Contents[Hide]Plant DescriptionMorphological FeaturesEcological EnvironmentGeographical DistributionPlant CultivationBiological CharacteristicsCultivation TechniquesField ManagementPest ControlHarvesting and ProcessingFruit HarvestingFruit ProcessingSpecificationsStandardsMedicinal ValuesChinese MedicineName of HerbsMedicine BasePrimary SexTasteRegulationEffectivenessTreatmentUse of MedicineTabooUsageMedicationPharmacological ActionsMedicine ConcoctionsChemicalsCommon HazardsPhysiological HazardsEconomic HazardsSocial HazardsEnvironmental PollutionWater and Soil ConservationBetel nutLegendary Varieties Examining the movie betel nut Basic Information Plot Summary Director's Introduction Plant Description Morphological Characteristics Ecological Environment Geographic Distribution Botanical Cultivation Biological Characteristics Cultivation Techniques Field Management Pest Control Harvesting and Processing Fruit Harvesting Fruit Processing Specification Standard Medicinal Value Chinese Medicine Chinese Herb Name Herbal Basis Sexual Flavor Meridian Efficacy Treatments Medicinal Contraindications Dosage Medicinal Actions Common Hazards of the Chemical Composition of Herbal Concoctions Physiological Hazards Economic Hazards Social Hazards Environmental Pollution Soil and Water Conservation Betel Legend Variety Examination Movie Betel Nut Basic Information Plot Synopsis Director's Synopsis
Editorial Section Plant Description
Morphological Characteristics
The stem is erect, treelike, more than 10 meters high, up to 30 meters high, with obvious ring-like leaf scars.
Betel nut tree
Leaves clustered at the top of the stem, 1.3-2 meters long, pinnae numerous, glabrous on both surfaces, narrowly lanceolate, 30-60 centimeters long, 2.5-4 centimeters wide, pinnae connate in the upper part, irregularly toothed and lobed at the tip. Inflorescences many-branched, inflorescence axis stoutly compressed, branches flexuous, 25-30 cm long, distally slender, bearing 1 or, 2 series of male flowers, while female flowers are solitary at base of branches; male flowers small, sessile, usually solitary, rarely in pairs, sepals ovate, less than 1 mm long, petals oblong, 4-6 mm long, 6 stamens with short filaments, 3 staminodes, linear; female flowers larger. sepals ovate, petals suborbicular, 1.2-1.5 cm, 6 staminodes, connate; ovary oblong. Fruit oblong or ovoid, 3-5 cm, orange-yellow, mesocarp thick, fibrous. Seeds ovate, base truncate, endosperm chewy, embryo basal. Flowering and fruiting period March-April.
Ecology
Widely cultivated in tropical Asia
Betel nut 2
Geographical distribution
Mainly distributed in Central Africa and Southeast Asia, such as India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, the Malay Peninsula, New Guinea, Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and other countries. China's introduction of cultivation has a history of 1500 years, Hainan, Taiwan two provinces cultivated more, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian and other provinces (regions) are also cultivated.
Edit paragraph [edit paragraph] Plant Cultivation
Biological Characteristics
Happy with high temperature and humid climate, fertilizer, not cold, 16 ℃ on the phenomenon of defoliation, 5 ℃ on the freezing, the optimal growth temperature of 25-28 ℃. Annual rainfall of 1500-2200mm area suitable for growth. Seedling period shade degree 50% -60% is appropriate, adult trees should be full light. It is appropriate to cultivate on sandy loam with deep soil and rich organic matter. Seeds have the characteristics of fruit ripening.
Cultivation techniques
Seedling with seeds. Choose 15-30 years old, the stem in the upper and lower uniform, short internodes, high yield mother tree seed. Fruit selection of the next year to mature (early and late June), the skin is golden yellow to stay in the seed. Harvested fruit, sun 1-2d, when the pericarp is slightly dry, with wet sand layer method into a pile method of germination, 20d or so germination, buds can be sown when the length of 3cm, can be used in seedbeds and nutrient bag seedling. Nutrient bag seedling is used in production. Seedling growth about 1 year, 50-60cm high, 5-6 leaves can be planted. Hainan in February-March or August-October, Yunnan in May-June planting.
Field management
After planting the young need a moderate amount of shade to keep the soil moist, ding interplanting of green manure, medicinal herbs, cash crops and so on. In case of drought, watering should be appropriate. After planting 6-7 years, 2-3 times a year in the plow weeding fertilizer. Fertilizers are mainly animal and human manure and green manure. After the adult tree fruits, in addition to nitrogen fertilizer, appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, in order to promote flowering and fruiting and enhance the plant's ability to resist cold and wind. Plants into the flowering and fruiting age, should be cut off the shade trees in the young forest, in order to facilitate its growth and fruiting.
Disease and pest control
Diseases include leaf spot disease, which damages leaves, remove dead branches and leaves in time and burn them, spray with 1:1:150 Bordeaux solution or use Ruidoux mold and other control. Fruit rot, so that the green fruit rot, resulting in fruit drop, prevention and treatment methods with the leaf spot disease. Fruit blight, for fruit and fruit, timely removal and burning of fallen fruit and leaves, in the young fruit and green fruit with anthrax Fomei, Duo Mu Ling spray. Polar rot, for the seedlings, with 5% carbendazim wettable powder 800-1000 letters of liquid irrigation roots. Pests have red vein spike borer in the flowering and young fruit period, in March-April combined with fertilizer, each plant with 3% furadan granules 0.25kg or in April, May and August, September with Bt emulsion 100 times liquid plus 3% bitter press oil or Bt emulsion 100 times plus 10% Meprobamate 10-6 sprays.
Edit Harvesting and Processing
Fruit Harvesting
General harvesting is divided into two periods. The first period, 11 to 12
Betel nut Figure 4
The month of harvesting green fruits to be processed into dried hammers. The best quality is to harvest the long oval or elliptical, stem with persistent calyx, and cut open the green fruit with immature elongated seeds to be processed into dried nuts. In the second period, the ripe fruits are harvested from March to June for processing into dried hammers. To harvest round or ovoid orange or bright red ripe fruit, cut open the ripe fruit with full seeds processed into the hammer jade is the best quality.
Fruit Processing
(1) Hammer Jade The ripe fruit will be sunned for 1 to 2 days, and then placed in the grill stove with a dry wood fire slowly roasted dry, about 7 to 10 days to take out to be cooled, smashing the fruit to take the Hammer Jade can be sunned for another 1 to 2 days. Generally 100 kg of fresh fruit can be processed into 17-19 kg of hammer jade. (2) Hammer drying Take down the green fruit to the branch, and then set the fruit in the pot with water to boil for about 30 minutes, fished out and cooled dry, and then placed in the fruit of the baking stove with a wet wood fire baking. About 2 ~ 3 days of baking and stir-frying 1 time, two times in a row can be turned. About 8 ~ 10 days with a wooden stick from the top straight into the bottom, such as a plug into, that the bottom has been dry, then take out that is into the hammer jade. General 100 kg of fresh fruit can be baked 20 to 25 kg. (3) big belly skin will be mature fruit longitudinal split into half, peel off the skin, sun-dried, hit the pine dry that is obtained. (4) betel flowers take not yet open male flowers dried and become. To earthy yellow or light green for the best.
Specification standards
First-class dry goods. Flat round or conical. Surface light yellow or brown. Firm texture. The cross section has grayish white and reddish brown interlaced with marbling. Taste astringent and slightly bitter. Less than 160 pieces per 1000g. No withered heart, broken, impurity, insect, mold. Second-class dry goods. Flat round or conical. The surface is light yellow or brownish yellow. Firm texture. The cross-section has gray-white and reddish brown interlaced marble-like pattern. The flavor is astringent and slightly bitter. More than 160 per 1000g, between the broken, withered heart of not more than 5%; mildly insect-infested water more than 3%. No impurities, mold.
Edit this paragraph medicinal value
Names of Traditional Chinese Medicines
Medicinal name betel nut Alias Renfen, Binmen, Binmen medicinal preserves, white betel nut, olive, wash miasma dan, big-bellied betel nut, betel nut seeds, Qingzai, betel nut yu, hammered yu.
Medicinal material basal
The seeds of Areca catechu Linn.
Taste and odor
Taste bitter; pungent; warm in nature. Attributed to the stomach; large intestine meridian.
Effects and Indications
Expelling worms; eliminating stagnation; lowering the flow of Qi; promoting the flow of water; stopping malaria. Insect stagnation; food stagnation; distension and pain in the epigastric region; diarrhea and dysentery; foot fungus; edema; malaria.
Contraindications
Not to be taken by those with Qi deficiency.
Use and dosage
Internally: decoction, 6-15g, used alone to kill worms, can be used in 60-120g; or into pills, bulk.
Pharmacological effects
⒈ anthelmintic effect: (1) the role of liver fluke: (1) the in vitro inhibition of liver fluke: Cha Chuanlong et al. reported that betel nut decoction alcoholic precipitation (1 × 10-2, 1 × 10-3 and 1 × 10-4) of liver fluke have significant in vitro inhibition of the parasite, and compared with the normal culture group, P & lt; 0.01. And the inhibitory effect of betel nut is strongest in the concentration of 1 × 10-2 and 1 × 10-3. -3 concentrations had the strongest inhibitory effect, and there was no significant difference with the toxaphene 1 × 10-4mol/L group, P<0.05. The worms acted by betel nut were fully stretched, with a thin and flat body, and a significant increase in length. ② on the nervous system of liver fluke: a paralyzed worm recovery test: Cha Chuanlong et al. reported that the betel nut (1 × 10-2 role of 20min after the paralyzed liver fluke continue to stay in betel nut 1 × 10-2 liquid observation, found that the worm is always paralyzed and immobile; and will be paralyzed to the paralyzed body of the worm to atropine (1 × 10-4mol/L) and pentazocine (1 × 10-4 mol / L) solution, both can make the worm to restore movement After the paralyzed worms were transected into two or punctured on the body surface, and then switched to the solution of pentazocine (1×10-4mol/L), it was found that the worms could resume the movement rapidly and frequently with super intensity, and the activity was always started from the rupture place, which was 62 times per minute, and the normal worms were stretched out for 23 times per minute on the average. The effect of cholinesterase activity: Chuanlong Cha et al. followed the histochemical localization technique of koelle-Gomori-Doug-glas acetylcholinesterase modified by Buediimg (1967), with the substrate concentration of Asch I 8mg/ml and Bsch I 9.1mg/ml; both were incubated at room temperature for 9-15min, and the slices were sealed with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and observed under the microscope. The slices were sealed with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the intensity of the enzyme reaction of the nervous system of the worms was observed microscopically. The intensity of acetylcholinesterase reaction of the worms in each group, and its distribution in the nervous system of liver fluke changed (see Table 4). The betel nut group was similar to the normal worm group in that they all showed positive reactions. The nervous system of the worms in the cholinesterase inhibitor toxaphene group was negative for the enzyme reaction in all the nervous tissues, except for the hypopharyngeal ganglion (cerebral ganglion), which was very weakly positive. (2). Effect on the hepatic migration of Schistosoma haematobium : The Pharmacology Teaching and Research Office of the Department of Pharmacy of Zhejiang Medical University reported that betel nut decoction (half as much as 4 g of the herb per 1 ml) had the effect of inducing the hepatic migration of Schistosoma haematobium in mice. Mice weighing about 20g were selected, and each mouse was inoculated with 35 caecal larvae of Schistosoma japonicum via the abdominal skin. The effect of betel nut on the liver migration of Schistosoma japonicum was observed 35-36 days after inoculation. The infected mice were divided into 5 groups, and various drugs were given by gavage. The number of schistosomes in the portal vein stump and mesenteric vein was calculated by killing the mice at different times after the administration of the drugs, and the average number of worms per mouse and the average percentage of the number of worms in the liver area to the total number of worms were calculated for each group of mice and tested for the significance of the difference of the percentages between the groups, and the results (see Table 5) showed that the average percentage of the number of worms in the liver area to the total number of worms was significantly higher in the mice that had been served with betel nut decoction than that in the control. The results (see Table 5) showed that the average percentage of total worm count in the liver area of Schistosoma haematobium rats receiving betel nut decoction was significantly higher than that of the control group. The percentage of liverworms killed after 8 hours of betel nut decoction was significantly lower than that of the same dose of betel nut decoction which was killed after 1.5 hours. In the betel nut plus atropine group, there was no significant difference in the percentage of the total number of worms in the liver area of the rats compared with the control group. A combination of betel nut decoction and furapropamide was also used to treat sick rabbits infected with schistosome caecilians, and the results showed a synergistic effect. It was confirmed that betel nut alkali 2×10-7mol/L and 15x10-6mol/L concentration, both have the effect of paralyzing the sucking disc and body muscle of Schistosoma mansoni. (3) Effects on cestodes, pinworms, worms, roundworms:
Betel nut Figure 1
In vitro experiments showed that 30% betel nut decoction for 40 minutes can make the short tapeworm of dogs straighten and even die.1-2% of tannins of betel nut extracts can make pork tapeworms, beef tapeworms, and short tapeworms in the chiropractic paralysis, head and immature nodes are more sensitive than the mature nodes, and the site of its paralytic effect may be in the nervous system and not in the muscle. The paralyzing effect may be in the nervous system but not in the muscle. The paralyzing effect may be in the nervous system but not in the muscle. However, beef tapeworm is less sensitive, probably because the pregnant egg segment is larger. Betel nut decoction also has a paralytic effect on rat pinworms, 25% concentration of 45min can make the rat pinworms are inhibited, but placed in Ren's liquid after 30 minutes, 60% of the rat pinworms can resume activities. The 50% water-acetone extract of betel nut had strong killing activity against the larvae of Ascaris canis, which could have a bursting effect, while the hot water extract of betel nut had a weaker effect. Betel nut straight-chain fatty acids also have strong activity against Ascaris lumbricoides larvae, of which lauric acid (dodecanoic acid) has the strongest activity, carbon chain shorter than 6 carbon is inactive, and the activity decreases rapidly when the number of carbon chain exceeds 13. In vivo experiments show that betel nut and pumpkin seeds can cause tapeworm paralysis, used in conjunction with a synergistic effect. For cats, 48.5mg of betel nut bismuth iodide compound can expel feline tapeworm and canine tapeworm. Betel nut decoction can expel mouse short membrane shell tapeworm, also can expel pinworms. Betel nut hydrobromide 0.4mg/kg ig has 95% worm expulsion effect.
Betel nut Figure 5
Peak's effect on cholinergic receptors: betel nut alkaloid has the effect of excitation of M cholinergic receptors, chewing betel nut can make the gastrointestinal smooth muscle tension rises, increase intestinal peristalsis, digestive secretion of fluids, appetite increases. Betel nut decoction 9.98g/kg, the average time to start diarrhea is 65 minutes, the number of times of diarrhea is 5.4 times, so it can promote the worm discharge. Betel nut hydrotropic alcohol precipitation method of 20% of the injection on the isolated or in vivo gallbladder of dogs or cats can excite the gallbladder muscle, causing strong contraction, and with the same experiments to give acetylcholine effect. If combined with rhubarb injection, it can enhance the contractility of the common bile duct and accelerate bile discharge, suggesting that the cholinomimetic effect of betel nut is favorable to the discharge of stones in the common bile duct. Betel nut alkaloids can slow down the heart rate of rabbits with coronary artery and uterine smooth muscle contraction. It also enhances the vasoconstrictive effect of atropine on the lower limb blood vessels of mice. Betaine also excites N-choline receptors, which is manifested as excitation of skeletal muscle, ganglion and carotid body. And there are also cholinomimetic effects on the central nervous system. In mice, scl0mg/kg betaine hydrobromide derivatives cause salivation and tremors. In cats iv small amounts of betulin can cause a cortical awakening response, which is reduced or blocked by atropine. In mice sc betaine attenuates convulsions induced by tetrahydropentadiene (PenteTCMLIBazole) or memory loss induced by traumatic brain injury. The presence of cholinergic receptors in the muscle of Schistosoma mansoni has also been reported, and betaine paralyzes the parasite by acting on such receptors, an effect that is blocked by atropine.
Betel nut Figure 6
Antipathogenic microorganisms: Cao Renlie et al. reported that betel nut aqueous immersion (l : 1) had different degrees of inhibitory effect on the skin fungi such as Xanthomonas campestris and Trichophyton corniculatum. Chicken embryo experiment showed that betel nut has anti-influenza virus effect, in vitro effect of MIC is 0.08mg/ml, in vivo effect of MIC is 25mg/embryo. Wang Shanyuan believes that the antiviral active substance of betel nut may be related to the tannin contained. In mice infected with influenza virus PR8, betel nut extract was administered by dropping it through the nostrils and adding it to the drinking water. Recently Fukuchi, A. et al. reported that several virucidal substances (NF-861, NF-86 Ⅱ NPF-861A, NPE-861B, NPF-86 Ⅱ A and NPF-86 Ⅱ B) were isolated from betel nut seeds and their sulfates are in mass production and tablets made from them are used in the treatment of viral infectious human immunodeficiency diseases. Singed Antihypertensive Effects: Inokuchi, Jinichi et al. reported that Areca II-5-C isolated from betel nut seeds significantly inhibited the activity of angiotensin peptide transferase (ACE) in vitro. Administration of po or iv Areca II-5-C substance to spontaneously hypertensive SHR rats, with sparsely methylated oxypropyl levoproline (Captopril) as a control, showed that po Areca II-5-C had a sustained antihypertensive effect and displayed a quantitative relationship, with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of Areca -II-5-C compared with 30- 100mg/kg of sparsely methylated oxypropyl levoproline; iv 10 and 15mg/kg of Areca II -5-C produced rapid and significant hypotensive effects, with the intensity of action of 15mg/kg of Areca II-5-C being three times that of the same dose of Captopiil, although iv 50mg/kg of Areca II-5-C had an effect on norepinephrine, Although iv 50mg/kg Areca II-5-C has no response to norepinephrine, bradykinin and acetylcholine, it produces a quantitative inhibitory effect on the blood pressure-raising
Betel nut Fig. 7
response, which suggests that Areca II-5-C can be a good hypotensive drug. Be careful about the anticancer effect: Polyphenol compounds obtained from betel nut have significant inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and moderate cytotoxicity on Hela cells. Selected other effects: Betel nut ethyl acetate extract induced spasm in the pregnant uterus of rats. The inhibitory effect of betel nut crude extract on 5'-nucleotidase is stronger than that on other phospholipases, and rat macrophages can be directly activated.