, and have more ventilation. When kindergartens and parents find suspicious children, they should go to medical institutions for treatment in time, report to health and education departments in time, and take control measures in time. Mild children do not need to be hospitalized, but can be treated and rested at home to avoid cross-infection. As long as these aspects are well done, hand, foot and mouth disease can be effectively prevented and controlled.
Popular links and characteristics
Infector is the source of infection of this disease, and patients, recessive infected persons and asymptomatic carriers are the main sources of infection of this disease. During the epidemic, patients are the main source of infection. In the acute phase, the patient detoxifies feces for 3-5 weeks, and detoxifies pharynx for1-2 weeks. Healthy carriers and light sporadic cases are the main sources of infection in intermittent and epidemic periods.
The route of transmission is mainly through close contact between people. The virus in the patient's throat secretions and saliva can be spread by air droplets. Hands, towels, handkerchiefs, tooth cups, toys, tableware, milk utensils, bedding, underwear, etc. contaminated by saliva, herpes fluid and feces can be spread through daily contact or through mouth.
Being in the same room as the patient is the most susceptible to infection. Contact with virus-contaminated water sources can also be infected by mouth, which often causes epidemics. Cross-infection in outpatient department and lax disinfection of oral instruments can also cause transmission.
Susceptible people are generally susceptible to CoxAl6 and EV7 1 enteroviruses, and they can gain immunity after infection. The patients with hand, foot and mouth disease are mainly preschool children, especially in the age group ≤3 years old, accounting for 85%-95% of the cases within 4 years old.
Epidemic mode This disease often occurs sporadically after an outbreak. During the epidemic period, kindergartens and nurseries are prone to collective infection. The family also has this kind of disease gathering phenomenon. Cross-infection in hospital outpatient department and lax disinfection of oral instruments can also cause transmission. The disease is highly contagious, with complicated transmission routes, strong epidemic intensity and rapid spread, which can cause a pandemic in a short time.
complication
Hand, foot and mouth disease is manifested in the skin and mouth, but the virus can invade important organs such as heart, brain and kidney. When this disease is prevalent, we should strengthen the clinical monitoring of patients. If there is high fever and unexplained increase in white blood cells, we should be alert to the occurrence of fulminant myocarditis. In recent years, it has been found that EV7 1 is more likely to have aseptic meningitis than CoxAl6, and its symptoms are fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting, irritability and restless sleep. Occasionally, nonspecific red papules and even punctate bleeding spots can be found in the body. People with central nervous system symptoms are more common in children under 2 years old.