I. Properties of isomaltooligosaccharides
As we all know, maltose is a disaccharide with two glucose molecules connected by α- 1 4 glycosidic bond, while Isomaltose is a disaccharide with two glucose molecules connected by α- 1 6 glycosidic bond. Because the molecular conformation is different, it is called isomaltose to distinguish it from maltose. Generally, maltose is easily fermented by yeast, while isomaltose is not fermented by yeast, and isomaltose is a non-fermentable oligosaccharide.
Isomaltooligosaccharide can effectively promote the growth and reproduction of beneficial bacteria-Bifidobacterium in human body, so it is also called "Bifidobacterium growth promoting factor" or "Bifidobacterium factor" for short. After years of clinical and practical application, it has been shown that Bifidobacterium has many health care functions, and isomaltooligosaccharide, as a promoting factor of Bifidobacterium, has naturally attracted people's attention.
Isomaltooligosaccharide rarely exists in free state in nature, but as a component of amylopectin or polysaccharide, it exists in a small amount in some fermented foods such as soy sauce, yellow wine or enzymatic glucose syrup.
The industrial production of isomaltooligosaccharide from starch requires an enzyme, which is α-glucosidase, also known as glucosyltransferase. It can cleave the α- 1 6 glycosidic bond in the molecular structure of maltose and maltooligosaccharide, and can transfer a free glucose residue to the α- 1 6 position in another glucose molecule or maltose or maltotriose, forming isomaltose, isomaltotriose, isomaltose, isomaltose and pantose.
The properties of isomaltooligosaccharide are introduced as follows:
1, sweetness
Taking the sweetness of white sugar as 100, the comparison between isomaltooligosaccharide and its sugar sweetness is as follows (compared with sucrose 10% solution at 20℃):
Types of sugar
sweetness
White granulated sugar
100
high fructose syrup
165
glucose
70
maltose
40
Sorbitol
65
Isomaltooligosaccharide syrup 1MO-500
fifty-two
Isomaltooligosaccharide syrup 1MO-900
forty-two
High malt syrup
40
Isomaltooligosaccharide syrup (powder) is delicious and can be used to replace some sucrose, improve the taste of food and reduce the sweetness.
2. Viscosity
Isomaltooligosaccharide syrup has similar viscosity to sucrose solution with the same concentration, and is easier to handle than maltose in food processing, and has no adverse effect on the organization and characteristics of foods such as candy and cakes.
3. Heat resistance and acid resistance
Isomaltooligosaccharide has excellent heat resistance and acid resistance. 50% syrup will not decompose when heated for a long time at PH3, 120℃. When applied to beverages, canned foods and foods with high temperature or low PH, the original characteristics and functions can be maintained.
4. Moisture retention and prevention of starch aging
Isomaltooligosaccharide has moisture retention, which makes water difficult to evaporate, and has a good effect on moisture retention and quality maintenance of various foods, and can inhibit the formation and crystallization of sucrose and glucose. Foods with starch as the main body, such as bread and dessert, often harden after a little storage, but adding isomaltooligosaccharide can prevent starch from aging and prolong the storage time of food.
5. Colorability
The terminal of sugar molecule in isomaltooligosaccharide is a reducing gene, which will undergo Maillard reaction with protein or amino acid * * * to produce color change. The degree of color change is related to the sugar concentration, and also related to the type of protein or amino acid, PH, heating temperature and time. Therefore, the cooperation of the above factors should be considered when using isomaltooligosaccharide to process various foods.
6. Water activity
Water activity of isomaltooligosaccharides: 0.75 at 75% concentration and 25℃. Close to sucrose, it is quite convenient to replace part of sucrose in the conversion of food formula.
7. The freezing point drops
The freezing point of isomaltooligosaccharide is close to sucrose, and the freezing temperature is higher than fructose. It is used in the manufacture of cold drinks to make the products soft and delicious.
8, fermentability
Isomaltooligosaccharide is a carbohydrate that yeast and lactic acid bacteria can't use. When added to bread and fermented milk (yogurt), it will not be used by yeast and lactic acid bacteria and remain in food to exert its characteristics and promote the development of Bifidobacterium. Especially in fermented milk, it will not hinder the fermentation of normal lactic acid bacteria.
9. Anti-caries
Isomaltooligosaccharide is very resistant to dental caries, and it is not easy to be fermented by Streptococcus mutant, a dental caries pathogen, so it produces less acid and teeth are not easy to corrode. When it is used together with sucrose, it can also prevent sucrose from being difficult to be acted by Streptococcus mutans to produce water-insoluble polymer dextran, thus inhibiting the dental caries of sucrose. Panose in isomaltooligosaccharide has an obvious effect on preventing the formation of dental scale.
Dental caries is also one of the most common dental diseases among children in China. It is a valuable work to protect children's oral hygiene, prevent dental diseases, replace white sugar with isomaltooligosaccharide, and produce foods and drinks that are not prone to dental caries, hoping to attract the attention of health and food care circles.
10, security
The maximum unused amount of isomaltooligosaccharide is above 2g/kg body weight. For isomaltooligosaccharide powder, the acute toxicity LD50 of mice was more than 4g/kg body weight, and it was extremely safe compared with low toxicity sucrose (LD50 was 29.8/kg body weight) and maltose (LD50 was 26.7/kg body weight).
When the above powdered sugar is added to drinking water, rats can freely ingest it within 1 year, and the daily intake of isomaltose is 2.7-5.0g/kg body weight. After long-term feeding test, there is no abnormality in anatomical results and blood tests, and there is no abnormality in bacterial regression mutation test and chromosome abnormality test of cultured cells. Therefore, isomaltooligosaccharide is a very safe sweetener.
Second, the use of isomaltooligosaccharides
Isomaltooligosaccharide has many excellent properties and health-care physiological functions mentioned above, and is suitable to replace part of sucrose and be added to various beverages and foods, such as:
Drinks: carbonated drinks, soy milk drinks, juice drinks, vegetable juice drinks, tea drinks, nutritious drinks, iron supplements, calcium supplements, iodine supplements, alcoholic drinks, coffee, cocoa, powder drinks, etc.
Dairy products: milk, flavored milk, fermented milk, lactic acid bacteria drinks, and various milk powders.
Candy cakes: all kinds of soft candy, hard candy, sorghum molasses, candy, chocolate, all kinds of biscuits, all kinds of western pastry, mutton soup, moon cakes, dumpling stuffing and all kinds of cake stuffing.
Dessert: pudding, gel food, etc
Cold drinks: all kinds of ice cream, popsicles, ice cream, etc.
Baked food: bread, cakes, etc.
In addition, it can also be used as ingredients for processed livestock meat, aquatic products, fruit soy sauce, honey processed products and so on.
Iii. Intake of isomaltooligosaccharides
Isomaltooligosaccharide can be added to all kinds of foods or eaten directly. Because some foods are added with isomaltooligosaccharide just to seek a selling point, they are exaggerated with little or no addition, "this product is rich in bifidus factors", which makes consumers mistakenly think that isomaltooligosaccharide has no obvious effect. Practice has proved that the effect of isomaltooligosaccharide is very remarkable, and the most convenient, effective and controllable method is to eat it directly. When eaten directly, it can be drunk with water or added to porridge and other foods, and its effective dosage is as follows:
IMO-900: The daily intake is about10g (one full spoon) based on the adult's weight of 60kg; the infant's weight is 0.17g per kg.
Fourth, matters needing attention
Although isomaltooligosaccharide has no side effects on human body, it will produce some adverse reactions when taken with some drugs, causing stomach discomfort. Therefore, it is best to take drugs and isomaltooligosaccharide at an interval of 2 hours. On the other hand, isomaltooligosaccharide belongs to non-fermentable sugar, which will hinder the absorption of drugs and reduce the efficacy when taken together with drugs.